Investigation Of Different Forms Research Articles

Enforcing ethical standards to safeguard the credibility and legitimacy of public media corporations: The role of News Ombudspersons in Spain and France

This study introduces a cross-country comparative analysis of the role of News Ombudsperson in the public media corporations in Spain and France. It investigates the specific media self-regulatory processes established to reduce reputational risks and increase the trust and credibility of the media organisations. It aims to fill in the gaps in prior research by applying a qualitative framework developed using indicators derived from scholarly work on regulation and governance and media management. The variables selected for the analysis are extracted from prior interdisciplinary research and focus on media self-regulatory processes, complaints management mechanisms, election, reporting procedures, checks and balances, roles, visibility and transparency of News Ombudspersons in two countries which represent the Polarised Pluralist media system category. Research questions are raised in relation to the main variables identified for the comparative analysis. Data were collected from multiple publicly available international sources, including public media organizations databases, national media regulatory authorities, and academic studies. Results reveal cross-country variations. The systematic investigation of different forms of self-regulatory procedures might lead to concrete recommendations and best practice models for media organizations beyond the European Union. Further research could address the role of media audiences as relevant stakeholders in media governance processes.

Consequences of Hyperphosphorylated Tau in the Locus Coeruleus on Behavior and Cognition in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

The locus coeruleus (LC) is one of the earliest brain regions to accumulate hyperphosphorylated tau, but a lack of animal models that recapitulate this pathology has hampered our understanding of its contributions to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. We previously reported that TgF344-AD rats, which overexpress mutant human amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1, accumulate early endogenous hyperphosphorylated tau in the LC. Here, we used TgF344-AD rats and a wild-type (WT) human tau virus to interrogate the effects of endogenous hyperphosphorylated rat tau and human tau in the LC on AD-related neuropathology and behavior. Two-month-old TgF344-AD and WT rats received bilateral LC infusions of full-length WT human tau or mCherry control virus driven by the noradrenergic-specific PRSx8 promoter. Rats were subsequently assessed at 6 and 12 months for arousal (sleep latency), anxiety-like behavior (open field, elevated plus maze, novelty-suppressed feeding), passive coping (forced swim task), and learning and memory (Morris water maze and fear conditioning). Hippocampal microglia, astrocyte, and AD pathology were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. In general, the effects of age were more pronounced than genotype or treatment; older rats displayed greater hippocampal pathology, took longer to fall asleep, had reduced locomotor activity, floated more, and had impaired cognition compared to younger animals. TgF344-AD rats showed increased anxiety-like behavior and impaired learning and memory. The tau virus had negligible influence on most measures. Effects of hyperphosphorylated tau on AD-like neuropathology and behavioral symptoms were subtle. Further investigation of different forms of tau is warranted.

Investigation of different forms of selenium on digestibility of high production lactating dairy cows totally mixed ration using in vitro and in situ techniques

