Traffic Accident Investigation Research Articles

Методы расчета скорости движения транспортного средства по фото- и видеоматериалам при реконструкции ДТП

The article discusses various methods for calculating the vehicle speed based on photo and video materials during the reconstruction of a road traffic accident. Some foreign methods of calculating the vehicle speed from photo and video materials are analyzed, the calculation being done in relation to the location of the object under study and the recording device. The authors show the application of one of the methods in practice. The Amped Five software product has processed the video recording under study, which is necessary for further assessing of the vehicle speed. As a result, there has been made a calculation of the speed of the motorcycle using the technique of moving the object to the specified distance in relation to the stationary objects by video recording. The obtained value of the motorcycle speed coincided with the calculated value obtained using the method based on the work of forces on movement», which confirms the reliability of the values obtained. Thus, as the analysis shows, the use of photo and video materials in the investigation of a road traffic accident can significantly increase the level of reliability and correctness in the reconstruction of the accident.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СЛОЖНОГО ПЕРЕМЕЩЕНИЯ ТРАНСПОРТНОГО СРЕДСТВА ПРИ ПРОВЕДЕНИИ ДОРОЖНО-ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ ЭКСПЕРТИЗЫ

Investigation of road traffic accidents (hereinafter referred to as accidents) in the Russian Federation currently uses outdated and averaged models and techniques. Despite the recent years’ developments in the methodological literature, their implementation is local and is not applied to every particular case. The study of the final stage of the accident mechanism is not the exception, when the vehicle continued its movement after interacting with an obstacle in a state of complex movement. Therefore, the construction of a functional universal computational model of complex vehicle movement based on basic physical principles within the framework of road transport expertise is an urgent task.

Opportunities for Optimizing the Activities of the Investigator and Expert to Improve the Efficiency of the Investigation of Traffic Accidents

The subject of the study is to improve the interaction between the activities of participants in the investigation of road traffic offences. From the materials of criminal cases, it is clear that quite often the role and place of the forensic examination is unreasonably diminished by the investigator. It happens due to the fact that a large part of the physical evidence collected at the crime scene during the initial inspection of the scene of the incident and containing the necessary amount of investigatively significant information, falls out of the general picture that forms the content of the investigative situation. The most effective interaction of the investigator with the expert is realized only when it is organized from the very beginning of the investigation of the crime event, and hereby covers all stages of the investigation, from the examination of the crime scene, the appointment of the examination, the process of examination, conclusions, and end results of expert research. Gathering evidence and clarifying all the circumstances that contribute to the commission of the crime seems to be the basis for solving practical problems that confront the investigator upon arrival at the scene of an accident. For the full implementation of these tasks, the investigator resorts to the practical assistance of an expert, a specialist who has methods for solving the questions posed to them, the practical possibilities accumulated in the complex of technical and forensic, as well as theoretical support for the production of examinations. To implement the tasks set for the investigator to investigate accidents, the investigator simply needs to assress an expert for competent answers. In turn, the expert is authorized to take expert initiative in the course of the investigation, within the limits of his expert authority, to identify, evaluate and establish the circumstances indicated by the investigator in the case under investigation. Empirical and theoretical research methods, a comprehensive analysis, and other methods of scientific knowledge were used in the process of study. The results of the study made it possible to formulate a set of recommendations aimed at improving the regulatory framework governing the interaction of the investigator and expert

Risky behaviors, psychological failures and kinematics in vehicle-to-powered two-wheeler accidents: Results from in-depth Chinese crash data

