Invasive Surgery For Treatment Research Articles

Evaluation of Platelet-Rich Plasma Combined with Minimally Invasive Arthroscopic Surgery for the Treatment of Degenerative Knee Joints

Objective: To evaluate the effect of platelet-rich plasma and arthroscopic minimally invasive surgery treatment in patients with degenerative knee joint lesions. Methods: From July 2015 to July 2022, 80 patients with degenerative knee joint lesions were selected and randomly divided into two groups. Group A received platelet-rich plasma and minimally invasive arthroscopic surgery treatment while group B received only minimally invasive arthroscopic surgery treatment. The treatment efficacy, visual analog scores (VAS), knee osteoarthritis severity index (ISOA), knee function scores (KSS), and Lysholm knee scores were compared. Results: The treatment efficacy in group A was higher than that in group B (P < 0.05); at 3 and 6 months after surgery, the VAS and ISOA scores of group A were lower than those of group B (P < 0.05), while the KSS and Lysholm scores of group A were higher than those of group B (P < 0.05); the treatment satisfaction in group A was higher than that in group B (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Patients with knee joint degeneration receiving platelet-rich plasma and minimally invasive arthroscopic surgery treatment can restore knee joint function and reduce local pain,which is efficient and feasible for clinical application.

OPEN REDUCTION WITH CALCANEAL LOCKING PLATE FIXATION VS PERCUTANEOUS CANNULATED SCREWS FOR THE TREATMENT OF DISPLACED INTRA-ARTICULAR CALCANEAL FRACTURES

Minimally invasive surgery in treatment of DIACFs has become popular among theinternational orthopaedics community to overcome the soft tissue complications associated with t

The validity of minimally invasive surgery in treatment of lumbar spine degenerative disease

Objectives: To compare patients with lumbar spine degenerative disease treated by minimally invasive surgery using tubular retractor system and conventional surgical method.Study Design: Cross-sectional study with historical data.Patients and Methods: The single-institution series included 48 adult patients treated with one of the two surgical methods during a one-year period. The patients were divided between a case group consisting of minimally invasively treated patients and a control group of those operated on by conventional surgery. The research data were the following: age, gender, duration of symptoms, type of spinal pathology, type of surgical method, number of surgical levels treated, neurological status, pain intensity assessed by Visual Analogue Scale, duration of surgery and length of hospital stay. Modified Odom’s criteria were used as a primary outcome measure. All data were documented from electronic medical records, statistically analyzed, and correlated between The validity of minimally invasive surgery in treatment of lumbar spine degenerative disease the groups. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.001.Results: A significant improvement of neurological status after surgery was recorded in all patients (case group, Fisher’s exact test, p=0.002, control group, Fisher’s exact test p=0.012). The pain intensity was significantly reduced after surgery in both groups (case group, Wilcoxon test, p<0.001, control group, Wilcoxon test, p<0.001). A statistically significant difference was observed between the case and the control group in the length of hospital stay (Mann-Whitney U test, p<0.001) and in time elapsed from surgery to patient mobilization (Mann-Whitney U test, p<0.001). In all other data examined, no statistically significant difference was noted between the case and control groups.Conclusion: Surgical treatment of lumbar spine degenerative disease results in significant improvement of neurological status and in reduced pain intensity. Minimally invasive surgery using tubular retractors results in shorter length of stay and earlier patient mobilization.

Predictors of Complications and Unfavorable Outcomes of Minimally Invasive Surgery Treatment in Elderly Patients With Degenerative Lumbar Spine Pathologies (Case Series).

