Investment In Agricultural Sector Research Articles

AGRICULTURAL SECTOR FINANCING AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION IN NIGERIA

This study empirically evaluated the effect of financing the Nigeria’s agricultural sector on employment generation from 1990 to 2021. Theories adopted include: Financial Development Theory, Supply Leading Theory and Classical Theory of Unemployment. Annual time series data extracted from Central Bank of Nigeria’s statistical bulletin and World Bank’s World Development Indicators were used. The methodological processes of the ordinary technique of Least Squares (OLS) and the vector technique of Error Correction (VECM) Modelling were applied for estimations. The results from unit root’s tests showed all variables as stationary at I(1), that is orders one. Following this, the OLS and VECM estimates’ results established that agricultural sector received bank credits, government’s expenditures in the sector, Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund in agriculture and foreign aids in agricultural sector had short-run and long-run positively significant influences on employment generation while foreign direct investment in agricultural sector is insignificantly positive on employment generation. Sequel to the results, it is concluded that agricultural financing significantly contributes to employment generation in Nigeria. Therefore, suggested recommendations among others are that government’s expenditures in agricultural sector should be increased and other sources of financing for the sector be intentionally encouraged as such action will sustainably deepen agricultural sector’s performance, and consequently boost employment generation in Nigeria.

Formation of marketing environment in agro-industrial complex

One of the main directions of development of the country's economy is the domestic agro-industrial complex. Currently, agricultural industry faces many problems, including high depreciation of its fixed assets, lack of production resources and shortage of qualified personnel, since most of them are concentrated in households, which in turn reduces the level of economic activity and product quality. The goal is to study economic mechanism of functioning of the marketing environment to improve the efficiency of functioning of enterprises in agricultural sector. The article discusses the features of marketing services in the field of agro-industrial production. The object of the study is the agriculture of the Akmola region of Kazakhstan. Methods – statistical analysis using sectoral information from official statistics and publications in scientific literature, secondary information, commodity policy technologies. Result – internal and external factors influencing the organization of marketing activities of the Akmola region in sectors of the AIC, trends in potential demand, sales volume, competitive advantages are analyzed, appropriate proposals are prepared. Conclusions – at the regional level, information is provided on consumer preferences, strengths and weaknesses of competitors, forecasting changes in market conditions. The marketing approach is the process of creating a product, determining the price, marketing and promotion strategies. In modern conditions of the need to expand the capabilities of the agricultural economy on the background of lack of financial resources for agro-industrial production entities, in order to increase competitiveness, their own marketing programs should be developed and implemented. The most important, in the opinion of the authors, at the present time are the provision of information and consulting support to commodity producers, as well as attracting investment in agricultural sector.

Analysis of the Identification of Local Agriculture Products in the Municipality of Aileu, Manufahi, and Ainaro That Have Potential for Export and Attract Foreign Investments in Agricultural Sector

The objective of this study is to identify and collect information on local agriculture products and identify local potential agriculture and livestock that can attract foreign investments. Used Stratified Random Sampling and data was collected from both primary and secondary data (both quantitative and qualitative data. The data analyzed used qualitative and quantitative analysis. The supply chain analysis was carried out to develop a description of the value chain to identify potential high-value market areas and current and potential products in the domestic and export markets. The results of the study revealed that most farmers in the research location grow different types of crops and livestock. In particular for Aileu and Ainaro where most of the areas are up-land, therefore, horticulture crops (mustard, cabbage, carrots, and tomato) and coffee are dominated in these areas. For Manufahi, some parts are lowland areas, where most crops grown are maize, cassava, and paddy rice. The study reveals that local potential agriculture products and livestock in the municipalities of Aileu, Ainaro, and Manufahi are vegetable, coffee, maize, and paddy rice, banana, shallot, tangerine, cabbage, carrot, cattle, mung-bean, and banana. To accelerate economic growth, in these municipalities, there is a need to modernize agricultural production, requiring markets for both inputs supply and for the sale of output products. Opportunities to increase the productivity of these products are feasible and this can be done through the use of high-variety seeds and better farm management, and the government and private sector can play an important role in improving productivity as this will have a further implication in improving food security.

