Inventory Of Statements About Self-Injury Research Articles

Validation of the Indonesian Version of the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS) Questionnaire

Objective: This current study aimed to validate the Indonesian version of the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS) questionnaire, which provides a better understanding of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) disorders. Method: The study used a cross-sectional design and involved 314 adolescents and young adults in high school or university. A stratified sampling method was used. All participants filled out the ISAS questionnaire. Data were analyzed for content validity, construct validity, item discrimination value, and internal consistency (Croncbach’s α). The translation process was carried out using forward and back-translation methods. Results: The ISAS questionnaire consists of section I, the behavioral scale, and section II, the functional scale. For content validity, Aiken's V coefficient obtained for both scale sections I and II is in the range of 0.917 – 1. This result shows that all items on the scale have very good validity. Confirmatory Factor Analyses were carried out using Lisrel 8.80 software on section II, resulting in several goodness of fit values that were not good enough (χ2 = 457.68; P < 0.000; df = 64; χ2 / df = 7.151, RMSEA = 0.130) and several other values that are quite acceptable (CFI = 0.95; SRMS = 0.057; NFI = 0.95; GFI = 0.83). The factor loading from section II ranges from 0.43 - 0.91. The item discrimination value using the corrected item-total correlation of section I is in the range of 0.031 - 0.837 and section II ranges from 0.290 – 0.854. The reliability analysis values in section I and II of the ISAS are α = 0.527 and α = 0.966, respectively. Conclusion: This is the first study to have validated the Indonesian version of the ISAS questionnaire. The Indonesian version of the ISAS questionnaire is considered a valid and reliable instrument to assess NSSI disorders.

The relationship between depression and self-compassion with non-suicidal self-injury among university students

The non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) has been reported among university students which must be taken into consideration because it can have a negative impact on students’ well-being and lives. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between depression and self-compassion with NSSI among university students. This study was to identify the levels of depression, self-compassion, and NSSI. Purposive sampling was used in this correlational study and quantitative research design. This study included 73 NSSI reported year 1 and 2 undergraduate students from one of the programs at a Malaysian university. The instruments used in this study were the depression anxiety stress scale-21 (DASS-21) depression subscales, selfcompassion scale (SCS), and inventory of statements about self-injury (ISAS). Findings show that respondents had a moderate level of depression and self-compassion, as well as a low level of NSSI. Findings also demonstrate that there was a significant positive relationship between depression and NSSI. Self-compassion and NSSI had a significant negative relationship. There were also different findings for the relationship between the dimensions of self-compassion and NSSI. In conclusion, NSSI is a risky behavior that has negative consequences among university students.

Functions of nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior in Russian patients with suicidal ideation.

Nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior (NSSI) is an important risk factor for future suicide attempts. Previous research has identified a number of motivations for engaging in NSSI. The aim of the present study was to translate the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS) into Russian and then to evaluate its psychometric properties in a sample of patients with non-psychotic mental disorders and suicidal ideation (SI). Other aims were to determine the prevalence of specific NSSI functions in this population and to assess the relationship between different NSSI functions and clinical and psychological parameters. The study was conducted at the largest center for non-psychotic mental disorders in Moscow. All admitted patients with both NSSI and SI completed the Russian version of the ISAS-II, underwent the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview, and completed the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 and ICD-11 Brief Form Plus-Modified, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. A total of 614 patients were included in the study. 543 (88.4%) patients were assigned female at birth with a mean age of 24.86 (7.86) years. Factor analysis supported a two-factor structure (Intrapersonal and Interpersonal) of the Russian version of the ISAS-II, but in contrast to the original study, the "Marking distress" function loaded more strongly on the Interpersonal factor. In people with non-psychotic mental disorders and SI, Interpersonal functions of NSSI are associated with more severe depressive symptoms (r = 0.34), 12 months history of NSSI (r = 0.30), higher number of NSSI methods (r = 0.41), likelihood of future NSSI (r = 0.35) and psychoticism (r = 0.32). The Russian version of the ISAS-II is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing NSSI functions in a population at high risk for suicide attempts. Interpersonal functions are associated with a number of unpleasant clinical and psychological features.