IntroductionThe use of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) results in fewer adverse and more improved outcomes. However, the literature data describing the factors increasing the number of complications, reoperation frequency and unscheduled re-hospitalizations in older patients after MIS are contradictory. In this study, a large number of patients was investigated for the complications of minimally invasive surgical treatment of degenerative disease of the lumbar spine in older patients. The objective of the study was to determine the predictors of unfavorable outcomes in such patients.Materials and Methods1,013 patients underwent MIS (decompression alone, TLIF, LLIF, ALIF) in 2013-2017. All operations were performed with the participation of the authors (neurosurgeons). The patient's average age was 66. The following data were collected: BMI; CCI; presence of postoperative complications according to the Dindo-Clavien classification; unplanned readmission at 90 days; hospital length of stay (LOS); surgical complexity (low, intermediate, and high); surgical time; and risk factors. The cumulative reoperation rate was determined at 5-years follow-up.ResultsA total of 256 patients suffered a complication (25.2%), 226 classified as mild (grade I, II, IIIA), and 30 - as severe (IIIB, IVA). Such factors as the surgical complexity, BMI > 30, surgical time, number of operated levels were associated with a significant risk of developing a complication. For patients with and without complications, LOS was 9.3 and 6.3 days, respectively (p < 0.0001), the unplanned readmission rate was 1.3%. 104 patients underwent 133 revision operations. The 5-year cumulative reoperation rate was 15.2%, and the reoperation index was 12.1%. The CCI had no statistically significant effect on the complication incidence after MIS. A higher risk of complications was found in patients who underwent intermediate-complexity surgery (MIS TLIF) compared with uncompounded (decompression alone) and more complex (MIS LLIF, MIS ALIF) surgical procedures (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively).ConclusionA register of postoperative complications is an important tool for health quality assessment and choosing the best surgical option that helps to establish measures to reduce such complications. Using MIS for the treatment of elderly patients reduces the number of severe complications.

Evaluating Nationwide Application of Minimally Invasive Surgery for Treatment of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Neoplasms

AimOpen resection of small bowel neuroendocrine neoplasms (SB-NEN) is still considered standard-of-care, mainly because of frequently encountered multifocality and central mesenteric masses. The aim of this study was to evaluate surgical approach for SB-NEN at a national level and determine predictors for overall survival.MethodsPatients with SB-NEN who underwent resection between 2005 and 2015 were included from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Patient and tumor characteristics were compared between laparoscopic and open approach. Overall survival was assessed by Kaplan–Meier and compared with the Log-rank test. Independent predictors were determined by Cox proportional hazards model.ResultsIn total, 482 patients were included, of whom 342 (71%) underwent open and 140 (29%) laparoscopic resection. The open resection group had significantly more multifocal tumors resected (24% vs. 14%), pN2 lymph nodes (18% vs. 7%) and stage IV disease (36% vs. 22%). Overall survival after open resection was significantly shorter compared to laparoscopic resection (3-year: 81% vs. 89%, 5-year: 71% vs. 84%, p = 0.004). In multivariable analysis, age above 60-years (60–75, HR 3.38 (95% CI 1.84–6.23); > 75 years, HR 7.63 (95% CI 3.86–15.07)), stage IV disease (HR 1.86 (95% CI 1.18–2.94)) and a laparoscopic approach (HR 0.51 (95% CI 0.28–0.94)) were independently associated with overall survival, whereas multifocal primary tumor, grade and resection margin status were not.ConclusionLaparoscopic resection was the approach in 29% of SB-NEN at a national level with selection of the more favorable patients. Laparoscopic resection remained independently associated with better overall survival besides age and stage, but residual confounding cannot be excluded.

Результаты хирургического лечения медиастинальных нейрогенных опухолей типа "гантели"

Результаты хирургического лечения медиастинальных нейрогенных опухолей типа "гантели"

Minimally Invasive Surgery in Treatment of Traumatic Thoracolumbar Spinal Injuries: A 2-Year Experience

Introduction: Majority of the traumatic spine injuries are located at the thoracolumbar region. They can be compression fractures, burst fractures, flexionextension injuries (Chance fractures), dislocations, or any of the combination. Surgery is indicated for patients with thoracolumbar injury classification scoring (TLICS) of 4 or more. Traditionally, surgical approaches for thoracolumbar spinal injuries involve open surgery, instrumentation with/without decompression. In our previous study, open surgery for traumatic thoracolumbar injuries and history of blood transfusion have been found to be associated with higher risk of deep surgical site infection requiring surgical debridement. With the advent of modern implants and equipments, minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has been made possible for spine surgeries. We report our two-year experience in utilizing MIS to treat traumatic thoracolumbar spinal injuries. Materials and method: Patients who underwent spinal surgeries at Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Kuantan from July 2017 to July 2019 were screened for suitability to be included in this study. Only patients who underwent spinal minimally invasive surgeries have been included in this study. Patients who underwent open spinal surgeries were excluded. Results: A total of 8 patients were included in this study. There were 3 burst fractures and 5 chance fractures. All patients underwent a minimum of 4-level posterior spinal instrumented fusion with MIS techniques and 2 patients had laminectomy at the injured level for decompression. All but one patient did not require blood transfusion and there was no incidence of surgical site infection among these patients. Conclusion: Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is a better option compared to open surgery in treating traumatic thoracolumbar spinal injuries. By minimizing the surgical incision, we are able to reduce blood loss and avoid deep surgical site infection.