World experience of investing in agriculture: adaptation to modern realities of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The goal – is to develop proposals for adapting the world experience in financing agriculture to the realities of Kazakhstani economy. Methods – statistical, comparative analysis, comparison, generalization of results. Results – positive aspects of the world practice of investing in agricultural sector and possibility of using its levers and tools in domestic conditions have been identified. Emphasis is placed on one of the main problems of competitiveness of any state - ensuring self-sufficiency of the national economic system. The features of attracting investments in agro-industrial complex of the republic, current state and trends in expansion of investment activity are analyzed. Measures for the effective management of inv estment processes are proposed. The problems of investment provision of the country's AIC are shown. As a result of the lack of effective market infrastructure, high riskiness, and relatively weak dynamics of making profit from investments, agro-industrial production has a low investment attractiveness, which, in turn, repels a significant part of investment resources to other industries that quickly pay off. The international experience has been studied and directions of public support for agriculture in foreign countries have been determined. Conclusions – in order to attract and develop investment funds, it is necessary to use regulatory methods aimed at improving the effectiveness of investment activities, which must correspond to the appropriate level of economic development of the State. The authors state that the guarantee of food security directly depends on the amount of investment in agricultural sector, which allows creating additional jobs, taking a leading position in the world market, and increasing export potential. Justification of investment policy in each State should be the result of a thoughtful and purposeful choice, taking into account the distinctive features of potential investors and specifics of particular economic situation.

Investments as a stimulating factor in the AIC development in Kazakhstan

The goal is to study the organizational and economic aspects of investment design for effective management and stimulation of activities in agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan. Methods - bibliometric, grouping and generalization, observation, synthesis and comparative analysis. Results - a review of primary sources on optimization of investment management projects was carried out. An assessment of the socio-economic situation in the country in the context of the COVID- 19 pandemic is presented. There is an increase in agricultural production (crop and livestock sectors). The share of investments in agricultural sector in the structure of "Investments in fixed assets" for the last 9 years has been determined. Forms and measures of public support for agricultural producers in the field of project financing based on subsidies, preferential taxation, and provision of customs duties are generalized. The implementation of investment projects in the regions of the republic is shown. Emphasis is placed on distribution of investments and the need to introduce new information technologies, digital systems in the creation of processing plants, farms, greenhouses. The state of the main types of machinery and equipment is analyzed, and a high degree of wear is indicated. Conclusions - investment design allows to estimate the size of the required investments, calculate the economic feasibility and take into account possible threats. The assessment of business projects related to the investment of funds should be based on their classification. For investment purposes: ensuring an increase in the products volume, expanding their range, improving the quality of products and services, updating economic activities of agricultural enterprise, reducing cost of goods and services. To minimize risks, the management of an economic entity should be focused on anticipating unfavorable situations and taking preventive measures. Proposals and recommendations on the implementation of investment programs (an increase in the size of government funding, an increase in the availability of lending resources for agricultural producers, introduction of new technologies) were developed.

Impact of agricultural sector investment development on national economic output

This study aims to capture the investment performance of the agricultural sector in capital formation and the incremental capital output ratio (ICOR) and its relative contribution to the national economy in the 2011-2020 period. ICOR research method is the ratio of changes in output due to changes in capital as an indicator to measure investment performance. The research data used is secondary data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The results of the study show that the investment performance of the food crop agricultural sector has fluctuated throughout 2011-2020. The impact of the policy on the agricultural sector was generally positive, but in that vulnerable year, investment leakage was found that led to efficiency. The cause of the leakage is the behaviour of rent-seeking which is reflected in the time leading up to the elections, namely in 2014 and 2018 with the leakage rate of the investment budget in that year being very high, namely 74.09% and 84.50%, respectively. The year 2012 was marked by an ICOR value close to 0 (zero) accompanied by the growth and performance of the agri-food sector of 12.80%. In 2013 and 2015 the performance of the food crop sector contributed to the economic growth of the food crop sector by 8.65% and 15.78%. Unfortunately, the potential for loss of income in that year was very high, namely Rp. 8.16 trillion and Rp. 17.45 trillion, respectively. The best period for the performance of the food crop agricultural sector occurred in the rent-seeking behaviour that occurred in 2 motives, namely political and economic motives. Political motives occur through the mechanism of the backing system and lobbying. The economic motive is caused by the emergence of transaction costs for the distribution of subsidized fertilizers so that it leads to an increase in the HET for subsidized fertilizers.

