Invariant Speed Research Articles

The cosmological constant and energy quantization in hydrogen atom in light of a doubly special relativity with a minimum speed

We show the existence of an invariant minimum speed in space–time as a new fundamental constant of nature by forming the basis of a doubly special relativity so-called Symmetrical Special Relativity (SSR). Such an observer-independent minimum speed emerges from the Dirac’s Large Number Hypothesis (LNH), which leads us to build SSR-theory. This allows us to understand that the hydrogen atom represents the most stable bound state in the universe as being a fundamental structure in space–time with two speed limits, i.e., the speed of light c and a minimum speed V. So the symmetry in space–time given by an invariant minimum speed, which has origin in the electrical and gravitational bound states in hydrogen atom is able to provide a deeper understanding of the proton–electron mass ratio. We investigate how the minimum speed plays a fundamental role in the quantization of energy in hydrogen atom. The minimum speed V is related to a preferred background frame (ultra-referential SV) represented by the surface of a dark cone forbidden to the world line of any particle. It is related to the vacuum energy that leads to the cosmological constant. An investigation of SSR is done and a hypothetical experiment of Bose–Einstein condensation is proposed to detect the minimum speed as a possible Lorentz violation at very low energies.

Cosmic gravitational background waves in the scenario of a deformed relativity with an invariant minimum speed

Cosmic gravitational background waves in the scenario of a deformed relativity with an invariant minimum speed

Lorentz Transformation and time dilatation

We consider two inertial frames S and and suppose that frame moves, for simplicity, in a single direction: the X -direction of frame S with a constant velocity v as measured in frame S. Using homogeneity of space and time we derive a modified Lorentz Transformation (LT) between two inertial reference frames without using the second postulate of Einstein, i.e., we do not assume the invariant speed of light (in vacuum) under LT. Roughly speaking we suppose: (H) Any clock which is at rest in its frame measures a small increment of time by some factor s=s(v). As a corollary of relativity theory (H) holds with Lorentz factor 1/γ. For s=1 we get the Galilean transformation of Newtonian physics, which assumes an absolute space and time. We also consider the relation between absolute space and Special Relativity Theory, thereafter STR. It seems here that we need a physical explanation for (H). We introduce Postulate 3. The two-way speed of light in and -directions are c and outline derivation of (LT) in this setting. Note that Postulate 3 is a weaker assumption than Einstein's second postulate.

A Pilot Wave Model of the Invariant Speed of Light and Apparent Time Dilation

A Pilot Wave Model of the Invariant Speed of Light and Apparent Time Dilation

EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF ELECTROMECHANICAL CONVERSION SYSTEMS OF WIND TURBINES WITH AERODYNAMIC MULTIPLICATION

In this article, we have considered the state of development of high-power horizontal wind turbines. The most common wind turbines for operation with variable wind flow speed usually include a frequency converter to ensure the compatibility of generator with network. It leads to decrease in the efficiency of wind energy conversion system, while the use of direct connection of the generator to the axis of wind wheel leads to a significant increase in the weight and cost of the generator. The wind turbine with aerodynamic multiplication is an alternative to such systems. Its prototype with 750 kW power is manufactured and studied in Ukraine. This wind energy conversion system with the synchronous or induction generators offers the property to generate energy under optimal condition with invariable rotational speed of generator rotor within the wide range of variable speed of wind flow. In this case, it is not necessary to apply the frequency converter that contributes to increasing the efficiency and reducing the cost of wind turbine. As shown, the relative performances of mass, cost and efficiency of generators in proposed system comparatively to conventional one depend on the multiplication factor (i.e. ratio of the rotational speeds of wind turbine and generator). When the power of wind turbines is from 750 to 2500 kW, the multiplication factor is within the limits of 10.72 to 4.75. The theoretical and experimental study shows that the wind turbines with aerodynamic multiplication can be competitive as compared to conventional horizontal wind turbines. This article is aimed to comparative analysis of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the equipment used in high-power horizontal wind turbines with direct connection of generators to the axis of wind turbine and in wind turbines with aerodynamic multiplication. References 27, tables 1, figures 6.