زمینه مطالعاتی: سلنیوم یکی از عناصر معدنی کم مصرف می‌باشد که برای عملکرد بهتر حیوانات ضروری است. هدف: تحقیق حاظر به منظور ارزیابی اثر اشکال مختلف سلنیوم بر خصوصیات هضمی خوراک کاملا مخلوط‌ گاوهای پر‌شیر، با استفاده از روش های آزمایشگاهی انجام گرفت. روش کار: آزمایش در 3 دوره 28 روزه شامل 21 روز عادت‌دهی و 7 روز نمونه‌برداری اجرا شد. تیمارها شامل: 1) جیره پایه+ ppm 3/0 سلنیوم بصورت نانو، 2) جیره پایه+ppm 3/0سلنیوم بصورت سلنومتیونین، 3) جیره پایه+ ppm 3/0 سلنیوم بصورت سلنیت‌سدیم بودند. در روش تولید‌گاز 300 میلی‌گرم از هر نمونه در ساعات 2، 4، 6، 8، 12، 16، 24، 36، 48، 72 و 96 انکوباسیون گردید. در روش کیسه های نایلونی ( کیسه هایی با ابعادcm 6×12) مقدار 5 گرم نمونه به مدت صفر، 2، 4، 8، 12، 16، 24، 36، 48 ،72 ساعت در شکمبه سه رأس گوسفند انکوبه شد. در روش سه مرحله ای هضم حدود 5 گرم از خوراک در کیسه‌هایی به ابعادcm 10× 5 قرار داده و 12 ساعت در شکمبه گوسفندان انکوبه گردید. نتایج: در طول اکثریت قریب به اتفاق ساعات انکوباسیون بیشترین میزان تولید گاز به ترتیب در تیمار نانو، آلی، معدنی و کنترل مشاهده شد. این اختلافها از ساعات 36 انکوباسیون به بعد معنی دار بودند. پتانسیل تولید‌گاز (A) در تیمارهای نانو، آلی و معدنی بیشتر از شاهد بودند (05/0p <). بین تیمارنانو با آلی اختلاف معنی داری از لحاظ پتانسیل تولید گاز وجود نداشت. تفاوت معنی‌داری بین تیمارها، از نظر تجزیه‌پذیری ماده خشک خوراک کاملا مخلوط وجود نداشت. در آزمایش سه مرحله‌ای هضم، تیمار نانو موجب افزایش تجزیه‌پذیری بعد شکمبه‌ای ماده خشک خوراک کاملا مخلوط نسبت به تیمار معدنی شد (05/0p <). نتیجه گیری نهایی: نتایج نشان می‌دهد که افزودن منابع مختلف سلنیوم به جیره‌ می‌تواند عملکرد شکمبه را بهبود بخشد.

Is Criticism Disloyal? American Jews' Attitudes toward Israel

AbstractTo what extent is it possible for American Jews to maintain a deep emotional connection to Israel while criticizing the actions of the Israeli government? This long-debated question echoes earlier investigations of different forms of patriotism toward one's home country. Drawing on two 2019 surveys of American Jews, we find that, like Americans in general, Jewish liberals and conservatives express different forms of patriotism toward both Israel and America. Jewish conservatives tend to oppose criticism of Israel and America for any reason, while Jewish liberals view criticism as an important part of “caring” about both countries. Both forms of patriotism are positively associated with stronger emotional connections to the relevant country. These results suggest that emotional connection to Israel represents a form of social identification with Israel and that lower levels of connection to Israel among some American Jews are driven more by apathy than active criticism or hostility.

Monitoring global changes in chromatin compaction states upon localized DNA damage with tools of fluorescence anisotropy.

In the eukaryotic nucleus, DNA, packaged in the form of chromatin, is subject to continuous damage. Chromatin has to be remodeled in order to repair such damage efficiently. But compact chromatin may also be more refractory to damage. Chromatin responses during DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair have been studied with biochemistry or as indirect readouts for the physical state of the chromatin at the site of damage. Direct measures of global chromatin compaction upon damage are lacking. We used fluorescence anisotropy imaging of histone H2B-EGFP to interrogate global chromatin compaction changes in response to localized DSBs directly. Anisotropy maps were preserved in fixation and reported on underlying chromatin compaction states. Laser-induced clustered DSBs led to global compaction of even the undamaged chromatin. Live-cell dynamics could be coupled with fixed-cell assays. Repair factors, PARP1 and PCNA, were immediately recruited to the site of damage, though the local enrichment of PCNA persisted longer than that of PARP1. Subsequently, nodes of PCNA that incorporated deoxynucleotide analogs were observed in regions of low-anisotropy open chromatin, even away from the site of damage. Such fluorescence anisotropy–based readout of chromatin compaction may be used in the investigation of different forms of DNA damage.

