Inverter Input Research Articles

NOR Gate Based LED Inverter

In this paper, the design and simulation of the LED inverter circuit using NOR gate in Proteus software is described. The aim of the practical is to show that simple digital inverter can be created with the NOR gate which is the universal gate and the LED will be used to show that the logic circuit is working. Incidentally, to turn the NOR gate into an inverter, it simply involves linking both inputs together and that simplifies all the layout. The simulation of the circuit was done using proteus software and as the input of the NOR gate-based inverter is changed the output LED source is also changed, and the functionality of the circuit is proved. The paper includes information about control Nor Gate in inverter configuration, the significance of digital logic circuit in basic electronics, and the utility of the Proteus software within learning and prototyping settings. The outcome supports that a NOR gate can invert depicted input indication and can power an LED in a straightforward, low-priced circuit, which forms the basis of more complicated digital set of rules circuits

Biogas Heat Pump Power Supply Based on Smart Grid Functioning Solar Electric System Network

A comprehensive integrated solar power plant system has been developed to support the operation of a biogas plant based on a heat pump, for which fermented wort is a low-potential energy source. The change in the power factor of the solar power system connected to the grid and the temperature of the coolant entering the heat exchanger built into the methane tank are predicted. Promising solutions include changing the power of the heat pump compressor to maintain biogas production, unloading fermented wort and loading fresh material while maintaining the power factor of the grid solar system and changing the level of electricity transmission to the grid. The voltage at the input of the hybrid inverter, the voltage at the output of the frequency converter to assess their ratio and the voltage frequency are constantly measured. When changing the voltage at the input of the hybrid inverter from 240 V to 600 V, promising solutions were adopted to reduce the power of the heat pump from 3.14 kW to 1.58 kW in the production of biogas 352.5 m3/day to maintain the temperature of the heating coolant entering the heat exchanger built into the methane tank at 55° C - 45 °C in order to obtain biogas, unload fermented wort and load fresh raw materials. There is an increase in the power of electricity transmission to the grid from 0.27 to 1 and an increase in the power factor by 40% from 0.58 to 0.98. The use of the developed Smart Grid technology allows preventing peak loads of the power system, reducing electricity consumption from the grid by up to 30%.

1 V Tunable High-Quality Universal Filter Using Multiple-Input Operational Transconductance Amplifiers.

This paper presents a new multiple-input single-output voltage-mode universal filter employing four multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (MI-OTAs) and three grounded capacitors suitable for low-voltage low-frequency applications. The quality factor (Q) of the filter functions can be tuned by both the capacitance ratio and the transconductance ratio. The multiple inputs of the OTA are realized using the bulk-driven multiple-input MOS transistor technique. The MI-OTA-based filter can also offer many filtering functions without additional circuitry requirements, such as an inverting amplifier to generate an inverted input signal. The proposed filter can simultaneously realize low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, and all-pass responses, covering both non-inverting and inverting transfer functions in a single topology. The natural frequency and the quality factors of all the filtering functions can be controlled independently. The natural frequency can also be electronically controlled by tuning the transconductances of the OTAs. The proposed filter uses a 1 V supply voltage, consumes 120 μW of power for a 5 μA setting current, offers 40 dB of dynamic range and has a third intermodulation distortion of -43.6 dB. The performances of the proposed circuit were simulated using a 0.18 μm TSMC CMOS process in the Cadence Virtuoso System Design Platform to confirm the performance of the topology.

Pure sine wave generation in battery-less solar system using advanced control through single machine

Due to the reduction of conventional energy sources, humanity faces a critical challenge, forcing innovative solutions to bridge the growing gap between energy demand and supply. Solar energy has emerged as a promising alternative, owing to its efficiency and renewable nature. Despite their benefits, conventional solar power systems face many challenges, including their reliance on battery banks, which introduce complexities and inefficiencies, such as voltage fluctuations and harmonic content. To overcome these challenges, researchers propose a novel solution: the Dual Winding Machine (DWM). This innovative system integrates motor and generator functionalities within a single machine, operating on a dual stator core to achieve synchronous operation. In contrast to traditional setups, the DWM eliminates the need for batteries during periods of low solar energy. A crucial component in this novel approach is the utilization of a Zeta converter, which adjusts the switching frequency to regulate the DC voltage and machine terminals. By doing so, the DWM maintains a constant voltage supply without relying on a battery, mitigating the fluctuations observed in traditional solar power systems. The proposed solution offers several benefits over existing strategies. Firstly, by eliminating the need for a battery, the DWM reduces system complexity and enhances overall efficiency. The absence of a battery backup also minimizes the risk of fluctuations in the inverter's input voltage and mitigates potential increases in output harmonic content. This not only improves the reliability of the solar power system but also extends the lifespan of connected machinery, such as motors and electrical devices. Furthermore, simulations conducted using MATLAB and MAXWELL programs validate the effectiveness of the DWM, confirming its ability to generate harmonic-free sine waves without relying on a battery, thus representing a significant advancement towards more sustainable and reliable solar energy solutions. In summary, the DWM presents a promising solution to the challenges faced by conventional solar power systems, offering improved efficiency, reliability, and longevity.