The Association between Nonsuicidal Self-Injury and Perfectionism in Adolescence: The Role of Mental Disorders.

Previous evidence has drawn attention to the fact that maladaptive perfectionism is a risk factor for engagement in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Until now, few studies have examined this topic, especially among community adolescents. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between perfectionism dimensions and NSSI functions to examine the potential mediating effect of mental disorders. Altogether, 146 Hungarian community adolescents (ages 13-18 years) were involved. All participants completed the Hungarian adaptation of the Inventory of Statements about Self-Injury (ISAS), the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS), and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Kid. To analyse the interrelationships among NSSI, perfectionism, and mental disorders, we conducted regression and network analysis. Of the 146 adolescents, 90 (61.64%, girls: 71.11%) engaged in NSSI. The Concern over Mistakes and Doubts about Action scales of the FMPS significantly and positively predicted both NSSI intrapersonal and interpersonal motivation, with comparable effect sizes, and this association was fully mediated by anxiety disorders. There was a significant direct negative relationship between the FMPS Organisation dimension and both main NSSI functions. This study draws attention to an increasing trend and the extremely high NSSI prevalence rate among community adolescents. Adolescents with perfectionistic concerns are at heightened risk for anxiety disorders, which can increase their vulnerability to NSSI engagement.

Function of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among Iranian University Students: A Factor Structure Analysis.

Emerging non-Western studies indicate new patterns in the functionality of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) warranting further investigation in different cultures. The current study aims to investigate the function (etiology and underlying mechanism) of NSSI among a sample of university students in Tehran, Iran, using the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS). The ISAS was administered to 63 students who self-injured (52.4% female; Mage = 22.15). An exploratory factor analysis using the Bayesian estimation method was conducted. A three-factor model of NSSI functions emerged including an intrapersonal factor representing within-self functions (e.g., self-punishment); a social identification factor consisting of functions establishing a sense of self/identity (e.g., peer bonding); and a communication factor representing an influencing/communicating functionality (e.g., marking distress). Intrapersonal and social identification factors were associated with greater severity of NSSI method and increased anxiety. Findings support the use of the ISAS among an Iranian sample and revealed additional patterns beyond the commonly referenced two-factor model (intrapersonal and interpersonal functions) in a culturally novel sample. The results are situated within the sample's sociocultural context.

Parental attachment and childhood trauma in adolescents engaged in non-suicidal self-injury.

In this study, it was aimed to compare parental attachment and childhood traumas in adolescents with NSSI with healthy peers. Fifty adolescents aged 14-18 years with lifetime NSSI and 56 healthy peers were included in the study. Inventory of Statements About Self-injury (ISAS), The Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) and Child Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28) scales were used. Eighty-two percentage of the NSSI group and 70% of the control group were girls. The mean age was 15.6 ± 1.1 years in the NSSI group and 15.3 ± 0.9 years in the control group. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of age and gender. The NSSI group had more negative scores than the control group in terms of childhood traumas and attachment characteristics to both mother and father. The analyses showed that mother PBI care/control and sexual abuse score had a relationship with both ISAS Autonomic Functions and ISAS Social Functions scores. These results suggest that secure attachment with the mother may be protective for both the autonomic and social functions of the NSSI. Therefore, interventions for dysfunctional parental attachment may prevent the development of NSSI.

Prevalence and Help Seeking Behavior for Non-Suicidal Self-Injury on College Students

