Investment Considerations Research Articles

Carbon Taxation and Electricity Price Dynamics: Empirical Evidence from the Australian Market

AbstractIn this paper, we study the change of Australian electricity price dynamics that was observed before, during and after the two-year period in which a Carbon Pricing Mechanism was in force. We fit a two-states Markov Switching Model, representing a high- and a low-volatility state of the world. To avoid the interference due to periodic patterns, a deseasonalization process accounting for short- and long-term seasonality is carried out prior to the study of volatility. Estimation results highlight that, during the period when the carbon tax applies, the volatility level is lower for both the states of the world. Furthermore, the persistence in the low-volatility state is increased in the presence of the carbon tax. This conclusion is particularly relevant for macroeconomic and investment considerations because the increased uncertainty in electricity prices can significantly influence firms’ investment decisions and shape inflation expectations.

Public-Private Partnership for Local Economic Development in the Kintampo Municipality of Ghana

Local governments are regarded as the primary stakeholders in Local Economic Development (LED) yet, they do not have adequate resources to execute their mandate (Ghana National Policy on PPP, 2011). Public-Private Partnership (PPP) presents a viable option for the delivery of local infrastructure and services for LED. The general objective of the study was to assess the contributions and opportunities of PPPs for LED in the Kintampo Municipal Assembly. A descriptive and exploratory study design was used for the study. According to the findings, the only documented PPP projects identified were public toilets and an enterprise development initiative with REP-BAC. There was another ‘loose’ arrangement of PPP between the KMA and the garages at the ‘magazine’. The PPP initiatives contributed to employment creation and income for the local people and internally generated funds for the KMA. Some identified projects were worth the consideration for investment under PPP e.g. Construction of a Lorry station under B.O.T/ Concession and the Upgrading of Kintampo Waterfalls under Concession. However, the low capacity of local partners to raise funds for investment, bad previous experiences of the KMA, poor service delivery by partners, and weak formalization processes by partners were challenging to PPPs in the Municipality. Despite the challenges, PPPs hold great potential for LED in the KMA. As such it is recommended that the KMA should increase awareness of the local people on PPP as an alternative strategy for funding projects for LED, create the enabling environment, and engage the necessary contractual instruments that commit both partners in all PPPs while maintaining proper documentation.

Analysis of Financial Literacy and Overconfidence on Investment Decision with Risk Tolerance Mediation and Gender as Moderator (Case Study of Generation Z Investors in Bandung City)

Financial literacy and overconfidence are important investment considerations due to market complexity. This study examines how Financial Literacy, Overconfidence, Risk Tolerance, and Gender affect investment decisions in Bandung generation Z investors. This study uses a descriptive quantitative methodology to survey 121 Generation Z investors via questionnaire. SEM- PLS provides further evidence that financial literacy positively affects risk tolerance at a 5% significance level. At 5% significance, financial literacy positively affects investing decisions. Risk tolerance also positively affects investing decisions at a 10% significance level. Additionally, there is evidence that the impact of financial literacy on investment decisions is mediated by risk tolerance, with a significance level of 10%. Gender positively influences financial literacy and risk tolerance, with a 5% significance level. In addition, a significance level of 5% indicates that overconfidence has a substantial and advantageous effect on risk tolerance. With a 5% significance threshold, overconfidence positively affects investing decisions. Overconfidence and investing decisions are mediated by risk tolerance at 10%. Lastly, gender moderate overconfidence's effect on risk tolerance with a 5% significance threshold. For overconfidence, gender has minimal impact. The complete analytical framework of this study combines financial knowledge, overconfidence, risk tolerance, and gender to explain individual investing decisions. This study seeks to help investors, particularly generation Z, make more logical and successful investment decisions by improving their financial literacy, regulating their overconfidence, and considering risk tolerance and gender.