Input Voltage-Level Driven Split-Input Inverter Level Shifter for Nanoscale Applications

A level shifter (LS) appears to be highly efficient and effective in solving voltage contentions between deep sub-threshold and core voltage levels. An input voltage-level driven split-input inverter that can create common unconnected PMOS and NMOS transistors for the input inverter is proposed, which is powered and used at the input stage to achieve maximum conversion efficiency. Layout and simulation results across different corners have demonstrated that the proposed LS is highly useful for cutting-edge nanoscale applications. It can up-convert voltage from 0.2 V to 1.2 V and down-convert from 1.2 V to 0.2 V @ 1 MHz input pulse, with a level-up or level-down mean switching delay of 1.3 ns, and a power of 9.5 nW. Moreover, the LS occupies an area of 8 μm2, which is a reasonably compact size compared to the typical LS designs. Overall, the proposed voltage LS design is an efficient and effective solution that could have an ample range of applications in IoT and biomedical, wireless sensor networks.

Performance improvement in reservoir computing by using HfZrO2 FeFETs through operating voltage optimization

We have investigated how the parameters of an input gate voltage (V g) waveform and a drain voltage (V d) impact the performance of reservoir computing (RC) using a Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 ferroelectric FET (FeFET). The RC performance is maximized by the high swing amplitude of the V g and the most symmetrical polarization switching condition in the triangular-shaped input waveform, obtained by the center V g of 0.5 V, because of the enhanced polarization switching of the FeFETs. Regarding the V d dependence, the amount of the drain current and polarization switching have a trade-off relationship. As a result, a moderate V d of 1.0 V becomes optimum in terms of the RC performance because a difference in drain current responses between different gate input patterns is maximized with this V d. Furthermore, high computing capacities are achieved by combining the above optimal bias condition with drain current responses to both original and inverted gate input patterns.

Nonlinear control of two-stage single-phase standalone photovoltaic system.

This paper presents a single-phase Photovoltaic (PV) inverter with its superior and robust control in a standalone mode. Initially, modeling and layout of the Buck-Boost DC-DC converter by adopting a non-linear Robust Integral Back-stepping controller (RIBSC) is provided. The controller makes use of a reference voltage generated through the regression plane so that the operating point corresponding to the maximum power point (MPP) could be achieved through the converter under changing climatic conditions. The other main purpose of the Buck-Boost converter is to act like a transformer and produce an increased voltage at the inverter input whenever desired. By not using a transformer makes the circuit size more compact and cost-effective. The proposed RIBSC is applied to an H-bridge inverter with an LC filter to produce the sinusoidal wave in the presence of variations in the output to minimize the difference between the output voltage and the reference voltage. Lyapunov stability criterion has been used to verify the stability and finite-time convergence of the overall system. The overall system is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to test the system performance with different loads, varying climatic conditions and inverter reference voltages. The proposed methodology is compared with a back-stepping controller and Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller under rapidly varying climatic conditions. Results demonstrated that the proposed technique yielded a tracking time of 0.01s, a total harmonic distortion of 9.71% and a root means square error of 0.3998 in the case of resistive load thus showing superior control performance compared to the state-of-the-art control techniques.

Inverted input method for computing performance enhancement of the ion-gating reservoir

Physical reservoir computing (PRC) is useful for edge computing, although the challenge is to improve computational performance. In this study, we developed an inverted input method, the inverted input is additionally applied to a physical reservoir together with the original input, to improve the performance of the ion-gating reservoir. The error in the second-order nonlinear equation task was 7.3 × 10−5, the lowest error in reported PRC to date. Improvement of high dimensionality by the method was confirmed to be the origin of the performance enhancement. This inverted input method is versatile enough to enhance the performance of any other PRC.

