Investment In Tertiary Education Research Articles

Investment in tertiary education in OECD countries: Student spending and public support, allocation of education funding by resource category

Subject. This article discusses the issues of financing and ensuring the accessibility of higher education, and getting the balance between higher education spending and other public spending. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the major economic indicators of the higher education system's development in some countries and regions. Methods. For the study, I used the general scientific research methods. Results. The article describes different combinations of students' tuition costs and ways to find the optimal balance between different forms of learning support undertaken by governments of different countries. Conclusions. The high quality of higher education is recognized as an absolute priority. In the coming decade, higher education ecosystems will change in many countries, driven by changes in demand for higher education. More flexible and diverse financing modalities are needed, taking into account the practices of different countries.

Elevating Healthcare Resilience: Role of drones in mitigating supply chain challenges in Malaysia

This paper explores the usage of drones in the Malaysian healthcare supply chain (HSC) and proposes strategies by identifying the challenges faced. A detailed literature review found several challenges, such as limited technical capability, strict government regulation, the need for a 5G network, and limited drone capabilities. Hence, some of the identified mitigation strategies are investment in tertiary education, government legislation improvement, expedited 5G network adoption, collaboration with NGOs, and providing drones with multi-functionality. This study contributes to the knowledge relevant to drone technology and the HSC. Future studies should investigate the practicability of drones that can support HSC management.

Benefits of Funding Tertiary Education in Nigeria

This paper discussed the benefits of funding tertiary education adequately in Nigeria. Secondary data collected from print and online publications were used for the paper. The paper concluded that adequate funding of tertiary institutions in Nigeria will lead to sufficient funds in the various higher institutions, development of infrastructural facilities, employment of adequate staff, increment in salaries and welfares packages of staffs, reduction in brain-drain problems, prevention of strike actions in the institutions, attraction of international lecturers, research development, improvement in international ranking and attainment of an effective staff training programme. The paper suggested increasing investment in tertiary education. Tertiary institutions should be allowed to charge tuition fees within the parameters set by the government, but the Education Bank needs to be established to offer federal government-backed loans to students who may require them. Federal, state and institutional scholarship awards to help indigent students to pay tuition. Government institutionalized endowment funds for universities to expand their pool of funds. Tertiary institution should use their alumni to generate more revenue and give them incentives to contribute to their university endowment programmes. The government should institutionalize a new model of funding for tertiary education that needs to be developed in a way that will set objective parameters for the allocation of funds from the tertiary education trust fund (TETFUND) based on verified outputs in teaching, research and community service,

Liberalization Policy and Spread of Private University in Nigeria: The North-South Dichotomy in Perspective

Contemporary Nigeria provides an excellent example of a society in the labyrinth of the era of mass education. This era is particularly underscored by the quantum leap in the demand for higher education. Scholars of development studies have predicted this social change, referring to it as a significant attribute of societies in transition. Thus, in the last three decades or so, the increasing demand for higher education has been met with the liberalization of tertiary education by the federal government. Liberalization which seeks to unbundle government monopoly in the provision of tertiary education has equally been received with an impressive intervention by the private sector. Today, there are 111 private universities in Nigeria and the list is likely to grow considering the spate of applications by prospective investors. The paper seeks to examine this spectacular development in terms of the spread of investment in private university across regions. In specific terms, the paper undertakes a comparative study of southern and northern regional responses to the liberalization policy. It argues that the spread of private universities across regional divide leaves much to be desired, the implication being that a preponderance of the gains of liberalization of tertiary education is skewed against the northern region of Nigeria. This is predictably so in the light of the historical predisposing factors for western education in Southern Nigeria when compared to the north dating back to the colonial time. The paper established that apart from the historic poor reception of the north to western education, the equally poor private investment in tertiary education in the region, are some of the factors that extenuate spread. Moreover, the higher incidence of poverty in the north when compared to the south is partly responsible for the poor investment in the region, considering that the return on investment may not be attractive to sustain the enterprise. The paper concludes that though, the withdrawal of state monopoly in the provision of higher education is a welcomed development, the policy cannot be pursued at the expense of even spread that can contribute to improved access among the constituent regions. Therefore, it recommends among other that, the federal government should adopt an incremental approach towards meeting the UNESCO minimum benchmark of 26% budgetary allocation for education and that, while encouraging private participation in the provision of higher education, a deliberate policy to encourage even spread in investment in private university should be implemented.