The high prevalence of NSSI has become a widespread health issue in various countries. Unfortunately, NSSI studies in Eastern countries are not as many as in Western countries. This study aims to explore the self-injury behavior of students in Indonesia. Crowdsourcing approach is used by distributing questionnaires through Google Form. A total of 909 students aged 18-25 years (mean age = 20.3, SD = 1,329, 75.4% female) participants completed the Inventory of Statements About Self-injury (ISAS) self-report scale to comprehensively assess non suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Participants were recruited during June 2022–July 2022. The results shows 30% of students were involved in NSSI behavior. The mean age of onset was 15.5 years. As many as 55% of subjects reported having committed more than 50 acts of self-injury. The reported NSSI methods included slashing (78% hair pulling, hitting 74%, biting 57.1%, interfering wound healing 46.9%, carving 26.7%, pinching 66%, scratching 63.3%, stabbing 25.2%, and ingesting a hazardous substance 7.3%. It was reported that 88.3% used more than one method, 17.2% did not feel pain while doing self-injury. In conclusion, the prevalence of NSSI among students in Indonesia is not different from other countries. Prevention and management actions need to be developed to help people who self-injure to have strategies in dealing with problems adaptively and avoiding risky behavior.

The impact of the OPRM1, OPRK1, DCC genes polymorphisms on the motivation for non-suicidal self-injury in young adults: a pilot study

IntroductionNon-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) – the deliberate, self-directed damage of body tissue without suicidal intent and for purposes not socially or culturally sanctioned – is a highly prevalent phenomenon in adolescents and young adults. Motivation for the NSSI is known to be heterogenous in different patients. However, biological and especially genetic markers associated with different motivation for the NSSI have not been studied to date. One of the possible candidates are mu- (OPRM1) and kappa-opioid receptor (OPRK1) genes, since opioid system is known to be involved in the NSSI. Another perspective candidate is the DCC gene, encoding the netrin 1 receptor, which plays vital part in the formation of the prefrontal cortex.ObjectivesWe conducted a pilot cross-sectional study to test the impact of the rs1779971 OPRM1, rs6473797 OPRK1 and rs8084280 DCC gene polymorphisms on the characteristics and motivations for the NSSI in young adults.Methods28 patients of European ancestry with NSSI (89,3%; n=25) women, median age (Q1-Q3) – 23 (21,25-25) years) were included in the pilot sample. The majority of the sample had a diagnosis of bipolar disorder (78,6%; n=20). Characteristics and motivation for the NSSI were measured by the Inventory of Statements about Self-Injury (ISAS). The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) was used to control for adverse childhood experiences, a potent environmental factor, associated with NSSI. Genotyping was performed using RT-PCR. The genetic effect was evaluated using the dominant model. For statistical analysis multiple linear regression with the presence of minor alleles, different types of childhood trauma, diagnosis, age and sex as factors and ISAS scores as dependent variables were used.ResultsMultiple linear regression showed that minor C allele of rs6473796 OPRK1 gene polymorphism was associated with an increase of the “Affect regulation” (B=2,23; CI95% [0,39–4,06]; p=0,022), “Anti-dissociation” (B=3,31; CI95% [0,18–6,44]; p=0,039) subscales of ISAS scores. Moreover, the minor T allele of the rs8082480 DCC gene polymorphism was associated with a decrease of the “Affect regulation” subscale score (B=-1,74; CI95% [-3,30 – -0,18]; p=0,032).ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first study on the genetic markers of motivations for NSSI. Our pilot results showed that, controlling for diagnosis, age, sex and childhood trauma, OPRK1 and DCC gene polymorphisms may be associated with the heterogeneity of motivations for NSSI. However, these results require confirmation on the larger samples.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

The Relationship Between Coping Strategy and Nonsuicidal Self-injury on College Students with Broken Home Family Background

Nowadays, the issue of awareness regarding the mental health of students needs more attention. Students are prone to experiencing problems related to mental health, such as nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Thus, it is important to conduct research on NSSI in students especially for students with broken home family backgrounds, who are more prone to experiencing NSSI. This research aims to determine the relationship between coping strategies and nonsuicidal self-injury in students with broken home family backgrounds. The study included 100 students who had a broken home family background and did nonsuicidal self-injury. The instruments used in this research were the coping strategy scale and the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS) scale. This research used a quantitative approach with descriptive and correlational research types. The correlation coefficient value obtained was -.427 with a significance of .000 (p < .05). It means that there was a relationship between coping strategies and nonsuicidal self-injury in students who had a broken home family background with a negative relationship direction. It means that the higher the coping strategy, the lower the nonsuicidal self-injury. This research provides information that is expected to be used for nonsuicidal self-injury students to apply more positive coping strategies to prevent and intervene in nonsuicidal self-injury behavior.
 Keywords: coping strategy, nonsuicidal self-injury, broken home