Design and Simulation of a Cascade Boost DC-DC Converter as a Single-Phase Inverter Power Supply

Currently, the need for new renewable energy is getting higher, so the development of equipment in supporting this is increasingly rapid. designing an inverter that has a high output voltage can be done in several ways, namely by developing from the basic topology of the inverter or developing an inverter input side voltage boost DC-DC converter that has a high gain ratio capability or by using a step up transformer as an AC voltage booster, but it is inefficient considering that the step up transformer has a heavy weight, and reduces space. In this research the researchers designed a cascade boost converter as a single-phase inverter power supply. The cascade boost converter is used as a DC voltage increase where the DC high voltage is entered into a single phase inverter as a DC power supply and the inverter converts from DC-AC. Without using a step up transformer as an AC voltage booster. The inverter is combined with an LC filter as a wave filter to make it close to a sinusoidal wave. The simulation results show that the whole system is able to output a voltage of 220VAC RMS with a frequency of 50Hz.

Real-time Analysis of Inverter Performance via SCADA Haiwell Online Monitoring

An inverter is the main component of an on-grid solar system. It converts DC power from solar PV to AC power to serve the electric load. Besides, it is used to find the maximum power point tracking and regulate the electric power from the main power and backup. This research discusses the development of an online inverter 40 kW monitoring system on the 38 kWp rooftop solar system at Pamulang University. The existing inverter monitoring system is by iSolarCloud application. This monitoring system can be accessed from the local area by scanning a QR code and Bluetooth connection. This system provides several output parameter information of the inverter, such as voltage, current, and power generation. The SCADA Haiwell has been used to construct the monitoring system. This system consists of the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) Haiwell AC10S0R, Human Machine Interface (HMI) C7S-W, and Haiwell cloud application. The PLC reads the data from the input and output inverter by Modbus TCP/IP communication. The result of the monitoring system provides more parameters on both sides of the inverter input and output data. The Input side parameters include DC voltage, current, and DC power. The Output side parameters include AC voltage, current, grid frequency, active power, reactive power, daily yield power, total yield power, and efficiency of the inverter. The system's accuracy has been validated by comparing the HMI data, SCADA Haiwell Cloud and iSolarCloud readings. From the testing, this monitoring system is valid for monitoring the inverter performance online (mobile phones or PC).

Controlling the output current of a SEPIC H-bridge inverter

The rapid depletion of fossil fuels and humanity's increasing dependence on electricity drive us to adopt renewable energy-based power generation. However, using renewable energy requires a system to maximize the results of converting renewable energy into electrical energy. An inverter is a DC-to-AC power conversion device. Inverters have two types: buck and boost. In closed-loop control, it can be controlled using current or voltage control. Current-controlled inverters sent to the grid have constraints, such as the inverter input voltage value must exceed the voltage on the grid. This study suggests using an H-bridge inverter and an AC-AC SEPIC to generate a voltage value more significant than the input voltage value. The proposed converter uses a single DC source and bases grid current injection on the regulated output current approach. The proposed converter satisfies the IEEE Std 519-2014 requirement of less than 5% and has a Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of 4.6%.

Improved the two DC capacitors’ voltage balancing of three-level NPC inverters applied in electric vehicles

Excessive unbalance of the DC capacitor voltages of the inverter can cause overvoltages on power components and capacitors, causing unintended low-order harmonics on the load side such as second harmonics, 3rd, 4th, 5th, ..., causing direct harm to the motor load, reducing the controllability of the reverse voltage and filter compensating current for the active filter circuit, affect to the performance of electric vehicles (EVs). Therefore, maintaining the DC capacitors' voltage balance will control the multi-level inverter's input quality and ensure the output quality in terms of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). The paper proposes a method to control the two DC capacitors’ voltage balance of the 3-level inverter, using the principle of offset function separation. The analysis results suggest that the NPC three-level modulation technique should be implemented to satisfactorily achieve the neutral line current (iNP). Compared with recent international publications, the proposed new algorithm can save and reduce switching loss; the transient dynamic response can be adjusted easily. Maintaining the capacitor voltage balance allows the design with the smallest capacity to reduce voltage stress on components. The proposed results are partially verified through simulation and experiment.