Disability-adjusted life years due to chronic and hidden hunger under food system evolution with climate change and adaptation to 2050

ABSTRACTBackgroundClimate change presents an increasing challenge for food-nutrition security. Nutrition metrics calculated from quantitative food system projections can help focus policy actions.ObjectivesTo estimate future chronic and hidden hunger disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)—due to protein-energy undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, respectively—using food systems projections to evaluate the potential impact of climate change and agricultural sector investment for adaptation.MethodsWe use a novel combination of a chronic and hidden hunger DALY estimation procedure and food system projections from quantitative foresight modeling to assess DALYs under alternative agricultural sector scenarios to midcentury.ResultsTotal chronic and hidden hunger DALYs are projected to increase globally out to 2050—by over 30 million compared with 2010—even without climate change. Climate change increases total DALY change between 2010 and 2050 by nearly 10% compared with no climate change. Agricultural sector investments show promise for offsetting these impacts. With investments, DALY incidence due to chronic and hidden hunger is projected to decrease globally in 2050 by 0.24 and 0.56 per 1000 capita, respectively. Total global DALYs will still rise because projected population growth will outpace the rate reduction, especially in Africa south of the Sahara. However, projections also show important regional reductions in total DALYs due to chronic (13.9 million in South Asia, 4.3 million in East Asia and the Pacific) and hidden hunger (7.5 million in East Asia and the Pacific) with investments.ConclusionsFood system projections to 2050 show a decreasing DALY incidence from both chronic and hidden hunger. Population growth is projected to outpace these improvements and lead to increasing total chronic and hidden hunger DALYs globally, concentrated in Africa south of the Sahara. Climate change increases per-capita chronic and hidden hunger DALY incidence compared with no climate change. Agricultural sector investments show the potential to offset the climate impact on DALYs.

INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS OF UKRAINIAN AGRARIAN SECTOR

The article deals with the problems of investment attractiveness of the agricultural sector in Ukraine. It is defined that engaging investment in agricultural sector is based on a wide range of aspects that go beyond agricultural policy, in particular macroeconomic policy. Such coherent policy is an essential part of a beneficial investment climate for both native and foreign investors. The definition of investment attractiveness has been determined that is one of the most relevant and frequently used in economy today. It was found that for UAH1 of capital investment for the manufacturing of food and tobacco products in January-March 2019, UAH 3, 38 was accounted for agricultural sector. Rating of investment attractiveness of agrarian branches is stated. It is outlined that Kyiv and Kyiv region agro-industrial complex is ranked the first position as well as the second, third and fourth positions are shared by Zaporizhia, Dnipropetrovsk and Poltava regions. . It should be noted that over 10 years the share of investments in financial and insurance activities has significantly decreased. The foreign and native experience has been studied, and an effective transformation of the agrarian sector of economy has been established that is based on the intensification of investment activities and a significant increase in the levels of investment. It has been determined that during the period of constrained investment resources at the state level, the investment attractiveness of the region is the key requirement through which the investment strategy and investment policy of enterprises and the state as a whole are formed. Consequently, the issue of increasing relevance becomes the investment activity of individual regions and identifying promising ways to attract resources. It was determined that nowadays the priority area for investment in agriculture should be updating and modernization of agricultural equipment. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out technical re-equipment and reconstruction of livestock farms and complexes, to update the vehicles with high-quality, modern machines of the new generation. It is necessary to create a comprehensive strategy for increasing the investment attractiveness of Ukraine, which includes a number of aspects in the context of support and development of both the current comparative advantages of the economic system and the prospective ones, correspond to the development trends of the global economy and provide the foundations of Ukraine's economic safety. It is proposed that the first step in restoring investment attractiveness is the adoption of the law on state support for investment projects with substantial investments.

What are the Determinants of Investment in the Iraqi Agricultural Sector?

The agricultural sector is one of the main economic activities that contribute to a country’s national economy. However, this sector’s growth in Iraq is facing difficulties considering the decline of agricultural capital stock and its reliance on government investment, which is insufficient. Therefore, it requires activating investment in the agricultural sector. Agricultural investment is affected by many determinants that prevent its development. This study aims to investigate the determinants of investment in Iraq such as the rate of inflation, corruption, and agricultural gross domestic production (GDP) for the period 2004Q1-2019Q4. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) is used to investigate the study parameters. The results indicated a significant impact of corruption, inflation, and agricultural GDP on Iraq’s agricultural investment in the long run. A 1% decrease in the inflation rate leads to an increase in agricultural investment by 50%. An increase in agricultural GDP by 1% leads to increased agricultural sector investment by 59%. 20% of the defect in the previous year for agricultural investment was corrected in the current year.The results also indicated a long-term equilibrium relationship between investment in the agricultural sector, inflation, corruption, and agricultural GDP, which differed in their impact between the short and long terms. Therefore, decision-makers in Iraq must draw a clear future vision and set appropriate laws to attract investment in the agricultural sector for its development. The country needs financial and economic policies that achieve low and stable inflation rates and limit the adverse effects of inflationary pressures in the short and long term and combat the country’s rampant corruption.