The Truth of the Experiments of Invariable Speed of Light in Special Relativity

It is pointed out that the most experiments on the invariant speed of light in special relativity proves the round-trip invariant speed of light, not one-way invariant. This paper makes a distinction between them. The Michelson-Morley experiment and the experiment of high-energy particles emitting photons and so on are the round-trip experiment of light’s speed, showing that the average speed of light is a constant. But the Sagnac effect experiment, the Michelson-Gale's experiment that the earth's rotation effects the speed of light, and the satellite signal propagation between China and Japan are the one-way experiments of light’s speed, showing that the speed of light is variable, satisfying the Galilean velocity addition rule. The orbit shape changes of binary stars and the phenomenon of charm stars cannot be observed due to that the calculated observing directions are different from the practical observing direction for the observers on the Earth. The Fizeau water flow experiment and the Sagnac experiment are combined to prove that the rotation of optical fiber would affects the speed of light. The problem that the Sagnac effect is independent of the refractive index of optical fiber is explained well. It is proved that the Sagnac effect formula derived from special relativity is consistent with that derived from classical mechanics when the optical fiber’s refractive index . When , there is no the Sagnac effect according to special relativity. While according to classical mechanics, there is the Sagnac effect. The original experiment of Sagnac effect in 1913 was carried out in atmosphere with . Therefore, the original Sagnac experiment became a judgment experiment. It certainly jugated that the velocity of light satisfied the Galilean addition rule rather than the Lorentz transformation formula.

A Re-understanding of the Zero Result of the Michelson-Morley Experiment

As well-known that in order to explain the zero result of the Michelson-Morley experiments (M-M experiments), Lorentz proposed the Lorentz formula of coordinate transformation and led to the birth of Einstein's special relativity. The authors carefully re-examine the M-M experiment and find a serious problem. The premise of the M-M experimental calculations was that the light source was fixed on the absolutely stationary reference frame of the universe (or the ether stationary reference frame). However, in the actual experiments, the light source was fixed on the earth motion reference frame, moving and rotating with the interferometers, which lead to the invalid calculation result of the M-M experiment. In this paper, the correct calculation method is used to prove that the zero result of the M-M experiment can be well explained by using the Galilean relativity principle and the Galilean velocity addition rule. Therefore, the most important experimental foundation of special relativity does not exist. The Lorentz coordinate transformation formulas become unnecessary, and the principles of special relativity and the invariant speed of light are unnecessary too. The experimental tests of special relativity are also discussed briefly. It points out that these experiments are either wrong or have other explanations, and the explanations of special relativity are not unique ones. Physics should give up the Lorentz transformation formula and the Einstein's special relativity completely, introduce the cosmic absolute stationary reference frame, and establish the kinetic theory based on the mass-velocity formula which should be considered as an empirical formula, to solve the fundamental problems in astrophysics and cosmology thoroughly.

Influence of Friction Stir Welding Process on the Mechanical Characteristics of the Hybrid Joints AA2198-T8 to AA2024-T3

The study presents the hybrid joining of the third generation AA2198-T8 aluminum lithium alloy to AA2024-T3 aluminum copper alloy, which has been highly demanded recently in the aerospace industry. This investigation aims to reduce the cost of production in the industrial sector. As a result, an affordable alternative is to use hybrid designs using AA2198-T8 alloy in crucial parts and AA2024-T3 alloy in the rest of the structure. A joining method is required to create hybrid structures composed of last-generation and standard aluminum alloys. The joining process was successfully friction stir-welded using five different welding travel speeds—36, 76, 102, 146, and 216 mm/min—with an invariable spindle speed of 960 rev/min. Two reversed steps, double-sided friction stir welding (DS-FSW) and single-sided friction stir welding (SS-FSW) techniques with two appropriate tool designs, were employed to investigate the dissimilar material mechanical properties and their morphological changes. The experimental outcomes show that DS-FSW of the reversed steps has a higher joining strength than SS-FSW for all the welding parameters studied. The variation in travel speeds provided the highest strength at 102 mm/min travel welding speeds for DS-FSW. Therefore, it is found that, from the three tensile samples, tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation of the joint were 407.1 MPa, 271.2 MPa, and 9.5%, respectively. The joint efficiency reached 87% compared with the base material tensile strength of AA2024-T3. Furthermore, fractures of the tensile samples were found in the vicinity of the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) of the AA2198-T8 side. The microhardness and morphology results correspondingly have precise predictions for the fracture zone of the joints in this research examination.