Analytical estimation of three-phase inverter input impedance applied to MPPT in off-grid variable-voltage photovoltaic systems

A closed-form estimate of input impedance for three-phase inverters is proposed, together with a method that uses it to achieve analytical maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for variable-voltage photovoltaic systems. The proposed approach is validated via computational studies and a hardware experiment. At first, the estimate accuracy is verified via comparison against input impedance values obtained via simulation. Subsequently, steady-state power efficiency is compared to that of the Perturb & Observe (P&O) algorithm via MPPT simulations for different load balance conditions and sample times. At last, a processor-in-the-loop experiment is carried out for comparing the performance of both algorithms when the system is subject to partial shading and rapid changes in irradiance. The results show that the proposed approach, despite having similar complexity to P&O, yields much more robust performance with respect to sample time, reduces power ripple and has faster transient response.

Comparing solar inverter design rules to subhourly solar resource simulations

The input of a solar inverter depends on multiple factors: the solar resource, weather conditions, and control strategies. Traditional design calculations specify the maximum current either as 125% of the rated module current or as the maximum 3 h average current from hourly simulations over a typical year, neglecting extreme irradiance conditions: cloud enhancement events that usually last minutes. Inverter power-limiting control strategies usually prevent extreme events to cause strong currents at the inverter, but in some cases, they can fail, leading to high currents. In this study, we aim to report how frequent and strong these high currents could be. We use 10 years of 1 min data from seven stations across the United States to estimate the photovoltaic string output through modeling the short-circuit current Isc, and the maximum-power point current Imp, and compare them to traditional inverter design values. We consider different configurations: minutely to hourly resolution; 5 min to 3 h averaging time intervals; monofacial and bifacial modules (with a case of enhanced albedo); and 3 fixed-tilt angles and horizontal single-axis tracking. The bifacial modules with enhanced albedo lead to the highest currents for 1 min data, exceeding 3 h averages by 53% for Isc and 38% for Imp. The 3 h average maxima surpass the conservative 125% design rule for bifacial modules. Inverter ratings at either a 200% of the rated current or 1.55 times the 3 h maximum could withstand all events regardless of control strategies. In summary, for some locations it is prudent to compare current design rules to subhourly simulations to guarantee the fault-free operation of solar PV plants.

Model Predictive Torque Control-Based Induction Motor Drive with Remote Control and Monitoring Interface for Electric Vehicles

While the increased use of internal combustion engine vehicles raises carbon emissions, electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more important for reducing air pollution. EV production costs are decreasing as technology advances since they are typically powered by alternating current induction machines (ACIM). In EV configurations that are propelled with ACIM, an inverter is required to obtain appropriate voltage levels to drive the IM. Multilevel inverters are widely preferred in the industry for DC–AC voltage conversion due to their high-power quality. In this study, the ACIM is supplied with the appropriate voltage using an active neutral point clamped (ANPC) inverter. The ANPC inverter acting as ACIM driver is controlled with model predictive torque control. The simulation of the proposed ACIM drive has been performed with torque and speed control features to determine the operational features of the experimental test bench. Furthermore, the designed ACIM drive includes remote control and monitoring functions via an Internet of Things-based module. This allows for instant monitoring of the input, output, and current values of the ANPC inverter. The graphical monitoring function is used to track the speed and torque values of ACIM while the speed can be changed remotely via the web interface.

CT-Type MLI-Based PV System for Critical Loads Using SIMO DC–DC Converter

The availability of an uninterrupted power supply to loads is an important aspect of power system reliability and resiliency. With rising natural and human-made power system disruptions, the necessity for alternative renewable-based sources is becoming increasingly important. This article outlines a unique and efficient photovoltaic (PV) system design for a standalone application that keeps critical loads continuously powered in case of any grid power outages. The PV system proposed here uses a Cross T-Type multilevel inverter (CT-Type MLI) and single input multiple output (SIMO) DC–DC converter. The CT-type MLI improves overall system performance based on total harmonic distortion (THD), number of levels, number of components required, total standing voltage (TSV), cost factor per level, and efficiency. Moreover, the presence of an isolation transformer in the DC–DC converter eliminates the need for a bulky power transformer on the AC side of the converter, making the system more economical for grid integration. It also allows DC-link voltage to be bucked/boosted as per requirement.