Priorities for the development of investment activity in the agricultural sector of Ukraine in the context of modern European trends

Purpose. The aim of the article is the analysis of current trends in investment support of the domestic agricultural sector in the context of current European practice and justification of promising areas of investment activity in agriculture of Ukraine. Methodology of research. A set of general scientific and specific methods of economic research is used when writing the article, in particular, methods of theoretical generalizations: analysis, abstract and logical method (substantiating modern trends in investment support of the agricultural sector of Ukraine and the EU); economic and statistical methods (when assessing the dynamics of investment in the domestic agricultural sector); methods of comparison and scientific synthesis (in substantiation of priority forms and directions of development of investment activity of agriculture of Ukraine taking into account the leading experience of the European practice); methods of graphic display of the received results of researches. Findings. It is determined that the level of investment security and investment activity of the national agricultural sector, in comparison with European practice, remains low. Significant differences are also characterized by key areas of investment in agriculture in Ukraine and within the EU agricultural sector. The main tendencies of investment support of agribusiness of European countries are analysed, features of financing of investment projects and tendencies of shift of geographical structure of agrarian investments towards the countries of North Africa and Asia are revealed. Some aspects of the European policy of investment in the agricultural sector of the Ukrainian economy are analysed. The financial and geographical structure of sources of investment flows of domestic agriculture is studied. Originality. The priorities of investment activity of the agrarian sector of the national economy are combined with the key modern tendencies of investment provision of agriculture of the EU countries for realization of possibilities of search of joint investment directions and projects, and also financial instruments of their realization. Practical value. The trends and features of investment support of the agricultural sector of Ukraine in the context of modern European practice revealed as a result of research allowed to substantiate the priority areas of further development of investment activities and possible options for its financial support in the domestic agricultural sector in the near future. Key words: investment flows, investment activity, agrarian sector, agribusiness, financial provision, EU countries, strategic development.

Government agricultural subsidy programmes impact on rice production in Ghana from 2005 to 2018

Agricultural subsidies are considered an essential tool of policy to improve food production (or productivity), farmers’ income and welfare in developing countries. There is no doubt that the role of subsidies programmes is important for farmers or rural areas, but impacts of subsidies are different from crops, inputs, government programmes and so on. Over the past years, Ghana’s agricultural sector has experienced policies changes such as Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda (GSGDA I and II), Food and Agricultural Sector Development Policy (FASDEP I and II) and Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP I and II) that support improving agricultural productivity, creating jobs and increasing income. The government of Ghana recognizes that food and nutrition are high priorities and conducts various subsidy programmes of agricultural inputs and outputs. Rice is the second most consumed crop in Ghana. Rice consumption in Ghana would keep increasing due to the growing population, urbanization and change in consumer lifestyles or food preference. This study analyzed the impacts of different subsidy programmes on rice production acrossthe 10 regions in Ghana. The data used in the study starts from 2005 to 2018. The first estimation model evaluated the impacts of before-subsidies and after-subsidies on rice production in Ghana. The results from the first model showed that rice production increased after subsidies. Specifically, fertilizer after subsidies had a positive impact on rice production. However, labor after subsidies did not have statistically significant effects on rice production. The second estimation model compared two different subsidyprogrammes: Fertilizer Subsidy Programme (FSP) and Planting for Food and Jobs (PFJ). This study found fertilizer with FSP was more effective than with PFJ; however, labor with FSP was less effective with PFJ. The programme of FSP was intensively focused on fertilizer; however, the programme PFJ aims to cover a diverse range of fertilizer, seed, extension services, marketing and so on. Key words: Rice, Ghana, Fertilizer, Labour, Subsidy programme, Random effects

Analysis of determinants of maize price variations in Nigeria (1978 - 2014)

Skyrocketing prices of food staples such as maize can lead to inefficient agricultural production and definitely have detrimental effects on the economic, social, and political growth of any country. Most studies on maize in Nigeria are focused on the increasing consumption or competitiveness, very few address the determinants of maize price change as a panacea for the increase of productivity. Filling this gap requires a study on the various factors that contribute to the variations in the price of maize. In this study, secondary data were used. The study used descriptive statistics tools to analyze the pattern of price variations and changes in the production of maize over a period of 36 years in Nigeria. Also, various factors affecting price variation of maize were examined. It was recommended that the positive and significant impact of country’s population to maize price change should serve as an impulse to encourage investment in agricultural sector of Nigeria in order to ensure food security in the country. Also, the government should use the inflation measures to regulate prices of maize in the country