Dualistic relativity: Unification of Einstein’s Special Relativity and de Broglie’s Matter–Wave Theory

In Hawking’s view physics has been broken up into many partial theories, while the ultimate goal of physicists is to unify them. The two basic theories of 20th-century physics, relativity theory and quantum theory, are based on completely different logical prerequisites and exactly separate: matter is described as particles in relativity theory and as waves in quantum mechanics. Here, based on the identical logical prerequisites, we unify Einstein’s special relativity (SR) and de Broglie’s matter-wave theory (MWT) into the theory of dualistic relativity (DR), taking a significant step toward the unification of relativity and quantum mechanics. From the definition of time, we derive the Lorentz transformation in differential form and establish the theory of DR, which generalizes the wave-particle duality of matter motion, and uniformly derives Einstein’s formula E=mc2, Planck’s equation E=hf, and de Broglie’s relation λ=h/p. From the logical prerequisite completely different from Einstein’s hypothesis of the invariance of light speed and along the logical path completely different from Einstein’s SR, we have deduced the whole theoretical system of Einstein’s SR and de Broglie’s MWT. In the theory of DR, the two great formulae originally separated, Einstein’s formula E=mc2 and Planck’s equation E=hf, become a pair of twin formulae unified in an identical theoretical system.

Deformed special relativity with an invariant minimum speed as an explanation of the cosmological constant

This paper shows the need of the emergence of a universal minimum speed in the space-time by means of a more thorough investigation of Dirac's large number hypothesis (LNH). We will realize that there should be a minimum speed $V$ with the same status of the invariance of the speed of light $c$, however $V$ has gravitational origin. Hence, such a minimum speed forms a new kinematic basis in the space-time, thus leading to a new Deformed Special Relativity (DSR) for the quantum world so-called Symmetrical Special Relativity (SSR). Furthermore, we will show that such a new structure of space-time (SSR) reveals a connection between $V$ and a preferred reference frame $S_V$ of background field that leads to the cosmological constant $\Lambda$, which can be associated with a cosmological anti-gravity. We will also investigate the effect of the number of baryons $N$ (Eddington number) of the observable universe on the Hydrogen atom. Finally, we will show that SSR-metric plays the role of a de-Sitter (dS)-metric with a positive cosmological constant, which could assume a tiny value.

Research on the rotor speed and aerodynamic characteristics of a dynamic yawing wind turbine with a short-time uniform wind direction variation

Dynamic yawing caused by wind direction variation is an important operating case for wind turbines. Because experimental data are lacking, existing studies assume that the rotor speed and pitch angle are constant, which cannot reflect the actual working states of wind turbines in the short-time variation of the wind direction. In this study, the rotor speed and power characteristics of wind turbine with the condition of variable wind direction were obtained through experiments. Using the experimental time-varying rotor speed curve, the aerodynamic characteristics were further studied using computational fluid dynamics method. The results showed that the rotor speed decreased due to the short-term wind direction variation. The final rotor speed and the stable time were related to the initial tip speed ratio and the wind direction variation rate, respectively. The dynamic yawing with the assumption of invariable rotor speed overestimated the average torque and underestimated the variation of torque. The continuous decreasing rotor speed made the angle of attack and its fluctuation degree larger. This caused a wide range of the flow separation for the whole blade and large fluctuation of the axial/tangential force load, and it doubled the fluctuation frequency of the aerodynamic load in the blade root region.

Hopf bifurcation and Bautin bifurcation in a prey–predator model with prey’s fear cost and variable predator search speed

This paper considers an extended predator–prey model, in which the fear of predators reduces prey reproduction and the search speed of predators depends on prey density. First, our mathematical analysis shows that high levels of fear can stabilize the coexistence steady state, while low levels would result in periodic oscillation. Comparing to the model ignoring fear where supercritical bifurcation occurs, Hopf bifurcation in our model can be both supercritical and subcritical, which leads to bi-stability and two limit cycles. Second, our analysis demonstrates that a relatively small search speed of predators can promote stability of the coexistence steady state, while a large speed would lead to periodic oscillation. Comparing to the model with invariant search speed where Hopf bifurcation takes place, Bautin bifurcation occurs in our model, which results in tri-stability and three limit cycles. While the paradox of enrichment always takes place in the Holling-type II predation model, it does not occur here when the search speed is small. Even when the speed is large, the prey species can adapt by enhancing their fear level and stabilize the system effectively. Third, our analysis shows that enhancing prey’s sensitivity to predation risk or slowing the predator search speed, can stabilize the coexistence steady state, while a low sensitivity and a high speed will lead to periodic oscillation. Numerical simulations confirm and extend our results.

