Invasion Of Personal Space Research Articles

More space needed: Social disconnectedness predicts the aversion to crowdedness

AbstractFeelings of belongingness threat are common nowadays. The lack of social support received from friends and family leads to social disconnection. Our objective is to investigate the effect of unmet need to belong on preference for crowdedness. Expecting the prospects to interact and reconnect with others, socially disconnected consumers may be more receptive to crowdedness. By contrast, social disconnection may sensitize consumers to potential social threat and thus drive them away from the crowds. To find out how socially disconnected consumers react to crowdedness, three quasi‐experiments with more than 1500 participants (Mage = 35.9, 64% female) from an online panel were conducted. Our findings support the latter hypothesis. We manipulate the crowdedness of the service setting, while the natural variation of social disconnectedness was captured by measuring participants' unmet need to belong. Socially disconnected consumers are averse to social crowding (Studies 1 and 2). Specifically, regression analyses reveal that crowdedness has a negative impact on attitude and word‐of‐mouth recommendation. Importantly, the effect of crowdedness is found exaggerated by unmet need to belong. Disconnected consumers avoid social crowding since they may consider getting too close an invasion of personal space. The findings on preference for space are extended to time in Study 3. In particular, busyness interacts with unmet need to belong such that disconnected consumers avoid busy schedules in package tours. Findings from the three studies together suggest a general preference for more psychological space when need to belong is not met.

Personal space invasion to prevent cyberbullying: design, development, and evaluation of an immersive prevention measure for children and adolescents

The previous work on cyberbullying has shown that the number of victims is increasing, and the need for prevention is exceptionally high among younger school students (5th–9th grade). Due to the omnipresence of cyberattacks, victims can hardly distance themselves psychologically, thus experience an intrusion in almost all areas of life. The perpetrators, on the other hand, feel the consequences of their actions even less in cyberspace. However, there is a gap between the need and the existence of innovative prevention programs tied to the digital reality of the target group and the treatment of essential aspects of psychological distance. This article explores the design space, feasibility, and effectiveness of a unique VR-based cyberbullying prevention component in a human-centered iterative approach. The central idea is reflected in creating a virtual personal space invasion with virtual objects associated with cyberbullying making the everyday intrusion of victims tangible. A pre-study revealed that harmful speech texts in bright non-removable message boxes best transferred the psychological determinants associated with a personal space invasion to virtual objects contextualized in cyberbullying scenarios. Therefore, these objects were incorporated into a virtual prevention program that was then tested in a laboratory study with 41 participants. The results showed that the intervention could trigger cognitive dissonance and empathy. In the second step, the intervention was evaluated and improved in a focus group with the actual target group of children and adolescents. The improved application was then evaluated in a school workshop for 5 days with 100 children and adolescents. The children understood the metaphor of virtual space invasion by the harmful text boxes and reported the expected psychological effects. They also showed great interest in VR. In summary, this paper contributes to the innovative and effective prevention of cyberbullying by using the potential of VR. It provides empirical evidence from a laboratory experiment and a field study with a large sample from the target group of children and adolescents and discusses implications for future developments.

Impact of Human Behavior According to Social Distance Rules During Covid-19 (Case Study Bukit Bintang - Kuala Lumpur)

SARS-CoV-2 was linked to COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. After confirmed cases and deaths in numerous countries, WHO proclaimed a global pandemic. During the outbreak, territorial public and private socializing spread the virus quickly with friends, families, and relatives. Hence, this research examines the effectiveness of social distance rules in preventing the spread of COVID-19 in Bukit Bintang, Malaysia, from the perspectives of residents and shopping mall visitors during the recovery Movement Control Order (RMCO period). This study examines space territoriality among Bukit Bintang's foreign workers and mall visitors using qualitative (structured observation) and quantitative (questionnaire) methodologies. Structured observations examine human behavior in uncontrolled (home, neighborhood) and controlled (shopping mall) situations. As part of the quantitative method, a questionnaire survey is utilized to learn about respondents' specific actions, such as personal and public space invasion. This study collects data by purposeful sampling and included 250 people. The study's findings confirm the association between numerous constructs, and indicates that the number of territories people occupy in private and public contexts tends to spread COVID-19 in Bukit Bintang, Malaysia. Social distancing drastically affects COVID-19's spread and number of deaths. According to the study, the virus spreads more when people ignore the social distance rule.