P039. Lavage combined with minimally invasive surgery in treatment of plasma cell mastitis: A clinical study

P039. Lavage combined with minimally invasive surgery in treatment of plasma cell mastitis: A clinical study

Phẫu thuật ít xâm lấn điều trị dị tật tim bẩm sinh

Tóm tắt Đặt vấn đề: Phẫu thuật tim ít xâm lấn phát triển mạnh trên thế giới và đã được chứng minh đem lại nhiều lợi ích cho người bệnh. Chúng tôi thực hiện nghiên cứu này nhằm đánh giá tính khả thi và an toàn của kĩ thuật phẫu thuật ít xâm lấn điều trị các dị tật tim bẩm sinh. Phương pháp nghiên cứu: Đây là nghiên cứu mô tả hàng loạt ca được thực hiện tại khoa Phẫu thuật tim mạch Bệnh viện Đại học Y Dược thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. Tất cả các người bệnh có dị tật tim bẩm sinh được phẫu thuật ít xâm lấn sửa chữa dị tật từ tháng 7/2014 đến 7/2018 được thu thập số liệu. Kết quả: Tổng cộng có 134 trường hợp: mở ngực phải có nội soi hỗ trợ (nhóm 1): 62 ca (46%), mở ngực nhỏ giữa xương ức (nhóm 2): 72 ca (54%). Nhóm 1: tuổi trung bình 27.6 ± 14,7 tuổi (6 – 63 tuổi), tỷ lệ nam : nữ là 1:2,1, cân nặng trung bình 47,0 ± 9,9 kg (16 – 60kg). Nhóm 2 : tuổi trung bình 6,5 ± 4,3 tuổi (1 – 24 tuổi), tỷ lệ nam: nữ là 1,4:1, cân nặng trung bình 12 kg (7,5 – 54 kg). Các dị tật bẩm sinh được phẫu thuật: thông liên nhĩ, thông liên thất, kênh nhĩ thất bán phần, tim ba buồn nhĩ, bất thường hồi lưu tĩnh mạch phổi. Các kỹ thuật phẫu thuật được thực hiện: vá thông liên nhĩ, vá thông liên thất, sửa van 2 lá, sửa van 3 lá, sửa chữa bất thường hồi lưu tĩnh mạch phổi. Trong 2 nhóm, người bệnh được rút nội khí quản sớm (3-6 giờ sau mổ), thời gian nằm hồi sức tim trung bình 2 ngày, thời gian nằm viện sau mổ trung bình là 5 ngày và không có trường hợp tử vong. Kết luận: Phẫu thuật ít xâm lấn sửa chữa dị tật bẩm sinh khả thi và an toàn. Đường mổ ít xâm lấn ngực phải có sự hỗ trợ của nội soi cũng như đường mở ngực giữa nửa xương ức giúp tiếp cận tốt các tổn thương bẩm sinh: thông liên nhĩ, thông liên thất, tổn thương van nhĩ thất … để thực hiện các thao tác sửa chữa. Abstract Introduction: The concept of minimally invasive surgery for congenital heart disease in pediatric surgery is accepted worldwide with the aim to reduce trauma during operation. Since 2014, we have adopted a minimally surgical approach to manage the congenital heart defects. We conduct the study to identify the effectiveness and the safety of this approach. Material and Methods: Between July 2014 and July 2018, all patients who underwent a minimally invasive surgical approach at the University Medical center HCMC, were enrolled. The database including the outcomes, patients clinical conditions and satisfaction at follow-up were collected and analyzed. Results: There were 134 patients with congenital heart defects underwent minimally invasive repair. Group 1 (right video-assisted minithoracotomy): 62 patients (46%), group 2 (midline ministernotomy): 72 patients (54%). Group 1: mean age 27.6 ± 14.7ys (6 – 63 ys), male/ female ratio was : 1:2.1. Group 2: mean age 6.5 ± 4.3ys (1 – 24 ys), male/ female ration was : 1.4:1. The congenital heart defects are ASD, VSD, AVSD, Cor-triatristum, PAPVR, etc. Procedure performed are ASD closure, VSD closure, pulmonary veins rerouting, AV valve repair, etc. In both groups, all patients were removed the endotracheal tube within 3-6 hours, and discharged within 5-7 days. There was no mortality in this series. Conclusion: Approach and repair the congenital heart defects via right video- assisted thoracotomy and minimally midline sternotomy are safe and effective. Keyword: Minimally invasive approach; Congenital heart defects.