Effect of Welding Speed on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded 2198 Al-Cu-Li Alloy Joints.

In the present study, 2198 Al-Cu-Li alloys were successfully friction stir welded by using various welding speed ranges of 90~180 mm/min with an invariable rotation speed of 950 r/min. The effect of welding speed on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the joints was investigated. The results show that, with the welding speed decreasing, the size of the nugget zone (NZ) first increases and then decreases due to different welding temperatures. At a welding speed of 150 mm/min, the size of the NZ in all joints is the biggest and the “S” curve disappears. The equiaxed grains are finer, attributed to a higher degree of dynamic recrystallization, and a larger number of fine reprecipitated phase (δ’, β’ phases) particles are dispersively distributed in the NZ. Correspondingly, the joints have the highest tensile properties, and the tensile strength, yield strength and elongation are, respectively, 406 MPa, 289 MPa and 7.2%. However, compared to the base material, the tensile properties of all joints are reduced because a greater amount of δ’ and β’ phases particles are dissolved in the NZ. Only the joints produced at 150 mm/min are fractured in the TMAZ with detected deep dimples and tearing ridges, and a significant necking phenomenon is observed, which indicates a complete ductile fracture mode.

Shi-Tomasi corner detector for cattle identification from muzzle print image pattern

Since the last decade, researchers have been using image processing and machine learning to automatically analyse and identify patterns from images without any human intervention. Machine learning tools entail image classification and an efficient feature detection algorithm in the field of computer vision systems. There are various state-of-the-art feature detectors and descriptors available for an image recognition task in image processing and computer vision. In this article, the Shi-Tomasi corner detector has been explored for cattle identification. Two feature descriptors namely, Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) and Speed up Robust Features (SURF) are considered for extracting the features from the digital images. A linear dimensionality reduction algorithm to make computation faster, reduces the size of features in all cases. For classification, three classification techniques namely, Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP), Random Forest, and Decision tree are considered. For the experimental work, a dataset consists of 930 cattle muzzle point image patterns of distinct 4 breeds. A combination of Shi-Tomasi, SURF, and SIFT are implemented to achieve a recognition accuracy of 69.32%, 74.88%, and 79.60% with MLP classifier, Decision Tree classifier, and Random Forest classifier, respectively. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated based on the classifier-wise recognition accuracy, false-positive rate, true positive rate, and area under curve. Finally, the accuracy is improved by applying an ensemble method (adaptive boosting). The proposed system has reported an improved recognition accuracy of 83.35% by applying Bootstrapping Aggregation methodology along with Random Forest classifier and a combination of Shi-Tomasi, SURF, and SIFT features descriptor.

The Relationship Between Time and Space

The relationship between time and space has been studied by people for a long time. Although it is still in a development stage, it is necessary to be researched. This paper aims to introduce the space-time relationship from classical physics to modern physics. Subsequently, the author analyses Galilean transformation and its limitations to lead naturally to Lorentz transformation. After that, the special relativity is shown by giving some examples. Special relativity is based on two postulates, including the Principle of Relativity and the Principle of Invariant Light Speed. Mickelson-Morley experiment and mass-energy equivalence can explain the Principle of Invariant Light Speed well. The paper then introduces intuitively Minkowski spacetime, which can help readers understand four-dimensional spacetime as well. In addition, the distinctions of different dimensional spaces will be mentioned. The essay also discusses the general relativity that time is also affected by gravity and the principle of equivalence, but it’s really only a quick cheat-sheet summary. Finally, this paper points out the possibility of reaching the speed of light, and if it can be achieved, spacetime will be changed so that lots of unbelievable consequences will come one after another. The article draws a conclusion that time and space are like a whole, one change makes all change.