Образы чудаков в новеллистике Р. Карвера (на материале рассказов из сборника «Прошу тебя, замолчи!»)

The article deals with the images of eccentric characters in the short stories “Jerry and Molly and Sam” (1972), “Fat” (1971), “They Are Not Your Husband” (1973), “Neighbors” (1971), “The Idea” (1972) written by an outstanding American writer of the second half of the 20th century R. Carver. The definitions of the concepts of “eccentricity” and “grotesque” are given, the fundamental difference between “eccentric” and the related concepts of “jester” and “rogue” is highlighted, examples of the interpretation of “eccentricity” in the previous literary tradition are given. The selected stories are analyzed and the main features inherent in Carver’s eccentrics, such as passivity, self-deception, substitution of values, following false ideas about future happiness, and others, are highlighted. In his stories, the author again actualizes the problems of loneliness, control, alienation and mutual misunderstanding, traditional for American literature of the 20th century; touches upon the themes of voyeurism, appearance and personality, midlife crisis, invasion of personal space and private property, portrays characters who happen to be victims of broken communication, who make attempts to identify themselves, but invariably fail. The infantile and absurd actions of Carver’s heroes not only hide the mental discord and the tragic inability of an individual to gain control over their own life, but at the same time reflect the general social disorder and spiritual trouble. Thus, the characters in the stories of R. Carver stand on a par with other eccentric heroes of American and world literature, in particular with the grotesque heroes of one of the founders of the modern American short story, S. Anderson.

"My problem is that I live next door to my mother-in-law": Arab women's postpartum experiences with positive and negative social interactions and the impact on their well-being: A qualitative study.

Social support is commonly associated with women's postpartum health. Yet such support can also have unintended effects and trigger negative reactions. This study provides a qualitative examination of the positive and negative social interactions described by Arab postpartum women. Participants were Arab women recruited at Mother and Child Healthcare Clinics (MCHC). Inclusion criteria were married women over the age of 18 with a healthy newborn who described both positive and negative social experiences. Exclusion criteria were signs of postpartum depression. Data were gathered using semi-structured in-depth interviews that were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Themes and categories were extracted based on interpretative phenomenological analysis. The impact of lived experiences on the well-being of postpartum women was explored. Data analysis revealed three main themes: (1) Support from the family and community: positive impact on the mother; (2) Negative social interactions as invasion of mother's personal space; (3) Impact of negative social interactions on mother's relationship with her family. A deeper understanding of the social environment of these women and the factors that affect their well-being during the critical postpartum period can help MCHC staff offer culturally appropriate support and relevant interventions.

Effect of Personal Space Invasion on Passenger Comfort and Comfort Design of an Aircraft Cabin

Passenger comfort is becoming an important issue with the recent increase in air travel. A common cause of passenger discomfort and distress is the invasion of the passenger’s personal space. This paper presents the results of two studies addressing the environmental psychological characteristics of passengers during personal space invasion (PSI) and how PSI affects cabin comfort design. In study 1, our survey shows that PSI has different effects on the comfort of passengers with different genders, ages, education levels, and interpersonal relationships. From these survey data, we extracted 14 factors of PSI. In study 2, a Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) model was established, with passenger comfort as the target layer, to determine the interrelation between 14 PSI factors. The causal relationships between the 14 factors were visualized by a causal diagram. We established a priority ranking of the 14 aircraft interior design indexes based on the corresponding relationships between the indexes and PSI factors. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of how PSI impacts passenger comfort and offer strategies to improve the comfort design of aircraft cabins.

Feeling good about feeling bad: virtuous virtual reality and the automation of racial empathy

Virtual reality (VR)’s newly virtuous identity as the ‘ultimate empathy machine’ arrives during an overtly xenophobic, racist, misogynist, and Islamophobic moment in the US and abroad. Its rise also overlaps with the digital industries’ attempts to defend themselves against increasingly vocal critique. VR’s new identity as an anti-racist and anti-sexist technology that engineers the right kind of feeling has emerged to counter and manage the image of the digital industries as unfeeling and rapacious. In this article, the author engages with VR titles created by white and European producers that represent the lives of black and Middle Eastern women and girls in Lebanon, Nairobi, and Paris. She argues that the invasion of personal and private space that documentary VR titles ‘for good’ create is a spurious or ‘toxic empathy’ that enables white viewers to feel that they have experienced authentic empathy for these others, and this digitally mediated compassion is problematically represented in multiple media texts as itself a form of political activism.