As the use of powered two-wheeler (PTW) becomes increasingly prevalent, PTW accidents are emerging as a major threat to the people’s life and property in China. Understanding the risky behaviors, psychological failures and kinematics in vehicle-to-PTW accidents is an important first step in addressing this issue.Here 69 vehicle-to-PTW accidents captured on video from the Traffic Accident Investigation and Research in China (TAIRC) database are selected and reconstructed. All accidents are categorized into different crash scenarios using a harmonized method. Accident causations are identified from the perspectives of praxeology and psychology. Kinematics characteristics, such as impact speed and relative position, are also analyzed.The results show the crossing accident bundle is the most frequent followed by rear, oncoming and run-up accident bundles, with proportions of 43.48 %, 27.54 %, 11.59 % and 17.39 % respectively. Accident causations of different crash scenarios have great differences whether in accident responsibilities or in psychological failures. For instance, the PTW riders who violate the traffic regulations need to be mainly responsible for most crossing accidents, whereas most rear accidents are blamed on drivers who fail to properly check their mirrors when they turn, turn around or change lanes. From the perspective of psychology, the perception failures encountered by both drivers and riders are a typical causation in crossing accidents, while it is a contributing factor in rear accidents that a failure of prognosis from the rider combined with a failure of perception from the driver. Visual obstruction exists widely in crossing and oncoming accident bundles. The impact speeds of vehicles and PTWs are often less than 40 km/h in all accident bundles. A wider sensing area (field of view = 90°, view detection range = 35 m) should be achieved to more effectively detect the conflict PTWs.These findings about vehicle-PTW accidents provide a stronger support for the development of prevention countermeasures and advanced driver assistance system.

Study on the Influence of Tunnel Environmental Noise on Driving Fatigue

Almost all tunnel traffic accident investigation point out that fatigue driving is one of the important causes of accidents. In the long tunnel driving process, due to the acoustic characteristics of the tunnel, drivers are in a high noise environment for a long time. By recording the electroencephalogram (EEG) of drivers under tunnel noise conditions, the EEG characteristics of driving fatigue are described by using specific EEG power spectrum, moreover, attention level is measured by spectrum of SMR. The correlation model between different noise and driver’s attention and fatigue degree is obtained, and the influence of tunnel noise on driving safety is analysed. The analysis results have great practical significance to improve the driving safety of drivers.

Application of Plane Homography for Vehicle Speed Calculations in Traffic Accident Investigations

The analysis of vehicle speeds at the moment of traffic accidents is becoming increasingly important. To solve difficult calculations arising from video analysis when the shooting direction of the camera is the same as the driving direction of the vehicles, an improved plane homography method is proposed. This method is based on detecting the frame rate of and extracting all of the key image frames from a surveillance video. Next, a normalizing approach for the control points is proposed to reduce the ill-conditions of matrix calculations when the perspective image is rectified to an orthographic image. The information in the rectified image is then measured and recorded by extracting the mark point information. Finally, the corresponding curve of time and speed for the examined vehicle is created, which can be used to analyze the average braking deceleration of the accident-causing vehicle. This method can directly determine the speed of a vehicle using videos of a traffic accident without any reference to the dimensions of the vehicle itself. Considering an actual traffic accident as an example, the driving trajectories and velocity curves for two vehicles are obtained using this method. The proposed method can effectively overcome the shortcomings of the commonly used speed recognition methods and it is easy to utilize.

Study on DID Application Methods for Blockchain-Based Traffic Forensic Data

Traffic accident investigation has been used to reconstruct the cause and condition of the accident by using images and driving record data that introduce IT technology, and to analyze both sides of the accident, skid marks, and vehicle damage to identify the perpetrators and victims. However, level 3 self-driving vehicles are the most important factor in determining the cause and imputation of the accident by the driver or manufacturer with control information at the time of the accident. It is also developing into a network and connected vehicle with various restrictions such as the burden of the price of sensors equipped with self-driving cars and climate and rapidly changing road traffic information. In addition, network and connected vehicle driving data are stored on the outside, or various devices and sensors are installed to store information on the outside for convenience in operation, and efforts to enact laws are continuing. This paper attempts to propose a traffic investigation digital framework using digital data generated by these devices and sensors.