A Financial Analysis and Valuation of Home Depot

This paper presents a detailed financial analysis and market evaluation of major players in the home improvement industryHome Depot, Lowe's, Wayfair, and Floor & Decor Holdings. It assesses these companies based on their liquidity, solvency, and profitability to provide investors with actionable insights into their financial health and market position. The analysis reveals that Wayfair, despite its robust short-term liquidity, faces challenges with profitability. Home Depot and Lowe's both demonstrate strong financial stability with efficient operations that translate sales into profit effectively, though Lowe's exhibits some concerns related to its debt levels. Floor & Decor shows impressive growth but must improve its operational efficiency to enhance profitability. Additionally, the study explores industry trends impacting these businesses, including changes in consumer preferences and economic conditions affecting spending on home improvements. It also examines the companies' responses to these trends, such as adapting their business models and strategies to sustain growth and competitiveness. The paper concludes with investment considerations, highlighting Wayfair as a potentially high-reward but risky investment due to its growth prospects and operational challenges. Home Depot remains a relatively safe bet with stable financial returns, while Lowe's and Floor & Decor might require cautious evaluation due to their financial and market positions. This comprehensive analysis serves as a crucial tool for investors aiming to navigate the complexities of the home improvement sector and make informed decisions.

The determinants of use behavior of e-procurement system in developing countries

The existing body of literature on e-procurement adoption has not adequately predicted the direct and indirect impact of performance expectancy and effort expectancy on the usage behavior of e-procurement system through the attitude of users. This paper focuses on analyzing the direct and indirect effects of various factors that influence the usage behavior of e-procurement systems in Tanzania. The paper was guided by the Social Information Processing (SIP) theory, the Affect Infusion Model (AIM), and the modified Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). The paper also used a deductive perspective and an explanatory cross-sectional survey research approach. A stratified sampling technique was used to identify 383 respondents (buyers and suppliers) that use the e-procurement system. Data gathering was conducted via the use of a documentary review and questionnaire. Inferential statistical analysis was conducted using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling, with the assistance of SmartPLS 4 software. The results indicate that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and attitude significantly influence positively the usage behavior of the e-procurement system (p value<0.05). The paper finds that the behavior of buyers and suppliers, after the adoption of an e-procurement system, is indirectly impacted by the system's performance expectancy and effort expectancy, via their positive attitudes. The results of this study confirm the usefulness of the proposed research model in directing management decision-making, particularly in determining the importance of investment considerations when implementing or improving an e-procurement system.

The Relationship between Transparency Obligations and Foreign Investment in Renewable Energies: Realising the Potential Role of IIAs

The global deployment of renewable energies has taken off and calls for a continuous increase in foreign investments and cooperation, particularly because many states cannot cover the costs and technological requirements of the energy transition on their own. Therefore, there should be policies and legal frameworks in place to protect and thereby promote foreign investments. International Investment Agreements (IIAs) can, ceteris paribus, contribute to this goal. These agreements contain a set of obligations that protect foreign investments against possible discriminatory or arbitrary conduct of the host states. This includes transparency obligations that can help to create a level playing field for national and foreign renewable energy investors. Unfortunately, the concept of transparency, and its inherent implications, has not been clearly defined to date, and its relationship with renewable energy investments is still under investigation. Therefore, it is important to realise the prevailing transparency obligations under IIAs, and the best practices that can better meet the particular requirements of renewable energy investments. Using a qualitative approach, this article intends to pursue this goal by providing an overview of the concept of transparency, exploring its status in the context of fair and equitable treatment (FET), and analysing favourable transparency clauses in the light of renewable energy investment considerations.

Balancing hydrocarbon recovery with carbon neutrality strategies for prospect maturation in the CCS Era

As the global energy landscape undergoes a paradigm shift towards sustainability, the coexistence of hydrocarbon recovery and carbon neutrality emerges as a crucial challenge. This paper navigates the dichotomy between meeting energy demands through hydrocarbon recovery and the pressing need to mitigate carbon emissions. It scrutinizes the environmental impact of conventional recovery methods, emphasizing the urgency for sustainable practices. An in-depth examination of the technical challenges associated with integrating CCS into existing recovery processes sets the stage for proposing prospect maturation strategies. The prospect maturation strategies highlighted in the paper encompass advanced exploration technologies, sustainable drilling practices, and the seamless integration of carbon capture into recovery processes. Through case studies, the paper showcases real-world examples where these strategies have successfully balanced hydrocarbon recovery with carbon neutrality, achieving tangible benefits in both resource extraction and environmental stewardship. Economic viability and investment considerations are scrutinized to provide a comprehensive understanding of the financial landscape, while the regulatory landscape and compliance section shed light on the evolving standards governing carbon-neutral hydrocarbon recovery. The paper anticipates technological innovations as key drivers for continuous improvement in prospect maturation. Stakeholder collaboration and community engagement take center stage, acknowledging the importance of building social acceptance and securing a social license for carbon-neutral practices. The paper aims to guide the energy exploration sector towards a harmonious coexistence of hydrocarbon recovery and carbon neutrality, contributing to a sustainable and responsible future for the industry.