The long‐run investment effect of taxation in OECD countries

AbstractThe gradually changing nature of production and the move away from tangible investment towards intangible investment over the past century suggest that the effects of the tax structure on investment need to be reassessed. To address this issue, we establish an endogenous growth model in which investment in tangible assets, R&D and education are influenced by different types of taxes. We test the long‐run implications of the model using annual data for 21 OECD countries over the period 1890–2015. We find that corporate income taxes reduce investment in tangible assets and R&D. However, while personal income taxes reduce investment in tertiary education, they enhance investment in R&D. Thus a revenue‐neutral switch from corporate to personal income taxes is growth enhancing.

Measuring the incidence of social factors on scientific research: A socio-scientometrics analysis of strategic countries

En la literatura científica algunos estudios han examinado el impacto positivo que tiene la investigación en la sociedad. Sin embargo, este trabajo analiza cómo los factores sociales pueden influir en los resultados científicos. La muestra de investigación estudia a México y sus socios estratégicos en ciencia y tecnología. Los resultados se dividen en tres partes, la primera muestra la relación entre población, inversión pública en educación superior, gasto interno bruto en I+D (GERD) (como porcentaje del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB)), número de investigadores y los resultados científicos (producción científica y citas recibidas). La segunda parte se centra en la relación entre la movilidad del investigador (sedentario o migratorio (flujos de entrada y salida, estancias transitorias)) y la producción en colaboración. La tercera parte analiza si las preferencias en investigación de los países tienen una repercusión en el conjunto total de la producción científica. Este estudio facilita una mejor comprensión de las contribuciones sociales al desarrollo científico y socioeconómico de los países y es útil para que los gobiernos y los responsables políticos tengan en cuenta la importancia de estas variables sociales y, como resultado, conducir a los países hacia la excelencia en ciencia.

Does skilled migration reduce investment in human capital? An investigation on educational choices in Italian regions (2001–2016)

AbstractThis paper investigates the effects of prospective migration on students’ investment in tertiary education. A simple theoretical model is presented in which individual educational choices, different across potential students because of heterogeneity in migration costs, are driven by expected returns and costs of tertiary education. In this framework, a larger probability of after‐graduation migration is shown to affect educational choices by both reducing the rate of enrollment at home and favoring pre‐graduation migration (i.e., enrollment at universities outside the residence region). The theoretical predictions are confirmed by the empirical investigation carried out on Italian interregional graduate migration in 2001–2016. In the lagging regions of Southern Italy, out‐migration of students and graduates, and weak incentives to acquire tertiary education turn out to bring about depletion of local human capital.

On the impact of public policies and wage formation on business investment in research and development

Against the backdrop of mediocre growth prospects in many countries, governments should do more to promote private investment in research and development (R&D). Public fiscal policies and the characteristics of wage formation are key as they affect both the incentives that firms face and their resources. This paper studies their impact at the macro level in a panel of 14 OECD countries since 1981, while we also account for the impact of unobserved common factors like the world level of knowledge. Tax incentives, government intramural expenditures on R&D, public R&D subsidies (if they are not too low nor too high) and especially investment in tertiary education, encourage business R&D investment. Wage moderation may also contribute to innovation, but only in fairly closed economies and in economies with flexible labour markets. In highly open economies with rigid labour markets, high wage pressure promotes investment in R&D. Innovation may then be the only competitive strategy for firms.

Orientamento educativo e disuguaglianze di fronte all’istruzione universitaria in Italia: risultati da un esperimento randomizzato

The participation in tertiary education in Italy is characterised by sharp vertical and horizontal inequalities, linked to social origins, and by a marked mismatch between the demand for skilled jobs and the distribution of graduates across fields of study. These two problems may derive from the lack of information about the profitability of the investment in tertiary education among students and families. We explored this issue by designing a counselling intervention to provide high school seniors with up-dated and high-quality information about costs of university and post-secondary vocational courses attendance, occupational returns guaranteed by the various fields of study and the chances of successfully completing them. We tested the effect of our initiative on high school senior students’ decisions to enrol either at university or post-secondary vocational courses through a randomized controlled trial. It started in October 2013 and involved about 9,000 students from 62 schools in the provinces of Milan, Vicenza, Bologna and Salerno. We found that treated students did not increase their participation in tertiary education compared to that of control students. However, they were induced to change their initial choice of the field of study moving away from those poorly rewarding towards either highly rewarding ones (students from advantaged families) or post-secondary vocational education (students from disadvantaged families). We explained these effects resorting the rational action theory models.