Efficacy and safety of minimal invasive surgery treatment in hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundRecently, minimal invasive surgery (MIS) has been applied as a common therapeutic approach for treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH). However, the efficacy and safety of MIS is still controversial compared with conservative medical treatment or conventional craniotomy. This meta-analysis aimed to systematically assess the safety and efficacy of MIS compared with conservative method and craniotomy in treating HICH patients.MethodsPubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were used to identify relevant studies on MIS treatment of HICH up to November 2017. This study evaluated Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score, Activities of Daily Living (ADL) score, pulmonary infection rate, mortality rate, and rebleeding rate for patients who underwent MIS, or conservative method, or craniotomy. Subgroup analyses were performed to compare randomization versus non-randomization and large hematoma versus small or mild hematoma. Begg’s test and Egger’s test were used to determine the potential presence of publication bias.ResultsSixteen studies consisting of 1912 patients were included in this study to compare the efficacy and safety of MIS to conservative method or craniotomy. MIS contributed to a significant improvement on the prognosis of the patients comparing with conservative group or craniotomy group. Patients undergoing MIS had a lower mortality rate when compared to those receiving conservative method. Also, MIS led to a notable reduction of rebleeding rate and an effective improvement of the patient’s quality of life by contrast with craniotomy. No obvious difference was found in terms of the pulmonary infection rate among the comparisons of three treatment methods. Randomization is not the potential source of heterogeneity, but hematoma volume may be a risk factor for post-operative mortality rate. No statistical evidence of publication bias among studies was found under most of comparison models.ConclusionThis meta-analysis suggests that minimal invasive surgery is an efficient and safe method for the treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage, which is associated with a low mortality rate and rebleeding rate, as well as a significant improvement of the prognosis and the quality life of patients when compared with conservative medical treatment or craniotomy.

OC14.04: Role of intraoperative ultrasound to extend minimally invasive surgery for treatment of recurrent gynecological cancer

OC14.04: Role of intraoperative ultrasound to extend minimally invasive surgery for treatment of recurrent gynecological cancer

Pulmonary-pleural complications of pancreatitis

OBJECTIVE. The authors investigated pulmonary-pleural complications of pancreatitis and evaluated results of CT examination in diagnostics and possibility of low invasive surgery in treatment of pancreaticogenic pleurisy. MATERIAL AND METHODS. A retrospective analysis was made of 156 medical histories of patients with acute pancreatitis and their results. An ultrasound examinations of the chest and CT scan were applied in order to determine lung tissue condition and presence of fluid in pleural cavities. RESULTS. The application of CT in diagnostics of pulmonary-pleural complications allowed doctors to identify an effusion in pleural cavities in 3,5-50 % patients with acute pancreatitis. The number and localization of effusions were defined more precisely. CONCLUSIONS. Mini-invasive procedures (puncture, videothoracoscopy) with examination of exudate on amylase activity and biopsy of pleura determined the causes of pleuritis. This was effective in pleritis elimination against a background of different methods of treatment of pancreatitis.