PENGARUH CAPITAL STRUCTURE, FIRM SIZE, INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL DAN PROFITABILITY TERHADAP FIRM VALUE

Firm value for the business community, especially investors, is a focus that needs to be considered for investment considerations. This study was conducted to examine the effect of capital structure, firm size, intellectual capital, and profitability on firm value. The sample selection technique used in this study is a non-probability sampling technique with purposive sampling method. The total sample selected was 71 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2017 to 2020 with a total of 284 observations. The statistical tool used in this study is the Eviews 12 SV software. The results of this study indicate that intellectual capital and profitability have a significant effect on firm value, but capital structure and firm size do not have a significant effect on firm value.

Identifying and assessing corporate employment variables that influence community resilience: A novel model.

Quantifying the concept of disaster resilience on a local level is becoming more critical as vulnerable communities face more frequent and intense disasters due to climate change. In the United States (US), corporations are often evaluated using social justice or environmental sustainability matrices for financial investment consideration. However, there are few tools available to measure a corporation's contribution to disaster resilience on a local level. This study includes a focused literature review of employment variables that contribute to community resilience and a national survey that asked US emergency managers to rank the variables they believe have the greatest influence on individual resilience. A novel corporate community resilience model that ranks corporate contributions to disaster resilience in the communities where they operate was developed and then tested against data from five employment sectors from the same area. This model can be used by stakeholders to better understand how corporations can most efficiently contribute to county- and subcounty-level disaster resilience. The metrics used in this study are universal and translative, and thus, the development of this resilience model has global disaster resilience implications.

Review Literature: Analysis of Profitability Ratios and Liquidity Ratios to Assess Financial Performance

This research discusses the analysis of profitability ratios and liquidity ratios to assess financial performance. Research is really needed because calculating ratios is really needed by a company, namely to determine the good and bad performance of a company's financial management. This research uses a literature review method with data and 5 scientific journals that have been reviewed. Based on the results of the analysis of profitability ratios and liquidity ratios to assess financial performance, the analysis of profitability ratios and liquidity ratios shows that the financial performance obtained from these two ratios, overall profitability performance shows good value and satisfactory results, because it is below the industry average and Financial performance is important because it can help measure the efficiency of financial management, support the decision-making process, facilitate future predictions, and enable performance comparisons with other companies in the same industrial sector. By understanding the significance of profitability ratios and liquidity ratios in the context of financial performance, this information can be used as a basis for decision making and evaluating company performance as well as to see the good and bad conditions of financial management by the company and as information on investment considerations in a company's shares.

Proposal of Multicriteria Decision-Making Models for Biogas Production

While biogas production offers promising solutions for waste management, energy diversification, and sustainable development, effective project implementation requires comprehensive evaluation criteria that encompass diverse aspects, such as the problem to be addressed, biodigester technology selection, business model development, investment considerations, and final product utilization. A preliminary study involving an integrative review of 58 articles yielded 499 unique criteria. These criteria were categorized into four groups: economic, environmental, social, and technical, encompassing a total of 39 subcriteria. Six stages of the biogas production cycle were considered in the analysis: project, initiation, biodigester type selection, location determination, operational cycle definition, and final product utilization. The analysis revealed that existing decision-making models often prioritize technical and economic considerations while neglecting broader social and environmental perspectives. This paper addresses this gap by proposing, for the first time, stage-specific, multicriteria decision-making (MDCA) models tailored to each phase of a biogas production cycle. These models empower project managers and policymakers to optimize resource allocation, minimize the environmental impact, maximize social benefits, and ensure project viability and profitability. The models’ adaptability allows for tailored prioritization based on specific project requirements and contexts. This groundbreaking research fills a critical void in biogas decision making by bridging the gap between existing technical and economic model limitations and the growing need for truly sustainable project development.