The Lean Discovery Process: the case of raiserve

Purpose Uncertainty in the early development of digital business startups can benefit from data-driven testing of hypotheses. Startups face uncertainty not only in product development, but also over the structure of the business model and the nature of the customer or market to address. The authors conceptualize a new model, the Lean Discovery Process (LDP), which focuses on market-based testing from the early business idea through to fully realized product stages of an innovation. The purpose of this paper is to highlight a methodology to help digital business reduce uncertainty and apply lean principles as early as possible in the development of a business concept. Design/methodology/approach Examining literature in lean startups, lean user experience and lean software development, the authors highlight underlying assumptions of existing lean models. The authors then examine the LDP using the case of raiserve, a social entrepreneurship startup that focuses on the management of cause-based voluntary service. Findings Existing literature focuses on product development against an assumed customer base. Early hypothesis testing can be applied to business concept development to substantially reduce cost and time to market. Research limitations/implications Further investigation of different forms of uncertainty in digital startups can open up opportunities to further apply lean methodologies. A more extensive empirical study to measure the potential impact is warranted. Originality/value The authors conceptualize the minimum viable customer and support early testing with concepts from market research and collective intelligence. The authors demonstrate early opportunities to apply lean principles and rigorous hypothesis testing in an LDP that results in significant reductions in time and expense of product development.

Violence against women

Despite ongoing research spanning many years, the police investigation of different forms of violence against women remains problematic. The most recent reviews exploring sexual and domestic violence suggest that vulnerable victims are not identified effectively and that this subsequently impacts on the investigation, level of attrition and provision of correct support for victims. The authors suggest that some of the current methods, aimed at improving these issues, can further compound problems within a police culture that often remains focused on narrow quantifiable performance targets. Violence against women involves a range of very complex issues and for most victims there are a number of vulnerabilities involved. Considering these factors are often related to public health concerns, the authors argue for a more consistent and joined-up approach to supporting victims through the criminal justice system. In the short term, this is necessary for keeping victims on board with the process and in the longer term, it is essential when dealing effectively with the broader issues impacting on their victimization. It is crucial given the current fiscal climate that these issues are dealt with universally, with a focus on sustainable outcomes. It is argued that integrating criminal justice and public health strategies will provide for more embedded and effective outcomes for victims.

Clinical features of different orbital manifestations of granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

The aim of this study was to distinguish different forms of orbital involvement in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and to compare their clinical course and outcomes. Two hundred twenty-six consecutive patients with GPA were retrospectively studied. All patients fulfilled the classification criteria of American College of Rheumatology; diagnosis of localized GPA was established according to Chapel Hill Consensus. Of those, 74 patients with orbital disease were enrolled into further investigation of different forms of orbital disease. Overall ocular involvement was diagnosed in 50% (113/226) of patients; in 5.3% (12/226), inflammatory eye disease resulted in permanent visual loss. Most common ophthalmic manifestations were orbital masses, episcleritis/conjunctivitis, and scleritis (74/226, 32/226, and 12/226, respectively). Seventy-four patients with orbital involvement were divided into three groups: those with orbital mass without primary lacrimal gland involvement (1st group, 45 patients), those with lacrimal gland involvement (2nd group, 26 patients), and those with extraocular myositis (3rd group, 3 patients). Symptoms such as orbital pain, decreased vision, double vision, red eye, scleritis, orbital wall destruction, primary gaze strabismus, and ocular motility restriction were significantly more common in the 1st group. Peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) was present in the 1st group only. Patients of the 1st group suffered from visual loss, double vision, primary gaze strabismus, and ocular motility restriction significantly more often. Eleven of them developed visual loss; 5 of them underwent enucleation, whereas in the group of patients with dacryoadenitis, only 1 patient had BCVA less than 0.3. Three types of orbital disease in GPA were proposed: orbital mass without primary lacrimal gland involvement, dacryoadenitis, and extraocular myositis. Patients with orbital mass without lacrimal gland involvement are characterized with a higher rate of systemic disease, severe clinical course not uncommonly associated with other ophthalmic manifestations (necrotizing scleritis, PUK, orbital walls destruction), relatively unfavorable outcome with high level of morbidity (optic nerve atrophy, anophthalmos, strabismus), and higher rate of recurrences. Dacryoadenitis in GPA showed to be not severe manifestation with favorable prognosis.