An open-label prospective pilot trial of nucleus accumbens deep brain stimulation for children with autism spectrum disorder and severe, refractory self-injurious behavior: study protocol

BackgroundChildren and youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may manifest self-injurious behaviors (SIB) that may become severe and refractory with limited pharmacologic or behavioral treatment options. Here, we present the protocol of a prospective, mixed-methods study to assess the safety and efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) for children and youth with ASD and severe, refractory SIB.MethodsThis is a prospective, single-center, single-cohort, open-label, non-randomized pilot trial of 6 patients. Participants will be recruited through specialized behavioral clinics with persistent severe and refractory SIB following standard and intensive interventions. Following NAcc-DBS, participants will be enrolled in the study for 12 months. The primary objectives of the study are safety and feasibility, assessed by rate of recruitment and identification of factors impacting adherence to follow-up and study protocol. Potential treatment efficacy will be assessed by changes in the Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale in ASD (CYBOCS-ASD), the Behavior Problems Index (BPI), the Inventory of Statements about Self-Injury (ISAS) and the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R) questionnaires. Additional clinical outcomes will be assessed, including measures of participant and caregiver quality of life, actigraph measurements, and positron emission tomography (PET) changes following DBS.DiscussionThis study will be the first to evaluate the effect of DBS of the NAcc on a pediatric population in a controlled, prospective trial. Secondary outcomes will improve the understanding of behavioral, neuro-imaging, and electrophysiologic changes in children with ASD and SIB treated with DBS. This trial will provide an estimated effect size of NAcc-DBS for severe refractory SIB in children with ASD in preparation for future comparative trials.Trial registrationRegistration on ClinicalTrials.gov was completed on 12 June 2019 with the Identifier: NCT03982888.

Functions of nonsuicidal self-injury in a Hungarian community adolescent sample: a psychometric investigation

BackgroundThe Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS) is a psychometrically valid tool to evaluate the motives of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), but there are a few studies that test gender differences in the factor structure of the measurement. However, several differences across gender were identified in NSSI (e.g., in prevalence, methods, functions). Therefore, our study focused on further analyses of the dimensionality of the ISAS functions.MethodsAmong Hungarian adolescents with a history of NSSI (N = 418; 70.6% girls; mean age was 16.86, SD = 1.45), confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling frameworks were used to test the factor structure of the ISAS part II.ResultsResults support the two-factor structure of the questionnaire. Intrapersonal and interpersonal motivation factors emerged in the whole sample, but this factor structure varied across gender. Among girls, intrapersonal motivation of NSSI was associated with higher loneliness, more inflexible emotion regulation, and a more pronounced level of internalizing and externalizing mental illness symptoms.ConclusionsOur findings provide sufficiently solid arguments for the need to examine NSSI functionality separately for adolescent girls and boys because there were clear gender differences in the motives underlying NSSI. In addition, precise scanning of patterns of NSSI functions may further help us to identify the most at-risk adolescents regarding self-injury.

Psychometric properties of the persian version of the inventory of statements about self-injury (ISAS)

BackgroundNon-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a serious public health problem prevalent among adolescents and young adults. The present study examines the factor structure, internal consistency, and validity of the Persian version of the Inventory of Statements About Self-injury (ISAS), a self-report measure designed to comprehensively assess non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI).MethodsA total of 655 Iranian school-attending adolescents completed study measures online, and 246 youth (37.70 %) (M age = 15.38, SD ± 0.50; 53 % female) reported a history of NSSI at least once during their lifetime.ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis supported the proposed two-factor model of ISAS (i.e., Interpersonal and Intrapersonal dimensions), which were internally consistent and yielded direct associations with converging correlates (e.g., depression, anxiety, irritability, and anger).ConclusionsFindings indicated that the Persian version of the ISAS has sound psychometric properties and is a valid and reliable self-report measure of NSSI.