Fundamental analysis of the firm on stock returns in the uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of emerging economy

This paper refers to a previous study of Barua (2020), which shows the impact of the pandemic on aggregate demand and supply. The novelty and the purpose of this study is to examine the fundamental impact arising from the uncertainties created by the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the Indonesian government restrictions policy (spectrum) on stock returns of the sample companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) with a minimum of 200 trading days in 2020 from 2016 to 2020. This study used multiple regression analysis and cross-sectional for the cumulative abnormal return (CAR). The result shows that the fundamentals tested had no significant effect on cumulative abnormal returns. On the other hand, only the current ratio showed a significant effect on Spectrum 1 and 4; Spectrum 1 had a positive effect while Spectrum 4 had a negative effect, and the debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) had a slightly significant effect on Spectrum 1. The study results indicate that each spectrum had different levels of uncertainty, which gave rise to different perspectives for each investor. This study provides a perspective for investors to see different levels of uncertainty on the current ratio (CR) and DSCR as determinants of fundamentals for investment consideration.

Geological characteristics and developmental achievements of the large presalt carbonate gas fields in the Amu Darya Basin

The Amu Darya Basin accounts for one of the most abundant natural gas resources globally, it is the main gas supplier to the Central Asian natural gas pipeline. It also holds potential for the natural gas exploration and development. Within this basin, valuable Jurassic carbonate rocks and gypsum-salt-gas-bearing combinations are developed. These include the presalt transitional Middle and Lower Jurassic coal-bearing source rocks, which provide sufficient gas sources, and the Middle and Upper Jurassic reef-shoal carbonate and gypsum salts, forming an effective reservoir–caprock combination. The unique geological configuration forms optimal accumulation conditions for natural gas in the high-energy sedimentary-facies belt of the carbonate platform which controlled by the coal-bearing gas-generation center and large basement ancient uplift area. Large natural gas fields are mainly distributed in the presalt Jurassic carbonate rocks, driven by high-quality hydrocarbon-generation centers, ancient uplift backgrounds, and ultrathick gypsum-salt rocks. While large gas fields have been discovered in large structural traps at the center of the depressions, exploration potential is still remains in the vast area with a burial depth exceeding 4500 m. These make the basin a key area for further exploration. The Amu Darya Right Bank Block located in the northeast of the basin, which has seen 15 years of rapid and efficient exploration and development by PetroChina, has discovered three gas field groups, each contains 2 billion m3 of gas: the western intraplatform shoal, central gently sloping reef beach, and Eastern thrust structure, fracture-cave-type gas field groups. PetroChina has achieved a production capacity of 14 billion cubic meters. In response to the geological and developmental characteristics of the three gas field groups, tailored development strategies have been formulated. The strategies are based on the integrated concept of geological and developmental engineering. Optimization efforts have been made in well pattern deployment, including highly deviated wells, as well as the design of gas field pressurization engineering. In addition, comprehensive evaluations have been conducted, taking the stable production period, water-avoidance distance, and investment considerations into account. The efforts aim to support the project of transforming the Amu Darya River into a model for the efficient development of the “Belt and Road” energy cooperation project.

Prediksi Financial Distress Pada Perusahaan Listed di Indonesia Akibat Pandemi Covid-19

The purpose of this study is to examine the financial distress of companies before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research sample is all public companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period 2019 to 2021. Data is collected from company annual reports with the IDX database, the number of samples is determined using the Slovin formula approach and sampling uses a stratified random sampling technique based on the type of industry . The Z-Score value was then analyzed using a different test with paired sample t-test. The results of this study show that the financial distress of IDX listed companies did not change significantly before and during the Covid-19 pandemic, except for the Consumer Non-Cyclicals sector. This finding also shows that these companies are able to adapt to the pandemic. Besides that, the market value of their equity is also able to survive on the stock exchange. This study contributes to the prediction of financial distress related to the Covid-19 pandemic to stakeholders, especially investors as material for investment considerations during a pandemic or crisis caused by other causes. The government can also use the results of this research as a reference in making policies during a pandemic. This finding also complements previous studies, which have examined the effects of pandemic conditions on company conditions.