Thermal Degradation Rate of 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol to Cyclic 4,4-Dimethyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one; Mechanistic Aspects and Kinetics Investigation

Using initial rate data, the mechanistic investigation for the thermal degradation kinetics of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) to 4,4-dimethyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one (DMOZD) as a function of amine and CO2 concentration in the solution was performed. Activation energies of different reaction steps in introduced mechanisms imply that the reaction between AMP and CO2 to produce carbamate will happen close to equilibrium conditions, while the carbamate will tends to revert back to initial amine rather than convert to the DMOZD at lower temperatures. Investigation of different forms of reaction pathways and various reaction orders for reactants including AMP and CO2 demonstrates that the actual reaction mechanism is complex. The closest and simplest mechanism to fit the experimental data provides noninteger reaction order with respect to AMP and CO2 concentration in the rate equation, which indicated more complexity of the reaction mechanism. Through the degradation rate data, the activation energy and reactio...

Circulating High-Molecular-Weight (HMW) Adiponectin Level Is Related with Breast Cancer Risk Better than Total Adiponectin: A Case-Control Study.

The level of total adiponectin, a mixture of different adiponectin forms, has been reported associated with breast cancer risk with inconsistent results. Whether the different forms play different roles in breast cancer risk prediction is unclear. To examine this, we measured total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin in a case-control study (1167 sets). Higher circulating HMW adiponectin was negatively associated with breast cancer risk after adjusting for menopausal status and family history of breast cancer (P=0.024). We analyzed the relationship between adiponectin and breast cancer risk in 6 subgroups. Higher circulating HMW adiponectin was also negatively associated with breast cancer risk (P=0.020, 0.014, 0.035) in the subgroups of postmenopausal women, negative family history of breast cancer, BMI>=24.0. Total adiponectin was positively associated with breast cancer (P=0.028) in the subgroup of BMI<=24.0. Higher HMW/total adiponectin ratio was negatively associated with breast cancer (P=0.019) in the subgroup of postmenopausal women. Interestingly, in the subgroup of women with family history of breast cancer, higher circulating total and HMW adiponectin were positively associated with breast cancer risk (P=0.034, 0.0116). This study showed different forms of circulating adiponectin levels might play different roles in breast cancer risk. A higher circulating HMW adiponectin is associated with a decreased breast cancer risk, especially in postmenopausal, without family history of breast cancer or BMI>=24.0 subgroups, whereas higher circulating HMW adiponectin levels is a risk factor in women with a family history of breast cancer. Further investigation of different forms of adiponectin on breast cancer risk is needed.

Chinese MNCs’ Preparation for Host‐Country Labor Relations: An Exploration of Country‐of‐Origin Effect

Numerous studies have demonstrated the existence of the country‐of‐origin effect and how this effect interacts with other factors in shaping multinational corporations’ (MNCs’) practices. However, there has been little investigation of different forms of country‐of‐origin effect, the mechanisms through which this effect occurs, or country‐of‐origin effect on MNCs from emerging markets. This study explores how country‐of‐origin effect manifests in Chinese MNCs’ preparation for managing host country labor relations, an important area of human resource management (HRM). Based on a study of 21 Chinese MNCs, we argue that country‐of‐origin effect in relation to Chinese MNCs mainly manifests in two implicit forms, including transfer of management ethos and competitive disadvantage generated from the home base, rather than in the form of direct practice transfer as commonly suggested in the current literature. The major mechanism through which country‐of‐origin effect plays out is the mind‐set of managers, rather than formally established corporate control instruments. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Is Obesity Our Genetic Legacy?