Philippine Investment in the Tertiary Education of State Universities and Colleges

This study determined the Philippine government’s investment in state HEIs from 2005-2010 and their enrolments vis-á-vis the graduation and labor force participation. Findings reveal that SUCs’ budget increased every year with corresponding increase in expense per head, except for SY 2006-2007. Labor demand is low compared to the number of graduates from SUCs. Thus, analyses reveal that the government had a lost investment in tertiary education because the number of enrollees subsidized by the Philippine government decreased by the time they graduated. The number of those who became employed was even low. Recommendations include a strong link among SUCs, businesses, industries and other stakeholders, SUCs to offer student financial loans on priority courses, and influence they way of thinking of people towards entrepreneurship and self- employment.Keywords: Philippine investment, budget allocation, labor force participation, tertiary education

Graduate tax in Uruguay: Redesign of the Fondo de Solidaridad.

RESUMEN. Uruguay es el único país donde los egresados de la educación terciaria pública financian directamente parte del sistema mediante un aporte destinado a becas (Fondo de Solidaridad) y al presupuesto universitario (Adicional); este aporte varía según la duración curricular de la carrera. Este artículo propone alternativas que contemplan la capacidad de pago del contribuyente, como en un Impuesto al Graduado. El aporte al Fondo de Solidaridad que un egresado representativo haría a lo largo de su vida laboral bajo los diseños alternativos llega a contribuir, como máximo, 17,6% al costo de formación de un egresado y es sensiblemente menor al precio de carreras similares en universidades privadas. Asimismo, la carga de la contribución no supera, en ningún caso, la rentabilidad de invertir en un título terciario. Por último, los diseños alternativos disminuyen la desigualdad de ingresos

Hong Kong’s population policies on immigration: challenges and feasibility

Purpose – The aging crisis in Hong Kong is unique in that it was caused by several waves of immigration and emigration, coupled with inadequate investment in tertiary education (Wong, 2013b). The purpose of this paper is to study the causes and outcomes of the Hong Kong aging crisis and, where appropriate, advise on mitigation strategies. Design/methodology/approach – The paper analyzes the current demographic predicament and makes recommendations. Findings – A viable method for alleviating this demographic problem is to introduce various immigration schemes; however, these have been rendered futile because of a lack of infrastructure necessary for attracting immigrants and mitigating the protectionism that occurs among local workers and in trade unions in Hong Kong. A purely open and proactive immigration policy should involve prioritizing the admission of professionals and laborers across pillar industries and areas where technical skills are in short supply, as well as setting a daily immigration quota of 50 to recruit professionals with university degrees from abroad (Wong, 2013a). A comprehensive immigration policy should also be complemented by encouraging Hong Kong residents who work overseas to return (Wong, 2013a). Originality/value – The paper analyzes the demographic predicament of labor shrinkage in Hong Kong and summarizes the recommendations for attracting talent and professionals from abroad.

Factors influencing polytechnic students’ decision to graduate as entrepreneurs

The existence of supply–demand gaps in graduate output not only contributes to the problem of graduate unemployment but also undermines the efficiency of public investment in tertiary education, and therefore the issue needs to be addressed. Because of this, it is critical to focus on graduates and understand which factors affect their intentions to start-up a business in the future. This paper examines the factors that influence polytechnic students’ decision to graduate as entrepreneurs. The study used primary data which was collected from 250 students randomly selected from the Kumasi polytechnic. It employed descriptive statistics and the probit model to analyse the factors influencing the decisions by polytechnic students to graduate as entrepreneurs. The results of this study show that personality factors (extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness), support from family members and friends, occupation of parents, entrepreneurship education, gender and access to finance have significant positive effect on polytechnic students’ decision to graduate as entrepreneurs while students care about public remarks on their decisions has a significant negative effect.

Return on Investment in Tertiary Education and Tuition Policy in Vietnam

This research estimates the return on investment in tertiary education in Vietnam by quantifying and comparing total economic benefit with total incurred cost of tertiary education. Conclusion is that an individual can gain VND324.46 from an investment of VND100 in tertiary education that helps improve his/her productivity. The return on investment in tertiary education equals a positive real rate of interest of 3.15% for an individual learner and 2.9% for society. Increases in tuition as directed by Decree 49/2010/CP-CP for the years 2011-2015 and as suggested by Ph?ng & Ph?m (2012) for 2016-2020 do not make investment in tertiary education less attractive in comparison with that in capital market. The research suggests reform in tertiary education in which time for study is reduced and financial investment in terms of tuition is increased.

