Investment In Secondary Education Research Articles

El ingreso familiar promedio, el salario de los docentes, el gasto en libros y el tipo de institución educativa en la inversión en educación media en Ecuador

El objetivo de la presente investigación reside en aplicar modelos de regresión múltiples en Términos Relativos, así como la debida comprobación e interpretación de los supuestos, en función de explicar cómo surgen los problemas de análisis; en este caso, la inversión en educación media en Ecuador y las variables que provocan que este valor pueda disminuir o aumentar, dependiendo el comportamiento que tomen las variables independientes: ingreso familiar promedio, salario de los docentes, gasto en libros, y tipo de institución educativa en cuanto a financiamiento se refiere.

Secondary school students who drop out of school in rural Pakistan: The perspectives of fathers

ABSTRACTBackground: The problem of students dropping out of school is one of the barriers to improving educational outcomes in poor and developing countries.Purpose: This small scale, in-depth study sought to explore the phenomenon of students who drop out from secondary education, through the perspectives of fathers of such students in a rural district of Pakistan.Method: Primary data were collected through detailed, individual interviews with 14 fathers whose sons had dropped out from secondary education. The study adopted a framework involving push and pull factors to analyse qualitatively the processes and examine the reasons for dropping out that prevailed inside and outside school.Findings: The analysis suggested that, from the perspectives of the fathers, family poverty, poor academic performance and issues relating to teachers’ engagement with teaching at school were main factors involved in a student dropping out of school.Conclusions: The findings from this small scale, detailed analysis of data draw attention to the issues arising from a tension in mainstream teachers’ educational roles in and beyond the school. It further highlights the need for greater investment in secondary education, in order to help to reduce rates of student drop out in the remote rural areas of Pakistan.

Secular Trends in Dementia and Cognitive Impairment of U.S. Rural and Urban Older Adults

This is a nationally representative study of rural-urban disparities in the prevalence of probable dementia and cognitive impairment without dementia (CIND). Data on non-institutionalized U.S. adults from the 2000 (n=16,386) and 2010 (n=16,311) cross-sections of the Health and Retirement Study were linked to respective Census assessments of the urban composition of residential census tracts. Relative risk ratios (RRR) for rural-urban differentials in dementia and CIND respective to normal cognitive status were assessed using multinomial logistic regression. Analyses were conducted in 2016. Unadjusted prevalence of dementia and CIND in rural and urban tracts converged so that rural disadvantages in the relative risk of dementia (RRR=1.42, 95% CI=1.10, 1.83) and CIND (RRR=1.35, 95% CI=1.13, 1.61) in 2000 no longer reached statistical significance in 2010. Adjustment for the strong protective role of educational attainment reduced rural disadvantages in 2000 to statistical nonsignificance, whereas adjustment for race/ethnicity resulted in a statistically significant increase in RRRs in 2010. Full adjustment for sociodemographic and health factors revealed persisting rural disadvantages for dementia and CIND in both periods with RRR in 2010 for dementia of 1.79 (95% CI=1.31, 2.43) and for CIND of 1.38 (95% CI=1.14, 1.68). Larger gains in rural adults' cognitive functioning between 2000 and 2010 that are linked with increased educational attainment demonstrate long-term public health benefits of investment in secondary education. Persistent disadvantages in cognitive functioning among rural adults compared with sociodemographically similar urban peers highlight the importance of public health planning for more rapidly aging rural communities.

‘Differentiation Strategy’ and the Growth of Private Secondary Schools in Nakuru County, Kenya

Public expenditure in education has either remained stagnant or shrunk in real terms in most developing countries over the past years despite the significant fiscal resource allocation to education. Although current education reform policies in Kenya encourage potential contributions of households and private sector players, the issues affecting private sector investment in secondary education have not been assessed adequately. The purpose of this study is to establish the influence of selected marketing strategies on the growth of private secondary schools. Specifically, the study attempted to establish the influence of differentiation strategy on growth of private secondary schools. The study found that differentiation strategy influenced the growth of the private secondary schools Further, on carrying out hypothesis testing, all the null hypothesis were rejected and it was concluded that differentiation has some significant influence on growth of private secondary schools. The study recommends that the strategy should be enhanced with the involvement of all staff if they have to be effective. Further, customer perspectives and perceptions must be continuously assessed in order to develop marketing strategies that are effective in attracting higher enrolment rates in the private schools.

Tackling human capital loss in shrinking cities: urban development and secondary school improvement in Eastern Germany

ABSTRACTSelective migration, and the loss of highly qualified employees that it implies, is frequently mentioned as a major problem related to urban shrinkage [Fol, S. (2012). Urban shrinkage and socio-spatial disparities: Are the remedies worse than the disease? Built Environment, 38(2), 259–275.] However, despite the fact that research conducted on the issue of shrinking cities has increased, urban development strategies targeting human capital loss are rarely discussed in the literature on urban decline. This paper addresses this research gap. It focuses on the investment in secondary school infrastructure in Eastern Germany and presents the findings of an empirical study that observed how the issue of secondary education improvement was integrated into the urban development strategies of shrinking cities. Two case studies will be discussed in order to highlight initiatives for educational advancement, which directly targeted the problem of human capital loss. On the basis of this ‘reality check', the paper argues that an investment in secondary education is part of a potentially rewarding strategy in dealing with urban shrinkage that may be linked to the concept of social innovation.

Understanding environmental policy preferences: New evidence from Brazil

We examine the relationship between socio-economic factors and public opinion on environmental policies in Brazil, drawing on a survey conducted in June 2012. There are few systematic studies of the determinants of environmental preferences in emerging economies, and Brazil is a particularly interesting case because of its democratic political system, rapid economic growth, and importance for the global environment. In general, we find that the Brazilian public is highly supportive of environmental protection. To explain variation in environmental preferences, we focus on the effects of income and education. Many previous studies suggest that both should have positive effects, but the empirical evidence is mixed. Indeed, we find that income has no effect on environmental preferences. However, education is a strong predictor of environmental preferences. While college education is not necessary for environmental awareness, there is a large difference between Brazilians with primary and secondary education. For policy, the findings imply that investment in secondary education can raise environmental awareness, regardless of income levels.

Productivity Growth and Organizational Learning

AbstractA new specification of the sources of productivity growth is offered. Motivated by the lack of innovation and technology adoption in backward economies, a third channel of growth related to organizational structure, work ethics, and discipline in the production process (for simplicity called organizational learning) is suggested. The suggested specification generates new insights about the dominating source of growth during the development process: organizational learning in backward economies, technology adoption in middle‐income economies, and innovation in developed economies. This adds to the current understanding of development as a transition from technology adoption to innovation. Numerical simulations of the Thai catch‐up process since 1965 illustrate the importance of organizational learning. A counterfactual experiment shows how investments in secondary education contribute to the move from organizational learning to adoption of more advanced foreign technology.

Opportunities, Costs, and High School Completion in West Virginia: A Replication of Florida Research

Abstract Usual explanations of why students drop out of high school focus on characteristics of individual students, their families, and their particular schools. Although this research is informative, it ignores structurally determined contextual factors, especially the prevailing and anticipated opportunities and social and psychological costs associated with continued investment in secondary education. School district-level data for West Virginia in 1986–87 were used to investigate the value of focusing on structurally determined opportunities and costs to explain dropping out. This research builds on two previous Florida analyses and one previous West Virginia analysis that addressed the same issue and that have been reported elsewhere. Limitations of the earlier West Virginia research were addressed in the present study, which replicates the second Florida analysis. Insofar as similar relationships hold in states as different as Florida and West Virginia, the plausibility of the present findings is e...