To design rational management regimes and identify novel therapeutic targets, it is essential to understand the biological drivers of the current epidemic of obesity. This review describes our current knowledge of genetic factors in obesity, drawing functional parallels in the underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms and suggesting promising new directions for research. Published literature, addressing both the current knowledge of genetics of monogenic and syndromic forms of extreme obesity, and the emerging literature on genetic factors associated with more common forms of obesity are analyzed. The current genetic evidence in obesity underlines the importance of neuroendocrine mechanisms of appetite regulation. Monogenic forms of disease explain 6% of children with extreme obesity, having hyperphagia associated with defects in the leptin-melanocortin pathway, as a central feature. Candidate gene association studies indicate that more subtle variations of the same genes also contribute to common forms of obesity. Well-powered genome-wide association studies recently identified FTO as a strong contributor to both childhood and adult obesity, demonstrating the power of such hypothesis-free analysis to provide new insights into the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of a common complex disease. Although there has been some very heartening recent progress in elucidating genetic mechanisms underlying obesity, we are still a long way from explaining the high heritability of adiposity. Investigations of different forms of variation, such as copy number polymorphism, may extend our understanding of this condition.

Biochemical and spectroscopic investigations of different forms of BioB under single turnover conditions

Biochemical and spectroscopic investigations of different forms of BioB under single turnover conditions

Influence of extrinsic factors on electron transfer in a mixed-valence Fe(2+)/Fe(3+) complex: experimental results and theoretical considerations.

The crystal structure of the mixed-valence complex (NEt(4))[Fe(2)(salmp)(2)].xMeCN(crystal) (x = 2,3) [1].xMeCN(crystal) was determined at temperatures between 153 and 293 K. The complex shows distinct Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) sites over this temperature interval. Variable temperature Mössbauer spectra confirm the valence-localized character of the complex. In contrast, spectroscopic investigation of powder samples generated from [1].xMeCN(crystal) indicate the presence of a valence-averaged component at temperatures above 150 K. To elucidate this apparent contradiction we have conducted a variable-temperature Mössbauer investigation of different forms of 1, including [1].xMeCN(crystal), [1].2DMF(crystal), [1].yMeCN(powder), and solution samples of 1 in acetonitrile. The low-temperature Mössbauer spectra of all forms are virtually identical and confirm the valence-localized nature of the S = (9)/(2) ground state. The high-temperature spectra reveal a subtle control of electron hopping by the environment of the complexes. Thus, [1].xMeCN(crystal) has valence-localized spectra at all explored temperatures, [1].2DMF(crystal) exhibits a complete collapse into a valence-averaged spectrum over a narrow temperature range, the powder exhibits partial valence averaging over a broad temperature interval, and the solution sample shows at 210 K the presence of a valence-averaged component in a minor proportion. The spectral transformations are characterized by a coexistence of valence-localized and valence-averaged spectral components. This phenomenon cannot be explained by intramolecular electron hopping between the valence-localized states Fe(A)(2+)Fe(B)(3+) and Fe(A)(3+)Fe(B)(2+) in a homogeneous ensemble of complexes, but requires relaxation processes involving at least three distinguishable states of the molecular anion. Hopping rates for [1].2DMF(crystal) and [1].yMeCN(powder) have been determined from spectral simulations, based on stochastic line shape theory. Analysis of the temperature dependences of the transfer rates reveals the existence of thermally activated processes between (quasi) degenerate excited states in both forms. The preexponential factors in the rate law for the hopping processes in the [1].yMeCN(powder) and [1].2DMF(crystal) differ dramatically and suggest an important influence of the asymmetry of the complex environment (crystal) on intramolecular electron hopping. The differences between the spectra for the crystalline sample [1].xMeCN and those for powders generated under vacuum from these crystals indicate that solvate depletion has a profound effect on the dynamic behavior. Finally, two interpretations for the three states involved in the relaxation processes in 1 are given and critically discussed (salmp = bis(salicyledeneamino)-2-methylphenolate(3-)).