The Essence of the Development of Social Investment Projects for the Economy

"The article presents a compelling argument that in the context of contemporary conditions, investments encompass the allocation of capital (in the form of values and resources) into various social and economic activities, provided that such activities comply with pertinent laws and legislative acts. These investments are made to generate economic benefits or produce positive social and environmental impacts. The author astutely observes that investments encompass a broader scope than solely capital investments, as they can pertain to both tangible and intangible assets (real investments) as well as financial instruments such as shares, bonds, and other securities. Capital investments, on the other hand, typically involve the allocation of funds. Notably, investments diverge from capital expenditures in terms of their investment objects. Capital investments align with investments in fixed assets, constituting a subset of capital-forming investments. It is important to recognize that the investment process encompasses more stages than that of capital investments alone. Moreover, the inclusion of procedures related to the accumulation of funds through the issuance of shares, bonds, and securities further enhances the scope of investment considerations. Additionally, the process of distributing income among investors can be regarded as an additional aspect to be addressed. It is crucial to recognize that all the aforementioned points, parameters, and procedures necessitate the establishment of new relationships in administrative, organizational, legal, and psychological contexts. Therefore, studying these relationships within market conditions and on a novel socio-economic foundation emerges as a paramount objective for national science. to facilitate the development of investment programs."

Determinants of United States - Indonesia Equity Market’s Dynamic Correlation: The Role of Commodities and Exchange Rate’s Volatilities

<p>This study aims to analyze the effect of oil price volatility, gold price volatility and exchange rate volatility on the dynamic relationship between Indonesian and United States capital market. The data used in this study are daily closing prices of oil, gold and exchange rates (USD/IDR) as well as Indonesian capital market (JKSE) and United States capital market (DJIA) composite indices during period of January 2005 to October 2020. This study uses DCC-GARCH method to calculate the dynamic correlation between two capital markets and GARCH with the GED parameter to analyze oil volatility, gold volatility and exchange rate volatility on the integration of Indonesian capital market and United States capital market. The results of this study show positive and strong results on the integration of Indonesian and United States capital markets, thus proving that the movements of Indonesian market and American market tend to be strong and mutually influence the two capital markets. Moreover, the oil, gold and exchange rates volatilities have a negative effect on the integration of the Indonesia capital market and the US capital market. This finding implies investors should take oil, gold and exchange rates volatilities in their investment consideration.</p>

Strategic Analysis of PT Bank Perkreditan Rakyat (BPR) Citra Dana Mandiri

Indonesians are realizing the importance of safe and profitable savings. Thus, bank investment considerations are rising. People invest in People's Credit Banks (BPR) instead of traditional banks. Additionally, BPR provides village loans. Rural Banks (BPR) have helped many SMEs. This study examines PT. People's Credit Bank (BPR) Citra Dana Mandiri's external and internal environment and determines its best alternative strategy. IFE, EFE, SWOT, IE, and QSPM analysis tools are used in this study. Non-performing loans and market share were PT BPR Citra Dana Mandiri's biggest internal strengths. PT BPR Citra Dana Mandiri's biggest weakness was its lack of mobile-banking and 2 branch offices. Vehicle enthusiasts are a major external factor. the growth of MSMEs in Lampung Province, with competitors aggressively pursuing market share and offering credit and facilities. The TAS/Total Activeness Score QSPM, the first strategic alternative PT BPR Citra Dana Mandiri prioritizes, is market penetration. Market penetration can estimate PT BPR Citra Dana Mandiri's potential market

Case—Creating a Brick Empire Through Data Visualization and Analytics (B)