Emotion Regulation and Self-Harm Among Forensic Psychiatric Patients.

Emotion regulation has been specifically linked to both non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and attempted suicide. It is also known that self-harm is disproportionally higher (30–68.4%) in forensic samples than in the general population, yet knowledge about the association between emotion regulation and self-harm in forensic settings is scarce. The purpose of this study was to describe emotion regulation in a sample of forensic psychiatric patients, to explore dimensions and levels of emotion regulation between forensic psychiatric patients with and without self-harm, and to explore associations between forensic psychiatric patients’ self-reported emotion regulation and self-reported functions of NSSI. A cohort of forensic psychiatric inpatients (N=98) was consecutively recruited during 2016–2020 from a high-security forensic psychiatric clinic in Sweden. Data were collected through the self-report measures Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and Inventory of Statements About Self-injury (ISAS). In relation to the first aim, median total and subscales scores for DERS were reported. Results showed a statistically significant difference in emotion regulation between participants with and without self-harm (p=0.004), with a medium effect size (Cohen’s d=0.65) for the DERS total scale. The DERS subscales returned large differences for Impulse (p=0.001, d=0.86), Goals (p=0.014, d=0.58), and Strategies (p=0.012, d=0.54) between participants with and without self-harm. Finally, DERS scores were correlated with both the interpersonal (rs=0.531, p<0.001, n=43) and intrapersonal factors (rs=0.503, p<0.001, n=43) of NSSI as reported on the ISAS. Participants with self-harm (NSSI and/or suicide attempts) demonstrated significantly more difficulties with emotion regulation than those without self-harm. Emotion dysregulation was associated with both interpersonal and intrapersonal functions of NSSI in the participants. We suggest further studies on forensic psychiatric patients’ maladaptive behaviors that focus on substance abuse, self-harm, and aggressive behaviors in relation to the regulation and expression of emotion.

Efficacy of IV immunoglobulins on depressive symptoms and self-injury: A case report

IntroductionSome studies in literature highlight the correlation between immune-mediated inflammatory processes and psychiatric pathologies. However, there are few studies about the efficacy of IV immunoglobulins in psychiatric features (1). (1) ZUNSZAIN, Patricia A.; HEPGUL, Nilay; PARIANTE, Carmine M. Inflammation and depression. In: Behavioral neurobiology of depression and its treatment. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2012. p. 135-151.ObjectivesCase report: a 39 year patient diagnosed with borderline personality disorder and myasthenia was hospitalized for self-injury ideation, acting out and depressive episode treated with acid valproic, aripiprazole, gabapentin; flare-up of myasthenia that needed treatment.MethodsClinical and test evaluation was performed in three stages: before (t0), immediately after (t1) and 3 weeks after (t2) the administration of the IgEV without other treatment modifications. We have used: - Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS) - Barrat Impulsiveness Scale, Version 11 (BIS-11) - Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) - Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) - Alexian Brothers Urge to Selfe-Injure Scale (ABUSI)ResultsThe patient has a score of 79 at BIS-11. She used to have a huge number of acting aout as we see on ISAS (Fig.1).Figure 1Figure 2ConclusionsWe observed a reduction in non-suicidal self-injurious ideation, the suspension of acting-out, a complete remission of depressive symptoms with mild persistence of anxious symptoms immediately after the administration of immunoglobulins, and the remission continue until one month after the administration (Fig.2).DisclosureNo significant relationships.