Theoretical study of proof limitation problems is an important factor in increasing the efficiency of traffic accident investigation

The author illustrates topical issues of the theoretical study of the problems of the proof limitation in the investigation of traffic accidents through this article. An observation to existing theoretical, practical, legal gaps in the field is issued. The thoughts of practitioners are analyzed completely and comprehensively. Subsequently, the scientifically grounded proposals and recommendations are developed in terms of elimination of existing problems. The widespread incidence of vehicles in the roads throughout the world today, along with its positive factors, also leads to many negative consequences. The overall number of deaths on the motorways in the world has reached 1.240 million per annum, and unfortunately by 2030 this number may reach 3.6 million per annum, in accordance with the statistical data of foreign center “Pulitzer ”. The number of deaths due to crimes related to the rules of traffic or safety use of vehicles has taken the next place after HIV, malaria, tuberculosis (according to WHO) in developing countries in the recent years

Совершенствование метода определения расстояния между транспортными средствами по фотографическим снимкам при реконструкции ДТП

Some photographic materials used in the investigation of road traffic accidents are presented. The authors discuss the ways of improving the method of determining the distance between vehicles by photographic images in the reconstruction of a road traffic accident based on a fuzzy neural network.

Development of an approach to determination of coupling qualities of road covering using weather-climate factor

Assessing the grip of the road surface is an extremely important task both in the field of traffic management, and in the field of investigation and examination of traffic accidents. The coupling quality of the road surface is fully ensured by the coefficient of friction, which is subject to constant monitoring in order to ensure road safety. There are a large number of methods for determining the magnitude of the coefficient of friction. In their study, the authors propose an improved approach for determining the investigated value using the weather and climate factor. Previously, a group of researchers in the course of scientific research determined the dependence of the coefficient of friction on the temperature of the road surface, as a result of mathematical analysis, the authors obtained a dependence that allows to determine the studied value by air temperature and the condition of the road surface (presence of precipitation). The performed experiment allowed us to test the obtained dependence within the framework of the object of study and to make a comparative assessment of the results obtained with the data obtained using the road laboratory.

INVESTIGATION OF TRAFFIC COLLISIONS AND ESTABLISHMENT OF CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VEHICLES BREAKDOWNS

Issues related to the investigation of traffic collisions in criminal proceedings and establishment of cause and effect relationship between vehicles breakdowns are considered. The purposes and tasks of the vehicle inspection by an investigator are defined. The procedure for the appointment of a technical condition examination in criminal proceedings during the investigation of a traffic collision is indicated. The issues that are resolved while road-accident analysis of vehicles technical condition are examined. The possible conclusions of the forensic examination after establishing the vehicle technical condition at the time of the accident are drawn and evaluation of these findings is given. Investigations and trials on criminal cases related to traffic collisions, as well as investigating authorities and court decisions on the issues of violations by drivers of the requirements of Traffic Rules, Technical Operation Rules, require the mandatory establishment of the systems technical condition that affect the safety of vehicles.
 Currently, police officers and investigators do not have a clear, scientifically substantiated methodology for checking the technical condition of vehicle systems, and the protocol form for examining and checking the technical condition of vehicles is imperfect. Many years of forensic examinations experience in forensic institutions of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine and continuous work with these documents indicate that there was almost no case when an inspection report was filled in correctly and contained reasonable and comprehensive information on the technical condition of the vehicle involved in a traffic accident. In connection with the above, the consideration of the traffic accident investigation that arose as a result of a vehicle breakdown is becoming increasingly relevant. In addition, it is advisable to highlight the scientific and technological progress that entails the development of new methods for forensic experts who are involved in criminal proceedings during investigation of traffic collisions. The initiation of criminal proceedings on the fact of a traffic collision and the establishment of cause and effect relationships between vehicle breakdowns has a number of peculiarities inherent only to this corpus delicti, but application of special knowledge in the field of automotive equipment, namely, interaction of investigative actions with forensic experts allows the investigation to establish a cause and effect relationship between identified vehicle breakdowns and the occurrence of a traffic collision, and most importantly to identify that a person driving a vehicle violated Vehicle Operation Rules in the event of a traffic collision.