ALIENATION OF INFORMATIONAS A POLITICAL AND LEGAL PROBLEM

Artificial intelligence at the service of espionage, covert control over dissent, invasion of citizens personal space and other negative effects (costs) of the digital revolution have attracted the attention of our regular author. The alienation of information and the encroachment on intellectual property that accompany global communications require not only improvements of international law, but also compensation of damage to the rights holders and creators of creative content.

Crowding density in urban environment and its effects on emotional responding of pedestrians: Using wearable device technology with sensors capturing proximity and psychophysiological emotion responses while walking in the street

ABSTRACTWe conducted a study to examine the influence of crowding in high-density urban areas on the emotional responses of people. We hypothesized that high density leads to the invasion of a personal space that is surrounding everyone’s body which in turn evokes emotional responses, especially negative emotions like stress and aggression. Subjects (n = 30) walked a predefined, crowded path in a Hong Kong commercial center which consisted of urban parts and a park. Along the way, emotional responses were measured psychophysiologically via a wearable device, capturing electrodermal activity, skin temperature, and ambient temperature, among others. Additionally, we used a movement detection sensor to measure the invasion of personal space by other pedestrians. Significant effects of personal space crossings on aversive and appetitive emotional responses are found. Implications for future research are discussed.

The perception of territory and personal space invasion among hospitalized patients.

Objectives1) To identify the patient’s perception of invasion of territorial and personal space and 2) to evaluate whether personal characteristics, housing conditions and characteristics of the hospital unit affect this perception.MethodsAnalytical, cross-sectional and quantitative study. An adapted version of the “Anxiety Due to Territory and Space Intrusion Questionnaire” was applied with patients hospitalized in the internal medicine and maternity wards and in the ward for patients with private health insurance of a university hospital in the state of São Paulo.ResultsThe sample consisted of 300 patients. The mean total score of the questionnaire administered was 143.58 (SD = 18.88). The mean subscale scores for territorial space and personal space invasion were 89.10 (SD = 15.29) and 54.48 (SD = 10.58), respectively. The invasion of territorial space differed significantly between patients with and without children (p = 0.02) and for the number of people living in the residence (p < 0.01).ConclusionsAttitudes of the nursing staff, such as touching the patient’s possessions without permission and exposing the patient, caused discomfort and violated patient privacy. Patients who were lonelier and had more privacy at home perceived greater invasion of their territorial space by the nursing professionals.

Discrimination, harassment and non-reporting in UK medical education.

Discrimination and harassment create a hostile environment with deleterious effects on student well-being and education. In this study, we aimed to: (i) measure prevalences and types of discrimination and harassment in one UK medical school, and (ii) understand how and why students report them. The study used a mixed-methods design. A medical school population survey of 1318 students was carried out in March 2014. Students were asked whether they had experienced, witnessed or reported discrimination or harassment and were given space for free-text comments. Two focus group sessions were conducted to elicit information on types of harassment and the factors that influenced reporting. Proportions were analysed using the Wilson score method and associations tested using chi-squared and regression analyses. Qualitative data were subjected to framework analysis. Degrees of convergence between data were analysed. A total of 259 (19.7%) students responded to the survey. Most participants had experienced (63.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 57.3-69.0) or witnessed (56.4%, 95% CI: 50.3-62.3) at least one type of discrimination or harassment. Stereotyping was the form most commonly witnessed (43.2%, 95% CI: 37.4-49.3). In the qualitative data, reports of inappropriate joking and invasion of personal space were common. Black and minority ethnic students had witnessed and religious students had experienced a greater lack of provision (χ2 =4.73, p=0.03 and χ2 =4.38, p=0.04, respectively). Non-heterosexual students had experienced greater joking (χ2 =3.99, p=0.04). Students with disabilities had experienced more stereotyping (χ2 =13.5, p<0.01). Female students and students in clinical years had 2.6 (95% CI: 1.3-5.3) and 3.6 (95% CI: 1.9-7.0) greater odds, respectively, of experiencing or witnessing any type of discrimination or harassment. Seven of 140 survey respondents had reported incidents (5.0%, 95% CI: 2.4-10.0). Reporting was perceived as ineffective and as potentially victimising of the reporter. Harassment and discrimination are prevalent in this sample and associated with gender, ethnicity, sexuality, disability and year group. Reporting is rare and perceived as ineffective. These findings have informed local developments, future strategies and the development of a national prevention policy.