Return on Investment in Tertiary Education and Tuition Policy in Vietnam

Return on Investment in Tertiary Education and Tuition Policy in Vietnam

Parental background and university dropout in Italy

Using longitudinal data drawn from the European Community Household Panel, this paper examines Italian university entry and dropout rates in the context of specific parental and family characteristics. We are interested in the effects of the household’s cultural and financial conditions on shaping investment in tertiary education and its failure, at the national level. Our estimates confirm the persistence of intergenerational correlations related to education. Cultural constraints affect outcomes—enrolment in and withdrawal from tertiary education; low income negatively affects the transition from high school to college. Our results suggest that a comprehensive policy intervention is needed to ensure optimal human capital investment.

The policy determinants of investment in tertiary education

The purpose of this article is to discuss how policies can affect investment in tertiary education in ways that would eliminate some of the perceived shortcomings of existing systems, while preserving or (preferably) enhancing equality of access to higher education. To this end, the analysis focuses on the institutional set-up of tertiary education that provides incentives for supplying quality educational services; the private returns from higher education which act to attract prospective students; and, individual funding mechanisms to help overcome the liquidity constraints that may restrict participation in higher education. These mechanisms should also be designed so as to prevent uncertainty about future incomes from unduly deterring investment in tertiary studies by risk-averse individuals. Joaquim Oliveira Martins, Romina Boarini, Hubert Strauss and Christine de la Maisonneuve

Social democrats and the new partisan politics of public investment in education

This paper studies the impact on public education spending of social democratic participation in government. By means of a pooled time-series analysis of spending in OECD democracies, it is shown that social democrats have increased public spending primarily on higher education. This finding is at odds with simple class-based models of partisan preferences (Boix) that predict a preference for non-tertiary education. As an alternative, the notion of a ‘new politics of public investment in education’ (Iversen) is presented. From this perspective, political parties are not merely transmission belts for the economic interests of social classes, but use policies and spending strategically to attract and consolidate voter groups. By increasing public investment in tertiary education, social democrats cater to their core electoral constituencies (for example, by expanding enrolment) and, at the same time, new middle-class constituencies to escape electoral dilemmas and reforge the cross-class alliance with the middle class.

Skilled Emigration and Skill Creation: A Quasi-Experiment

Does the emigration of highly-skilled workers deplete local human capital? The answer is not obvious if migration prospects induce human capital formation. We analyze a unique natural quasi-experiment in the Republic of the Fiji Islands, where political shocks have provoked one of the largest recorded exoduses of skilled workers from a developing country. Mass emigration began unexpectedly and has occurred only in a well-defined subset of the population, creating a treatment group that foresaw likely emigration and two different quasi control groups that did not. We use rich census and administrative micro-data to address a range of concerns about experimental validity. This allows plausible causal attribution of post-shock changes in human capital accumulation to changes in emigration patterns. We show that high rates of emigration by tertiary educated Fiji Islanders not only raised investment in tertiary education in Fiji; they moreover raised the stock of tertiary educated people in Fiji-net of departures.

Investment in Tertiary Education: Main Determinants and Implications for Policy

Many OECD countries are aiming to reform their tertiary education (TE) systems. This work explores the determinants of the investment in TE, with a focus on institutional setting of TE systems and private incentives to undertake years of schooling beyond upper-secondary degree level. For this purpose the article first develops estimates of three main drivers of graduation patterns, namely institutional arrangements of TE supply, availability of funding for TE students and private returns to tertiary studies. Second, the article empirically assesses how these three factors affect graduation ratios. Based on this analysis, the article then discusses policy-levers of TE investment and explores possible routes of reform for TE systems in OECD countries. The main findings are as follows: graduation ratios increase with private returns to TE as well with the autonomy and accountability of the supply of education. Lack or insufficient financial help to tertiary students negatively affects graduation ratios. There is a number of policy-levers to stimulate investment in TE. They include policies affecting labour market premia, the degree of flexibility of TE provision and the availability of funding for students. (JEL codes: I21, I22, I28, J24)