The experience of craniotomy versus minimally invasive surgery in treatment of hypertensive thalamic hemorrhage

The experience of craniotomy versus minimally invasive surgery in treatment of hypertensive thalamic hemorrhage

Малоинвазивное хирургическое лечение детей с нейробластомой забрюшинной локализации

Малоинвазивное хирургическое лечение детей с нейробластомой забрюшинной локализации

Clinical efficacy of fiberoptic ductoscopy in combination with ultrasound-guided minimally invasive surgery in treatment of plasma cell mastitis

Objectives: To analyze clinical efficacy between fiberoptic ductoscopy plus ultrasound-guided minimally invasive irrigation and lesion resection in treating plasma cell mastitis (PCM), aiming to provide clinical evidence for treating PCM. Materials and Methods: 119 patients undergoing fiberoptic ductoscopy plus ultrasound-guided minimally invasive surgery in Ningxia People's Hospital were allocated into the breast duct irrigation group, and 95 counterparts receiving lesion resection in the Affiliated Hospital of Ningxia Medical University into the control group. Clinico-pathological characteristics and therapeutic effect were compared between two groups. Results: The cure rate in the breast duct irrigation group was 98.31% (117/119), significantly higher than 90.53% in the control group (p p Conclusions: Fiberoptic ductoscopy plus with ultrasound-guided minimally invasive drainage is a novel and effective treatment of PCM with high cure rate, low recurrence rate, slight pain, and effectively maintains breast integrity.

Cognizance on the re-fracture of the operated vertebra with cemented augmentation in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures

One option with minimally invasive surgery for treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture is percutaneous vertebroplasty or percutaneous kyphoplasty via an inflatable balloon tamp followed by stabilization with polymethylmethacrylate cement. The vertebral height is restored and the decreased loading ability of the fractured vertebral body is restrengthened with pain relief. The effect of the method is widely demonstrated in those conditions. At the same time, the relative problems, such as the complications are being lucubrated and discussed. The reports on the re-fracture or height loss of the operated vertebrae with cemented augmentation are becoming more. By now, there are some unclear aspects on the problem: the definition of the re-fracture of the augmented vertebra is still unclear and not ascertained and the clinical manifestations are various. The mechanisms and correlative factors are still not clear-cut either. The rate of subsequent re-fractures after cemented augmentation from literature is fargoing, with a rate of 0% to 63%. The correlative factors on the re-fracture of the operated vertebrae chiefly include: osteoporosis, bone necrosis caused by the heat injury from cement solidification, failure to achieve endplate-to-endplate cement augmentation, intravertebral cleft or avascular bone necrosis, premature mobilization or excessive movement, overfull reduction of the vertebral height, the biological character of the spine column, and so on. Great controversy still exists on the correlation between those possible factors and the re-fractures. More attention should be paid to this problem to explore the true risk factors and mechanism, decrease the re-fracutre rate, and elevate the clinical outcome in osteoporotic compression fractures.

Methods of Invasive Surgery Treatment in Patients with Lumbar Failed of Etiology Degenerative

Introduction It is necessary to expose the transcendental forms of invasive treatment for failed back surgery studied in 4 years of follow-up for the benefit of quality of life from patients with chronic spinal pain and functional limitation, and promote replication strategies in community spinal surgeons. Patients and Methods A prospective, descriptive, comparative, randomized study of 48 patients with degenerative lumbar disc disease diagnosis of failed back surgery, from any health center in the country with one or more surgical procedures performed in the anatomic area was conducted lumbar region, related to moderate-to-severe low back pain, with or without, radiculopathy tested before and after the invasive modality with the EVA scale of nociceptive pain, neuropathic pain DN4 scale and the scale of oswestry functional disability. Patients with a history of previous surgery were included in this investigation degenerative disease with intractable pain, to alleviate or relieve pain, with less previous evolution of the 6 months in cases of severe pain, and with persistence or increased symptoms before surgery. Some images evidence reflecting the failure or implant surgical techniques. All patients without previous surgery were excluded and also those with percutaneous interventional approaches of chronic spinal pain, as the only tool treatment lumbar radicular pain, failed back surgery patients with traumatic, tumoral, and infectious origin where by all the patients with established diagnosis of failed back surgery degenerative etiology. Results The analysis included an interpretation of medical records and surgical event clinical evaluation of 48 patients attending consultations and team column in the University Hospital Dr. “Manuel Nunez Tovar” in the city of Maturin, Monagas State, Venezuela. From January 2010 to June 2014, the majority of patients were males 60.42% and females 39.58%, aged 32 to 68 years. It was fulfilled in the total of 48 patients studied, 66 invasive modalities, discriminated into three groups as follows: revision surgery, 13 patients; approach percutaneous interventional analgesic and anesthetic spine chronic pain as Cosman technique, 19 patients; and mixed mode, 16 patients. Repeat percutaneous interventional total in 18 patients. Conclusion The procedures were performed by the same surgical team, using a surgical procedure according to the analysis of symptomatic interpretation of pain, upgrade of the images, affected lumbar level, and characteristic of previous surgery and experience of the team treating surgeons followed by more than 6 months with good and excellent, measurable, and clinically beneficial results.