What makes a space invader? Passenger perceptions of personal space invasion in aircraft travel

The invasion of personal space is often a contributory factor to the experience of discomfort in aircraft passengers. This paper presents a questionnaire study which investigated how air travellers are affected by invasions of personal space and how they attempt to adapt to, or counter, these invasions. In support of recent findings on the factors influencing air passenger comfort, the results of this study indicate that the invasion of personal space is not only caused by physical factors (e.g. physical contact with humans or objects), but also other sensory factors such as noise, smells or unwanted eye contact. The findings of this study have implications for the design of shared spaces.Practitioner Summary: This paper presents a questionnaire study which investigated personal space in an aircraft environment. The results highlight the factors which affect the perception of personal space invasion in aircraft and can therefore inform the design of aircraft cabin environments to enhance the passenger experience.

Tired of Technology - A Review and Theoretical Model of Organizational Technostress

Individuals in organizations experience a range of negative effects of technology, including information overload, pressure to keep up with change, and invasion of personal space. The result is red...

Rivalidade fraterna durante a gestação materna do segundo filho: manifestações e estratégias de manejo

A rivalidade fraterna pode ser considerada uma experiência normal para as crianças. O presente estudo investigou as impressões maternas sobre a rivalidade fraterna expressa pelos primogênitos durante a gestação do segundo filho. Participaram do estudo 24 gestantes de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, que se encontravam no último trimestre de gestação e que possuíam um filho com idade entre dois a seis anos. Através de análise de conteúdo qualitativa, com base em uma entrevista semi-estruturada, chamou atenção a vasta presença de relatos de rivalidade fraterna. Esta manifestou-se através de ataques dirigidos ao irmão ou à barriga da mãe, do medo de perder o amor/atenção dos progenitores, e do medo de ter o seu espaço pessoal invadido. Como estratégias para lidar com a rivalidade, ao mesmo tempo em que se identificavam com os bebês, os primogênitos buscavam diferenciar-se destes, menosprezando suas capacidades. No que tange às mães, buscavam ensinar o primogênito a dividir, além de preservá-lo de sentimentos de ciúmes.

The Big Show: A Reimagination of Eugene O'Neill's Thirst Through the Life Story of Frances Farmer

The Big Show: A Reimagination of Eugene O'Neill's Thirst Through the Life Story of Frances Farmer

Human Walking Behavior—the Effect of Pedestrian Flow and Personal Space Invasion on Walking Speed and Direction

Humans have a natural desire to keep a certain spatial distance to other humans, called personal space (Hall, 1966). If personal space is invaded without consent physiological reactions such as increased heart rate, sweating, and increased blood pressure are triggered (Middlemist et al., 1976). Using a newly developed system called CCB Analyser the walking pa!erns of pedestrians in an Austrian shopping center were recorded. Data included number of people, average speed, speed changes, direction changes, and two different measures for personal space, one being personal space in circles around stationary #ames and the other being personal space for pedestrians integrating the paths ahead. Results show that people walk faster when personal space is invaded, and walking speed and direction are changed to a higher degree at high pedestrian flow. These results show how crowded situations require behavioral changes and offer an important insight into the relationship of human walking behavior and personal space.

The best evidence for minimizing resistance-to-care during assisted personal care for older adults with dementia in nursing homes: a systematic review.

Review question/objective Objective To determine the effectiveness of interventions in minimizing resistance-to-care behaviors during assisted personal care for nursing home residents with dementia. Review Questions • What interventions are effective for reducing the frequency and intensity of resistance-to-care behaviors during assisted personal care activities (i.e. mealtime assistance, toileting, mouth care, morning care and shower/bathing) for nursing home residents with dementia? • What interventions are effective for reducing the frequency and intensity of resistance-to-care behaviors for overall daily personal care activities for nursing home residents with dementia? Inclusion criteria Types of participants Older adults with dementia, aged over 55 years with the formal diagnosis of dementia. Only studies which focus on persons who live in residential aged care facilities (nursing homes) will be considered. Older adults with any dementia type will be included but HIV-related dementia will be excluded as the challenges posed by this patient group are different. Nursing staff and formal caregivers will be also included if they provide daily personal care for nursing home residents with dementia. Types of intervention Any intervention will be considered if the intervention aims to reduce resistance-to-care behaviors of nursing home residents with dementia. Types of outcomes The types of outcome measures will be frequency and intensity of resistance-to-care behavior during personal care. Outcomes related to caregivers will not be considered (e.g. the competency or perceptions of caregivers). Comparator Usual care