The Role of Psychological Factors in Non-suicidal Self-injury of Female Adolescents

Background: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is defined as inflicting damage to one’s own body. It begins in adolescence and tends to become chronic. Objectives: Considering the high prevalence and chronicity of NSSI among girls, the present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the prevalence of NSSI in female adolescents from their perspective. Methods: The participants consisted of 604 female high-school students in Saveh, aged 14 - 17 years (14.29 ± 1.11), who were selected via random cluster sampling from November 2018 to January 2019. They answered six questionnaires, including the Inventory of Statements About Self-injury (ISAS), Ways of Coping questionnaire (WCQ), Child Abuse Self-report scale (CASRS), Family Emotional Involvement and Criticism scale (FEICS), Emotion Reactivity scale (ERS), and Aggression questionnaire (AQ). Data were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Results: The predictor variables of child abuse, emotion reactivity, perceived parental criticism, family emotional involvement, and problem- and emotion-focused coping styles could successfully distinguish NSSI individuals from those without NSSI (P &lt; 0.05). There were no significant differences between minor and moderate groups. Conclusions: Family emotional support is a protective factor, while criticism, child abuse, and emotion-focused coping style are risk factors for NSSI.

Characteristics and predictive factors of non-suicidal self-injury in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the characteristics and functions of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) and investigate predictive factors of NSSI. Methods: One hundred and two patients, aged between 18-65 with a diagnosis of SSD according to DSM-5 criteria, who were in remission were consecutively recruited to the study. Lifetime NSSI was assessed using the Inventory of Statements About Self-injury (ISAS). Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Calgary Depression Scale (CDS), Suicide Probability Scale (SPS), Dissociation Scale (DIS-Q), Schedule for Assessing the Three Components of Insight (SAI), and Barratt Impulsivity Scale-11 (BIS-11) were administered to all patients who participated in the study. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict NSSI. Results: The prevalence of NSSI was 31.4% in our sample. ‘Self-cutting’ was the most common type (26.1%), and ‘affect regulation’ was the most common function of NSSI. 65.6% of the NSSI (+) group preferred to be alone while self-injurious behavior occurred. The time between the onset of feelings of an urge to injure self and the onset of NSSI was mostly less than three hours (46.9%). The significant predictors of NSSI were the previous history of suicide attempts (OR=2.693, p=0.040, 95% CI: 1.048-6.921) and greater severity of depressive symptoms (OR=1.216, p=0.001, 95% CI: 1.081-1.367). The previous history of suicide attempts was associated approximately threefold increase in the risk of NSSI. The probability of suicide was higher among patients with NSSI than patients without NSSI. Conclusion: Approximately 1/3 of the patients with SSD have NSSI. The results of our study indicate that patients with severe depressive symptoms and a history of previous suicide attempts are more at risk of injuring themselves and that the probability of suicide is higher in patients with NSSI than patients without NSSI. The reciprocal relationship of NSSI with suicide underlines the necessity of careful investigation for both clinical situations in this patient group. Assessment of NSSI should be a part of standard suicide risk assessment of SSD patients. Effective treatment of affective symptoms would help to reduce the risk of NSSI.

The psychometric properties and clinical utility of the Norwegian versions of the deliberate self-harm inventory and the inventory of statements about self-injury

Deliberate self-harm (DSH) is a widespread transdiagnostic health problem with increasing prevalence among adolescences, and young adults. It is therefore essential to effectively chart the epidemiology of DSH, as well as to assess the efficacy of interventions designed to modify this behavior. The aim was to translate and analyze the psychometric properties of the Norwegian versions of two instruments designed to assess DSH: the Deliberate Self-harm Inventory (DSHI) and the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS), as well as to assess the prevalence of DSH within a nonclinical Norwegian adult population. Of the 402 participants who completed a questionnaire packet comprising the DSHI, ISAS, general questions about DSH, and other related measures, 30.6% reported some form of DSH. Those with a history of DSH reported greater difficulties with emotion regulation than those without. Participants with and without a history of DSH did not differ in unrelated constructs, including social desirability. The frequency of specific DSH behaviors was in accordance with previous research, with cutting being the most frequent. The factor structure of DSH functions in the Norwegian ISAS was generally comparable to the factor structure of the English version. Overall, results indicate that: a) the Norwegian versions of the DSHI and ISAS behave as expected and in accordance with prior research in other languages and other populations, and b) both the DSHI and ISAS have high internal consistency and adequate construct, convergent, and discriminant validity, and may be applied to evaluate DSH in adult Norwegian populations.