Minimally invasive surgery treatment for the patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage (MISTICH): protocol of a multi-center randomized controlled trial.

BackgroundThe choice of surgical or conservative treatment for patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage is controversial. Some minimally invasive treatments have been applied to hematoma evacuation and could improve prognosis to some extent. Up to now, studies on minimally invasive surgery for patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage are still insufficient.DesignThe MISTICH is a multi-center, prospective, randomized, assessor-blinded, parallel group, controlled clinical trial. 2448 eligible patients will be assigned to neuroendoscopy group, stereotactic aspiration group and craniotomy group randomly. Patients will receive the corresponding surgery based on the result of randomization. Surgeries will be performed by well-trained surgeons and standard medical treatment will be given to all patients. Patients will be followed up at 7 days, 30 days, and 6 months. The primary outcome of this study is unfavorable outcome at 6 months. Secondary outcomes include: mortality at 30 days and 6 months after surgery; neurological functional status of 6 months after surgery; complications including rebleeding, ischemic stroke and intracranial infection; days of hospitalization.DiscussionThe MISTICH trial is a randomized controlled trial designed to determine whether minimally invasive surgeries could improve the prognosis for patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage compared with craniotomy. (ChiCTR-TRC-12002026. Registered 23 March 2012).

Clinical effect and complication of minimally invasive surgery in treatment of anterior and posterior pelvic ring injury

Objective To evaluate the clinical effects and complications of sacroiliac screw instrumentation combined either with external fixation or anterior column screw fixation for treatment of posterior pelvic ring injury combined with fractures of anterior pubic and ischiadic ramus.Methods A retrospective review was conducted on 91 patients with posterior pelvic ring injury combined with fractures of anterior pubic and ischiadic ramus treated between December 2007 and December 2012.There were 67 males and 24 females aged at 22-61 years (mean,37.8 years).All together,51 out of the patients were treated with sacroiliac screws combined with external fixation and 40 underwent sacroiliac screw fixation combined with anterior screw fixation.Comparative analysis of the two surgical treatments were made in aspect of postoperative complications,postoperative ambulation time,fracture healing,Majeed pelvic function score,and visual analogue scale (VAS).Results Eighty-eight patients were available for the mean 13.6 months of follow-up (range,12-26 months).Except for postoperative complications and fracture healing,postoperative ambulation time [(31.0 ± 6.2) d vs (41.9 ± 7.2) d],excellence rate in Majeed pelvic function score (95％ vs 73％) and VAS score[(1.1 ± 1.3) points vs (3.5 ±2.0) points]were significantly better in patients treated with anterior column screw than in patients undergoing external fixation (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Sacroiliac screw combined with anterior column screw as an alternative to treat posterior pelvic ring injury combined with fractures of anterior pubic and ischiadic ramus advantages in early ambulation,relief of the pain,and few complications. Key words: Pelvis; Fracture fixation; Anterior column screws

Numerical simulation for prediction of thermal history in cryoprobe assisted biological tissue freezing

Cryosurgery is fast gaining popularity as a minimally invasive surgery for treatment of various types of cancers. It involves destruction of cancer cells within a limited spatial domain by exposing them to very low temperatures while minimizing injury to the surrounding healthy tissues. The volumetric extent of the critical isotherm in the ice ball decides the efficacy of the cryosurgical process. The thermal history within the ice ball during the freezing process remains an unknown and possesses a major challenge in any cryosurgical process. Numerical simulations prove to be very useful in this regard.