Open AccessOpen Access licenseAboutSectionsView PDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail Go to SectionOpen AccessOpen Access license HomeINFORMS Transactions on EducationAhead of Print Case—Creating a Brick Empire Through Data Visualization and Analytics (B)Matthew J. Drake Matthew J. Drake Published Online:13 Jun 2023https://doi.org/10.1287/ited.2023.0288csbGreg McCullough has conducted a thorough analysis of the more than 600 LEGO sets released in 2018 and 2019 to gain a better understanding of the characteristics of the different themes and subthemes. His overall goal is to identify the sets in which he should invest. After the sets retire, he expects to use the proceeds from selling the sets to supplement his family’s collecting passion.Although the future value of a retired LEGO set is partially dependent on the desirability of the set itself and the theme (such as Harry Potter, Minecraft, Star Wars, etc.), another major determinant of the desirability of a set as an investment is the value potential, which is defined as the difference between the price that LEGO “should” be charging for the set based on its characteristics and the actual retail price. Sets with large value potential represent outsized investment opportunities in much the same way that a value mutual fund invests in securities that are potentially undervalued based on their fundamentals.In his prior analysis, Greg developed a model that determines the price that LEGO should be charging for sets and has used it to determine the value potential for all of the sets that were released in 2019. Some sets ending up having positive value potentials, whereas others had negative value potentials. He eliminated all the sets with negative value potential from further investment consideration. He also researched the resale prices for retired LEGO sets on the secondary market and narrowed his potential investment options to sets in the following themes: City, Creator, DC Super Heroes, Friends, Harry Potter, Hidden Side, Ideas, Marvel Super Heroes, Minecraft, Ninjago, Overwatch, Speed Champions, and Star Wars. This left him with the 109 sets listed in the data file provided.Greg’s task now is to determine which specific sets he should purchase as an investment. He has initially allocated $4,000 to his investment budget, although he is open to adjusting that amount up or down within the range from $2,000 to $6,000 based on the relationship between value potential and total investment.Like any well-constructed investment portfolio, Greg also wants to ensure that he is properly diversified to limit his exposure to adverse market conditions affecting one particular set or theme in the future. As a result, he had decided not to purchase more than 10 copies of any one set, and he seeks to avoid any one theme representing more than 20% of the total number of LEGO sets that he has purchased.Based on his analysis of sets selling on the secondary market, however, Greg thinks that sets from three themes—Hidden Side, Ideas, and Star Wars—have the potential to increase in value significantly upon retirement, and he wants to be in position to take advantage of such an opportunity in the future. Therefore, he requires that at least 5% of the total sets purchased are from each of those three themes.Perhaps most importantly, Greg wants to avoid the wrath of his wife, who is not interested in turning their entire house into a warehouse for his new investments to sit while they appreciate. He has negotiated the use of one metal shelving unit with dimensions 60 inches × 36 inches × 24 inches that is set up in the basement to store these LEGO sets. He has assured his wife that the sets he purchases for investment will fit entirely on those shelves. Previous Back to Top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Articles In Advance Article Information Metrics Information Received:May 19, 2022Accepted:February 02, 2023Published Online:June 13, 2023 Copyright © 2023 The Author(s)Cite asMatthew J. Drake (2023) Case—Creating a Brick Empire Through Data Visualization and Analytics (B). INFORMS Transactions on Education 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1287/ited.2023.0288csb PDF download

KEY FACTORS AFFECTING SOCIAL ENTERPRISE PERFORMANCE: A LITERATURE REVIEW

This study aims to understand performance of social enterprises and assess the most influential factors affecting this performance based on a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). The study extracted data (articles) from three prominent databases (Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar). Four main determinant groups of performance are identified, namely, technology and innovation, investment considerations, overall organization orientation and a general category of other influential factors. The results indicate that fiscal, environmental, social contexts, creative methods and employee contributions have a major influence on the performance of social enterprises. It was also revealed that strategic and business orientation has proven to be a significant contributor as well. The findings contribute to social entrepreneurship literature in terms of performance improvement of hybrid enterprises. Future research suggestions are provided based on the findings.

Incorporating ESG in Structured Finance

This article provides an overview of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investment considerations in the context of the broader capital markets, with a focus on structured finance. Perspectives differ on defining an “ESG transaction,” both from an asset class and a market perspective. Various regulatory pronouncements have taken the market a long way in understanding the factors, though more work is to be done. Unique characteristics matter for structured credit investors, as examples herein show, and efforts to expand the use of ESG framing tools have certain inherent limitations, such as data. Greenwashing is a broad market issue to which structured credit financing is not immune. This article also explores examples within the universe of structured products where ESG principles are or can be integrated into an investment framework.