A Study on Energy Efficiency and Economic Productivity of New Zealand’s Agricultural Sector

The realization of sustainable development depends on the efficient use of energy resources. Energy consumption productivity and efficiency are among important indices that play a critical role in explaining the behavior of energy consumption structure of different economic sectors, which in turn, plays a key role in policy making. From among economic sectors, the agriculture sector, as an important sector, depends on the consumption of energy as a factor underpinning agricultural production to a great extent. Thus, the present study tries to firstly calculate energy efficiency and productivity of agricultural sector, and then, investigate the relationship between production and energy consumption of New Zealand’s agricultural sector using simultaneous equations system and two-stage least squares method. The annual data of New Zealand agricultural economics are used for the period of 1990-2017. The results showed that agricultural sector’s energy consumption efficiency in New Zealand was mostly optimum according to energy efficiency index. In addition, estimation of energy equation revealed that the added value of agricultural sector had a positive influence on energy consumption growth. Among the other positively affecting variables, agricultural sector’s labour and energy consumption in the prior period could be mentioned. The negative sign of capital stock in the equation reflects the fact that the higher the investment in agricultural sector, the lower the energy consumption.

Optimal investment for agricultural growth and poverty reduction in the democratic republic of congo a two-sector economic growth model

ABSTRACTWe propose a two-sector economic growth model and solve it numerically using the relaxation algorithm to determine the optimal levels of investment for sustainable agricultural growth and poverty reduction. Overall, our findings suggest that past dismal growth performance and poverty trends in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are due to sub-optimal investment in agricultural sector. Our results suggest that optimal level of agricultural investment paves the way to achieving both growth and poverty goals faster than it would have been possible otherwise. Over the period 2002-2012, agricultural investment represents only 45% of its optimal levels. Under the optimal investment scenario, agricultural GDP grows faster. However, agricultural GDP growth rate falls significantly behind that of non-agricultural GDP, and thus delay the achievement of growth and poverty goals. Simulation results suggest that additional agricultural investment coupled with improved agricultural inputs productivity will speed up the country’s pace toward achieving growth and poverty reduction targets: a 10% increase in labour productivity combined with a 10% increase in land productivity reduces by 18 years the amount of time within which the CAADP growth goal will be reached and increases the pace of poverty reduction.

Factors Hindering Farmers’ Participation and Look for Agricultural Development and Food Security

Agriculture is one of the key drivers of Ethiopia’s long-term development and food security. It supports 85% of the total population, constitutes 43% of GDP and 80% of export value. For the country to reach middle-income prestige by 2025 and make significant inroads against food insecurity, strategic choices and concerted and strategic investments in agricultural sector are vigorous. The government of Ethiopia has put maximum efforts to increase agricultural output. However, increments in agricultural production and productivity, the expected benefits, have not been achieved yet. Low agricultural production and productivity is the major cause of food insecurity in the country emanating from lack of suitable technologies for beneficiaries, low adoption of agricultural innovations, and lack of active participation of farmers in agricultural research. Therefore, this study examines critical factors that hinder farmers’ participation in agricultural research in Ethiopia. A total sample size of 39 respondents comprising 16 farmers, 14 researchers and 9 development agents were interviewed purposively based on snowball sampling technique. Qualitative research design was used in this research. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and observations and analysed descriptively. The empirical results reveal that lack of sufficient time, bad experiences in the past, perception of farmers’ for researchers, farmer’s attitude for research, the type of research, lack of stakeholder’s willingness to learn from one another, loose integration of indigenous and scientific knowledge and insignificant change of new technologies to material wealth critically hindered farmer’s participation in agricultural research to bring innovation in agriculture. Innovation in agriculture comes from the interaction of the different actors that are working in agriculture since each actor brings their own knowledge and results in social learning. Insignificant innovation in agricultural research results in food insecurity in the country.