A 4-Transistor Monolithic Solution to Highly Linear On-Chip Temperature Sensing in GaN Power Integrated Circuits

We report the monolithic realization of on-chip temperature sensing design using four transistors (4T) in gallium nitride (GaN) technology. The temperature sensor consists of a voltage reference and a logic inverter, both of which are built from enhancement-mode (E-mode) and depletion-mode (D-mode) metal–insulator–semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors (MIS-HEMTs). The temperature-insensitive voltage reference outputs a very stable voltage as the input of the logic inverter, which exhibits good temperature dependence in its voltage transfer characteristics. As the temperature varies from 25 to 250 °C, the output voltage of the logic inverter changes linearly. By configuring the active-load D-mode transistor as a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) resistor in the logic inverter, the temperature sensing solution is improved further, showing stable sensing output, higher sensitivity (31.28 mV/°C), better linearity ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{R}^{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> = 0.995) and smaller error (±2.74 °C). This demonstrates a compact monolithic sensor for monitoring the on-chip temperature of GaN power integrated circuits (ICs) for protection and control.

A Highly Effective Modified Direct Torque Control for Five Phase Induction Motor without AC Phase Current Sensors

The Direct Torque Control (DTC) technique requires stator currents and DC bus voltage, as well as inverter switch states, in order to estimate stator flux and electromagnetic torque values. Measurement of phase currents in real time with current sensors is a common method of gathering this data. To control a Five-Phase Induction Motor (FPIM), the DTC needs at least four alternating current (AC) sensors and one voltage sensor. When utilized in a global training system, this number has disadvantages due to cost, size, and non-linearity. The purpose of this article is to show how to remove the alternating current sensors from an FPIM's DTC. This is accomplished by reconstructing the phase currents using a simple DC current sensor placed at the voltage inverter's input and modifying the classical DTC control technique by using a good choice of certain allowable switching vectors of a five-phase voltage inverter, the 18° zone offset strategy of the stator flux, and developing a new commutation table for the stator currents construction. The proposed control approach is supported by simulation results.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF A VOLTAIC SOLAR POWER PLANT

In many countries, including Armenia.Solar power plants, are constructed according to the scheme of voltaic solar power plants that directly convert solar energy into electrical energy. The schemes and methods of research and calculation of such solar power plants are not sufficiently developed. That is solution to these issues is relevant. Mathematical models and software and computing complexes are effective tools for research and calculation. The developed schemes and mathematical model of a voltaic power plant based on a voltage inverter and a resonant parallel-series filter operating in parallel with the network are presented. The intensity of solar radiation is an argument for the processes taking place and, with the existing approach, is expressed by the magnitude of the generated direct current. Voltage and power are considered derived quantities. In the schemes and mathematical model, a transformation is performed in which solar panels are presented as a voltage source, where the independent variable is voltage, which linearly depends on solar radiation, and the function is the generated current and load power. Using the model, the following was studied: ensuring a sinusoidal shape of the output voltage, the frequency spectra and distortion coefficients of the output voltage shape were calculated, the functions of the transient process when connecting a solar power plant to the network, the load characteristics of the generation and transmission of active and reactive power to the network were determined. The developed mathematical model of a voltaic solar power plant is an adequate tool for research and calculation of power plant parameters. Studies conducted on the model confirm the possibility of generating and transmitting active and reactive power to the network, linearly related to the intensity of solar radiation, while ensuring the sinusoidal shape of the output voltage and satisfactory quality of the transient process. To increase the overloadability, stability and controllability of power (both active and reactive) of voltaic solar inverter power plants, it is advisable to use buffer batteries at the inverter input and/or synchronous compensators at the inverter output, as well as parallel operating synchronous generators of traditional power plants with low communication resistances.

Coordinate Compression Strategy of Resistance and Reactance for MHz-Range Inverter System

This article proposes a coordinate impedance compression strategy for high frequency inverter systems. Based on a two parallel inverter structure, the strategy adopts two methodologies: 1) a passive <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LC</i> network to adjust the current and voltage seen by each inverter module, and 2) an active modulation of the inverter input voltage and output voltage phase to adjust the load current distribution. For the proposed strategy, the resistance and reactance can be compressed coordinately, which can help the inverter to operate in high efficiency load range. The Half-Bridge Class D inverter is taken as an example to be analyzed. A 10-MHz prototype is built and the experimental results verify the correctness and feasibility of the proposed strategy.