A detailed finite element model of a mid-sized male for the investigation of traffic pedestrian accidents.

The pedestrian is one of the most vulnerable road users and comprises approximately 23% of the road crash-related fatalities in the world. To protect pedestrians during Car-to-Pedestrian Collisions (CPC), subsystem impact tests are used in regulations. These tests provide insight but cannot characterize the complex vehicle-pedestrian interaction. The main purpose of this study was to develop and validate a detailed pedestrian Finite Element (FE) model corresponding to a 50th percentile male to predict CPC induced injuries. The model geometry was reconstructed using a multi-modality protocol from medical images and exterior scan data corresponding to a mid-sized male volunteer. To investigate injury response, this model included internal organs, muscles and vessels. The lower extremity, shoulder and upper body of the model were validated against Post Mortem Human Surrogate (PMHS) test data in valgus bending, and lateral/anterior-lateral blunt impacts, respectively. The whole-body pedestrian model was validated in CPC simulations using a mid-sized sedan and simplified generic vehicles bucks and previously unpublished PMHS coronal knee angle data. In the component validations, the responses of the FE model were mostly within PMHS test corridors and in whole body validations the kinematic and injury responses predicted by the model showed similar trends to PMHS test data. Overall, the detailed model showed higher biofidelity, especially in the upper body regions, compared to a previously reported simplified pedestrian model, which recommends using it in future pedestrian automotive safety research.

Topography, the primary basis of the reconstruction of a traffic accident

The following document applied to the investigation and reconstruction of traffic accidents, seeks to conceptualize the serious errors that exist in many public and private institutions when considering that the reconstruction of a traffic accident is to determine the vehicle speed, with one or more physical equations or in the worst case, a 2D or 3D animation of an alleged traffic accident dynamics, as well as explain confused concepts and procedures in the field of criminal investigation, specifically in the reconstruction of traffic accidents. Starting from the premise that the reconstruction of a violent in traffic death essentially seeks the identification and clearancing of variables in the investigation, also exposing not very clear concepts regarding the topic of interest; from the above, important errors are determined in the concepts that we have of what is a forensic reconstruction, the hypotheses that are used in the sketch of traffic accidents in Colombia and the great errors that exist in the matter of fixing physical evidence (EF).

Tyre pattern image retrieval – current status and challenges

Tyre pattern image retrieval (TPIR) is an important tool in the investigation of criminal activities and traffic accidents. Although content-based image retrieval (CBIR) has been developed for decades with abundant results, the study on TPIR which started in the 1990s has not made much progress. The lack of large standard test datasets is a crucial shortcoming which limits the research in this field. Information presented in this paper is a result of the authors’ literature research on recent academic publications and practical field investigation in the public security and transportation sectors. The state-of-the-art technologies in the field of TPIR are surveyed in detail from two aspects of tyre patterns – their low-level spatial features and high-level semantic features. Existing algorithms are examined and their pros and cons are compared and verified through experimental results. This paper also surveys the available tyre pattern datasets used in all available literature. Finally, with the considerations on technology trends in image retrieval and application requirements in TPIR, the future research directions in this field are laid out.

Design of Vehicle Motion Records on Motorbikes for Traffic Accident Investigation Data Based on GSM Module

Motorcycle are movable objects that become public transportation needs. Motorcyclists include people from various backgrounds have experienced accidents. One of the causes of accidents is the speed. Motorcycle that has accident will fall and get injured. The need to know the cause of the accident requires investigation and analysis. Data needed to analyze traffic accidents such as vehicle operating speed and location of the accident. Required data can be obtained by utilizing infrared sensor as motorcycle speed sensor, gyroscope sensor for indicators of falling or not motorcycle and GPS to determine the coordinate points of movement motorcycle. This information is communicated using GSM module. The information is sent to the database and then displayed via Android application and the data log is stored on smartphone storage. Based on the results of tests carried out, it is known that accuracy of the speed sensor readings is 98.39% from 12 tests. The GPS test tool compared to Garmin GPS has an average difference of 3.14158 meters. The fall indicator can function properly when falls and the data can be viewed via Android application. The data is stored on smartphones and in firebase storage. The average delay test is 7,087 seconds.