ESR investigations of different forms of TTT-TCNQ CT complex in reticulate-doped polymer films

Magnetic properties of tetrathiotetracene-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTT-TCNQ) CT complex microcrystallites forming conductive networks in reticulate-doped polymer films are investigated using the ESR technique. ESR lineshape, temperature dependence of spin susceptibility, linewidth and g factor are analysed. TTT-TCNQ is found to crystallize in at least three forms in reticulate-doped films. It is shown that magnetic properties are related to morphology of the conductive network. Properties of complexes with stoichiometries 1:2 and 1:1 forming needle-like networks are similar to those previously described, while properties of whisker-like microcrystals forming dendritic networks are different and their stoichiometry is probably 3:2 or 2:1. Non-equilibrium crystallization during film casting leads to relatively high defect concentration, but the effect of disorder on magnetic properties of the networks seems to be reduced by concentration of defects in some highly imperfect regions.

An investigation of different forms of refractories for the service conditions in coke ovens

Investigations of different forms of refractories established that it is desirable to use refractory parts with high heat resistance (MK-80 mullite-corundum, silicon carbide, chamotte-cordierite) as extreme roof and hearth parts in place of chamotte ones for increasing the life and providing reliability in service of these elements of the coke oven lining. The most promising for these purposes from the economic point of view and taking into consideration high heat resistance, resistance to reduction, and minimum thermal expansion are chamotte-cordierite parts.

Hippocampal synaptic plasticity induced by excitatory amino acids includes changes in sensitivity to the calcium channel blocker, ω-conotoxin

The hippocampus is widely used in investigations of different forms of synaptic plasticity, including long-term potentiation and kindling. Receptors for excitatory amino acids (EAAs) play a prominent role in these phenomena. Recently, is has been demonstrated that exposure of hippocampal slices to EAAs and related agonists produces biphasic effects on excitatory synaptic transmission: initial blockade of synaptic responses is followed by a delayed recovery. The recovered responses demonstrate altered pharmacological properties: they acquire sensitivity to N- methyl- d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists during l-glutamate (Glu) exposure and lose sensitivity to both NMDA and non-NMDA antagonists under l-aspartate (Asp). These changes persist for many hours. It was suggested that this form of hippocampal plasticity may involve transitions between distinct states of synaptic functioning. To explore this possibility, we investigated several properties of synaptic transmission in the initial and EAA-modified states. Here we report that hippocampal postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) evoked under Glu or Asp exposure completely lose sensitivity to ω-conotoxin GVIA (ω-CgTX), a potent, specific, and irreversible blocker of certain types of neuronal calcium channels. After washout of the EAA, sensitivity to the toxin is regained. These results indicate that prolonged EAA exposure induces profound changes in the machinery of synaptic transmission, which include, but are not limited to, changes in calcium channel functioning.

Rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of IgG antibodies to Candida albicans

A rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) where the performance time was shortened to 4h was compared with counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and a standard ELISA procedure for the detection of IgG antibodies to Candida albicans in 61 patients with suspected invasive candidosis. Using a C. albicans cytoplasmic antigen the rapid ELISA compared well with CIE and the standard ELISA. Seventeen sera that reacted with two concentrations of C. albicans antigen in CIE were also positive in both forms of ELISA. Four sera that were CIE-negative were positive in the standard ELISA and three were also positive in the rapid ELISA. The rapid ELISA provides a sensitive and reproducible test for routine serological investigation of different forms of candidosis.

Forms of Manganese and Their Distribution in Certain Profiles of Tamilnadu

Among many transition elements, manganese plays a vital role in plant metabolism. The geology of the region, the weathering of the minerals, oxidation and reduction of Mn++ are the important factors for the various forms of manganese in the earth's crust. Different forms of manganese have been studied by various workers in India and abroad. Few items of work have been done in Madras State to study the distribution of several patterns of manganese and their relation to soil properties in profile soils. Soundararajan et al. (1967) found out the amounts of different forms of manganese in the surface soils in Coimbatore district. Most of the soils utilised in their study are reported to have adequate amounts of available manganese. The present study aims at the investigation of different forms of manganese and their relationships with soil characteristics in profile samples in Tamilnadu.