Psychometric Properties of the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS) in Iranian Opioid and Alcohol Abusers

Background: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is one of the most dangerous behaviors linked to substance abuse. The Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS) has been developed to better understanding the factors associated with the onset and maintenance of NSSI behaviors. Objectives: The ISAS was translated into the Persian language to study its psychometric properties in Iranian population of opioid and alcohol abusers. Methods: This is a psychometric study investigating opioid and alcohol abusers in Iran, including those residing in addiction rehabilitation camps, prisons, hospitals, and addiction treatment clinics dispensing methadone in 2017. The sample size of this study was 470. The subjects completed the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury, Barrat Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), and the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS). Results: The test-retest results were estimated for two weeks using the Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC). The absolute reliability was determined to be 2.62%. There was a significant correlation between convergent and divergent instruments. The results of the exploratory factor analysis on 235 individuals in the sample showed all subscales of the inventory measure a single factor in the Iranian population. The total Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for this subscale was 0.93. Also, the results of confirmatory factor analyses on the rest of the sample (235), after applying the AMOS software suggestions to improve the model, showed this inventory was a good indicator for this population (χ2 = 131.69; P &lt; 0.001; df = 56; χ2/df = 2.35; CFI = 0.97; RMSEA = 0.76; GFI = 0.92). Conclusions: The Persian version of the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury has high validity and reliability among the opioid and alcohol-abusing population in Iran.

Indigenous need arise to protect human from self-harm behavior in Pakistan: translation and validation of inventory of statements about self-injury

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to highlight the indigenous need to counter self-harm behavior in Pakistan and establish the reliability and validity of scale with translation, adaptation and cross-language validation of the inventory of statements about self-injury (ISAS) for future health studies (Klonsky and Glenn, 2009). Design/methodology/approach The present study was a cross-sectional study using a quantitative method. Response items rating is made from three-point Likert-type scales ranging from the 0-not relevant, 1-somewhat relevant or 2-very relevant. ISAS has been comprised of 13 potential functions of deliberate self-harm (DSH) and all subscales have been translated from the English language into the Urdu language with a sample of 30 individuals and further applied on 200 samples of DSH patients for factorial validation. The standard back-translation method was used for translation and adaptation of the scale (Anderson and Brislin, 1976; Brislin, 1976; Hambleton, 1994). Findings The overall scale has good internal consistency reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to confirm the factorial validity of ISAS. Results revealed that all the items have confirmed strong factorial validity in the context of Pakistani culture and quite helpful in hospital settings to address this health issue. Originality/value Self-harm is considered as a major health issue in the young population of the world and therefore, the investigated scale provides an assessment of DSH and intentions of performing self-injury to achieve a better understanding of such behaviors in DSH patients, which will help further to develop measures to prevent such behavior.

One-Year Consistency in Lifetime Frequency Estimates and Functions of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in a Clinical Sample.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), the direct, deliberate destruction of one’s own bodily tissue in the absence of an intent to die, is frequently used for evaluating treatment in clinical care. One instrument for assessing NSSI is the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS). The ISAS is a self-rating measure examining the lifetime frequencies of NSSI behaviors and further exploring NSSI functions. The study aimed to examine the consistency of self-reported lifetime NSSI frequencies and functions (via the ISAS) in a clinical sample of individuals with current self-harm and/or recurrent suicidal behaviors over one year. Fifty-two individuals (84.6% women) completed the ISAS three times over 1 year. We found relatively good test-retest stability for most NSSI behaviors and functions, but the correlation coefficients and frequencies of NSSI behaviors varied substantially. Approximately, 50% of participants reported lower lifetime frequencies of NSSI behaviors at the later time points, with approximately 20% reporting a significant reduction in their lifetime frequencies over one year. This unexpected finding raises concerns about the accuracy of reporting lifetime NSSI frequencies among individuals with multiple psychiatric diagnoses and extensive NSSI behaviors across their lives. Further research is needed to determine more reliable ways of collecting data on the lifetime frequency of NSSI in clinical samples and the accuracy of lifetime NSSI frequency estimates in general.