Human interactions and personal space in collaborative virtual environments

As humans start to spend more time in collaborative virtual environments (CVEs) it becomes important to study their interactions in such environments. One aspect of such interactions is personal space. To begin to address this, we have conducted empirical investigations in a non immersive virtual environment: an experiment to investigate the influence on personal space of avatar gender, and an observational study to further explore the existence of personal space. Experimental results give some evidence to suggest that avatar gender has an influence on personal space although the participants did not register high personal space invasion anxiety, contrary to what one might expect from personal space invasion in the physical world. The observational study suggests that personal space does exist in CVEs, as the users tend to maintain, in a similar way to the physical world, a distance when they are interacting with each other. Our studies provide an improved understanding of personal space in CVEs and the results can be used to further enhance the usability of these environments.

Invasion of personal space influences perception of spatial layout

Invasion of personal space influences perception of spatial layout

Increased Sexual Aggression Following Ziprasidone Discontinuation in an Intellectually Disabled Adult Man

To the Editor: Persons with intellectual or developmental disabilities have an increased frequency of aggressive and/or problematic behaviors. It has been estimated that over 50% of this population demonstrates some form of aggression, although the overall severity is low.1 In addition, a comorbid mental illness may be underdiagnosed secondary to cognitive impairments.2 As confirmed via a PubMed literature search utilizing the terms ziprasidone and sexual aggression, we report the first case of increased sexual aggression in an intellectually disabled man following discontinuation of ziprasidone. Case report. Mr A, a 53-year-old white man, diagnosed with DSM-IV intermittent explosive disorder and moderate mental retardation, was admitted in 2006 to the present long-term care facility secondary to multiple failed community placements due to aggression and/or inappropriate behaviors. Behaviors leading to placement in the current long-term care facility included a long history of verbal and physical aggression to avoid nonpreferred tasks. Behaviors may have included physical and verbal intimidation (pushing, shoving, grabbing, invasion of personal space with yelling) and elopement from the area. The level of aggression and/or inappropriate behaviors resulted in frequent moves and changes in community provider agencies. Upon admission to the present facility, the dose of ziprasidone (for mood lability) was 240 mg daily. The dose was reduced to 180 mg daily the following month. Three months following admission, overall adjustment to the new milieu and structured program was going well. However, daily problems with inappropriate comments toward and attempts to touch female staff were reported. The physical aggression, particularly directed at women and characterized by inappropriate touching and grabbing areas of the torso, led to the change of his diagnoses to intermittent explosive disorder and frotteurism (DSM-IV criteria). Impulsive, opportunistic sexual behaviors responded well to the structured environment of the facility and verbal redirection by staff. Hypersexuality associated with bipolar disorder was ruled out because no affective symptoms were present. Approximately 16 months following admission, it was determined that ziprasidone was not effectively addressing mood lability. Tapering to discontinuation was initiated. Rates for inappropriate sexual behavior averaged 2–3 episodes per month prior to discontinuation but markedly increased to 21 episodes the following month. In addition to increased frequency, the severity also markedly increased and included attempts to use extreme force toward female staff. Marked irritability was also apparent. Two months following ziprasidone discontinuation, citalopram was initiated at 20 mg daily to help with sexual aggression. Rates improved: 8 episodes of sexual aggression were reported that month, 4 the following month, and 6 by the third month of citalopram use. Episodes were limited to inappropriate verbal comments and responded to redirection. Ziprasidone is an atypical antipsychotic with high binding affinity for dopamine, serotonin, and a1-adrenergic receptors.3 The affinity for ziprasidone binding to serotonin receptors is higher than at the dopamine sites.4 Binding at these receptors may produce behavioral effects similar to those produced by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Loss of the serotonergic effects of ziprasidone may represent an unrecognized contributing factor to sexual aggression in this patient that emerged following discontinuation. The authors encourage clinicians evaluating patients with intellectual impairments to consider changes in receptor occupancy a contributing cause if identified problematic behaviors reemerge or new aberrant behaviors present.