ROLE OF AUTO-TECHNICAL EXFMIANTION IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE INVESTIGATION OF ROAD ACCIDENTS

This article discusses issues related to the implementation of engineering and transport examinations during the administrative investigation of a traffic accident. The author discloses the procedure for the appointment of an examination and the provision of initial data, which an expert must take into account when resolving issues posed to him. In practice, in the administrative investigation of traffic accidents that are classified as technical types of violations, due to the specificity of the category of cases under consideration, one of the main evidence is the implementation of engineering and transport examinations. The fact that the engineering and transport expertise is not the latest evidence in cases of administrative offenses and making decisions on them requires an increase in the quality of the collection of primary information and leads to an increase in the need for engineering and transport expertise at a higher level. Difficulty arises in posing the questions posed for the permission of the examination, in the consistency of the initial data collected by the police, which should ensure the completeness of the investigation of the mechanism of the traffic accident. As well as in establishing the causes and links to the incident of any actions or inaction of the participants in the traffic accident.

Improving the quality of the investigation of a road traffic accident

The article deals with the issue of improving the quality of auto expertise and as a result, with the issue of investigating road accidents. The main parameter used in the auto expertise is vehicle deceleration. But today we consider the characteristics of the roadway and the load of the car when decelerating a car. As for temperature factor it is not only ignored, but the possibility to take it into account doesn’t even exist. The impact of the ambient temperature on vehicle deceleration was studied. There was simulation of vehicle braking which physically justified the impact of ambient temperature. On the basis of the practical tests conducted, the dependence of vehicle deceleration on the ambient temperature was determined. This dependence will allow auto experts make calculations more objectively which will positively affect not only the course of road accident investigation but also the identification of factors conducive to development and emergence of the accident.

ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT SCENE INFORMATION BASED ON LASER POINT CLOUD

Abstract. With the rapid development of the economy, the number of vehicles in China has increased rapidly, which has also brought about frequent ills in traffic accidents. How to improve the efficiency of on-site treatment of traffic accidents, and quickly and accurately conduct accident investigation and analysis is imminent. This paper was based on the point cloud to draw the accident scene DLG, and then used the local elevation difference method to automatically extract the point cloud data of the accident vehicle, and analyzes the vehicle speed calculation, the damage area measurement and the road surface flatness, as well as constructs the overall 3D scene of the accident scene. By analyzing the DLG of accident scene, the point cloud data and the constructed 3D model, which could quickly improve the efficiency of traffic accident investigation. The application results show that the method of information collection and rapid exploration of the accident site what based on the laser point cloud not only provides a basis for traffic accident treatment, but also effectively shortens the exploration time of accident site. At the same time, it cloud relieve the traffic congestion in a certain extent with the obvious results.

Application of weighted allocation method of multi-index sample sizes in traffic accident investigation

In the in-depth investigation of traffic accident stratified sampling, when the allocation of sample size needs to consider multiple indices, the traditional method treats each index equally, or uses the variance of the indices to evaluate the weights, which ignores the subjective preference of the researchers. In addition, there may be some cases where the variance difference of some important indices is small or missing, resulting in the sample size allocation failing to achieve the desired goal. In view of this situation, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)-Coefficient of Variation (CV) method is adopted as a compromise scheme to comprehensively evaluate the weight of each indicator from both subjective and objective aspects. Then, according to the proportional distribution method, the samples of each index of each layer are determined. Finally, the sample size of each layer is distributed by weighted average method to maximise sampling accuracy.

Application of weighted allocation method of multi-index sample sizes in traffic accident investigation

Application of weighted allocation method of multi-index sample sizes in traffic accident investigation