Investigating Pakistan’s Revealed Comparative Advantage and competitiveness in Cotton Sector

Cotton sector, one of the most important sectors of agriculture, plays a pivot role in the socio-economic uplift of Pakistan as its contribution to agriculture value addition is 5.5 % and to GDP is 1 %. It along with low wage cost also ensures the massive availability of raw material for textile industry which enables Pakistan to attain competitiveness in the world market. The aim of present study is ,therefore, to measure the export competitiveness in cotton sector of Pakistan by utilizing a set of Revealed competitive advantage and Revealed comparative advantage (RCA) indices such as RCA, RCA#, Symmetric Comparative index (RSCA), Revealed Import Advantage index (RMA), Net export index (NEI)and Revealed Trade Advantage index (RTA) vis-a-vis world trade. The data was taken from International Trade Center (ITC) UN-COMTRADE Statistics for Pakistani cotton from 2003-17. The results of the study explored that Pakistan had a comparative and competitive advantage in cotton exports, while comparative disadvantage in cotton imports. Moreover, Pakistan had net competitive advantage in cotton sector.The study suggests that there should be more emphasis on Infrastructure, reduction in the cost of production, utilities and finance, use of modern technology, investment in agricultural sector and marketing in international market to boost the exports volume of cotton. Net export index (NEI), Revealed, Symmetric Comparative index (RSCA) (Larsen 1998), Vollrath index (1991) (RCA#), Revealed Import Advantage index (RMA) and Revealed Trade Advantage index (RTA).

Determinants of export competitiveness of fresh fruits in India

This paper tries to examine the determinants of export competitiveness of major fruits in India using annual data from 1971 to 2012. While few studies discuss the overall competitiveness of agricultural commodities in India, there is hardly any attempt made to examine the competitiveness of fresh fruits and its determinants. The results based on ARDL model find a long-run relationship between export competitiveness of fruits along with its major determinants. The results obtained from the long-run elasticity show that per capita GDP of major fruits importing countries, domestic price of fruits, investment in agricultural sector, and real effective exchange rate significantly influence the export competitiveness of fresh fruits in India. Influence of such demand side factors on fresh fruits competitiveness emphasises the role of tapping new markets for fresh fruit exports from India. The findings of this study call for government patronage towards ensuring the quality standards of fresh fruits to make the product acceptable in the international market.

Determinants of export competitiveness of fresh fruits in India

This paper tries to examine the determinants of export competitiveness of major fruits in India using annual data from 1971 to 2012. While few studies discuss the overall competitiveness of agricultural commodities in India, there is hardly any attempt made to examine the competitiveness of fresh fruits and its determinants. The results based on ARDL model find a long-run relationship between export competitiveness of fruits along with its major determinants. The results obtained from the long-run elasticity show that per capita GDP of major fruits importing countries, domestic price of fruits, investment in agricultural sector, and real effective exchange rate significantly influence the export competitiveness of fresh fruits in India. Influence of such demand side factors on fresh fruits competitiveness emphasises the role of tapping new markets for fresh fruit exports from India. The findings of this study call for government patronage towards ensuring the quality standards of fresh fruits to make the product acceptable in the international market.

The Calculus of Rural Poverty: Evidence from District Bhakkar – Pakistan

The study was conducted to determine the factors associated with poverty in Pakistan. Using cross sectional survey design, data was collected from 300 households. Multiple linear regression model was employed to analyze the data. Results of regression analysis showed that household size, dependency ratio, participation rate, ownership of physical assets and landholding size had a significant impact on the poverty status of the households. The study suggested an increased investment in agricultural sector and creation of social infrastructure, with a view to create more employment opportunities, ensuring supply of healthy and educated workforce and thus reducing poverty.

Investment expenditures in Ukrainian agricultural enterprises: prognosis and development of appropriate investment strategy

Increasing the level of innovation and investment support for agricultural enterprises is particularly relevant. This enables them to function effectively in a dynamic, open environment. Thus, the main purpose of the paper is to characterize the current state and sources of investment expenditures in agricultural enterprises in Ukraine, and to make predictions on the inflow of investments in the agricultural sector in the future. Basing of this prognosis the recommendation of the appropriate steps towards investment strategy development in farming firms was formulated. ARIMA forecasting method was used in the article to determine the future expenditures for investments in Ukrainian agricultural sector. It was observed that there has been an inflow of investments in the area of Ukrainian agriculture in recent years. Additionally it was forecasted that this growth will continue in the future. Different scenarios tested showed an increase from 11 to 30% in 2019. Additionally companies could attract and utilize the FDI funds, which unfortunately decreased during the period 2015-2017 in agricultural sector. It could be however expected that these trend will revert together with changing political and economic situation of Ukraine, and companies could use this resources for their development.