Modification of Gravitational Field Equation due to Invariance of Light Speed and New System of Universe Evolution

We make a systematic examination of the basic theory of general relativity and reemphasize the meaning of coordinates. Firstly, we prove that Einsteinʼs gravitational field equation has the light speed invariant solution and black holes are not an inevitable prediction of general relativity. Second, we show that the coupling coefficient of the gravitational field equation is not unique and can be modified as 4 π G to replace the previous − 8 π G , distinguish gravitational mass from the inertial mass, and prove that dark matter and dark energy are not certain existence and the expansion and contraction of the universe are proven cyclic, and a new distance-redshift relation which is more practical is derived. After that, we show that galaxies and celestial bodies are formed by gradual growth rather than by the accumulation of existing matter and prove that new matter is generating gradually in the interior of celestial bodies. For example, the radius of the Earth increases by 0.5 mm every year, and its mass increases by 1.2 trillion tons. A more reasonable derivation of the precession of planetary orbits is given, and the evolution equation of planetary orbits in the expanding space-time is also given. In a word, an alive universe unfolds in front of readers and the current cosmological difficulties are given new interpretations.

A Tentative Viewpoint on Presupposition of Invariance of Light Speed

A Tentative Viewpoint on Presupposition of Invariance of Light Speed

Fast Scale Invariant Tracker and Re-identification for First-Person Social Videos

ABSTRACT We address the problem of pedestrian tracking in videos of crowded scene which are captured by first-person viewpoint. The constant motion of camera and pedestrian makes this task challenging. The prime challenges are natural head motion of wearer and target loss and reappearance in a later frame, due to frequent changes in field of view. We propose that the use of first-person vision specific optical flow information and also the modification in the update process along with search region of trackers are useful to identify a lost target in a later frame. This process is termed re-identification in this paper. The specific trackers modified are MEEM and STRUCK. In addition to re-identification we achieve scale invariant tracking (upto scale variation) and speed up by a factor of 2. We name our tracker as EgoTracker, since it utilizes the information which is specific to egocentric vision.

Possible solution of Abraham–Minkowski controversy by generalizing the principle of invariance of light speed

Abraham–Minkowski controversy has been discussed from both classical and quantum levels. Here, we shall show that, assuming to generalize the principle of invariance of light speed from vacuum to lossless linear isotropic homogeneous media (LLIHM), a new type of covariant formulations of classical electrodynamics for LLIHM may be derived, which are similar to that for vacuum, and thus, Minkowski form of electromagnetic wave momentum density is obtained from a diagonally symmetric energy–momentum tensor. On the other hand, the momentum–energy relation is modified due to generalization of principle of invariance of light speed, and then, only the Minkowski momentum is obtained by applying wave–particle duality of a photon. Our work reveals close relationship between the principle of invariance of light speed and the Abraham–Minkowski controversy, which may be helpful to deeply understand Abraham–Minkowski controversy.

Lorentz violation with an invariant minimum speed as foundation of the Gravitational Bose Einstein Condensate of a Dark Energy Star

We aim to search for the connection between the spacetime with an invariant minimum speed so-called Symmetrical Special Relativity (SSR) with Lorentz violation and the Gravitational Bose Einstein Condensate (GBEC) as the central core of a star of gravitational vacuum (gravastar), where one normally introduces a cosmological constant for representing an anti-gravity. This usual model of gravastar with an equation of state (EOS) for vacuum energy inside the core will be generalized for many modes of vacuum (dark energy star) in order to circumvent the embarrassment generated by the horizon singularity as the final stage of a gravitational collapse. In the place of the problem of a singularity of an event horizon, we introduce a phase transition between gravity and anti-gravity before reaching the Schwarzschild (divergent) radius $R_S$ for a given coexistence radius $R_{coexistence}$ slightly larger than $R_S$ and slightly smaller than the core radius $R_{core}$ of GBEC, where the metric of the repulsive sector (core of GBEC) would diverge for $r=R_{core}$, so that for such a given radius of phase coexistence $R_S<R_{coexistence} <R_{core}$, both divergences at $R_S$ of Schwarzschild metric and at $R_{core}$ of the repulsive core are eliminated, thus preventing the formation of the event horizon. So the causal structure of SSR helps us to elucidate such puzzle of singularity of event horizon by also providing a quantum interpretation for GBEC and thus by explaining the origin of a strong anisotropy due to the minimum speed that leads to the phase transition gravity/anti-gravity during the collapse of the star. Furthermore, due to the absence of an event horizon of black hole (BH) where any signal cannot propagate, the new collapsed structure presents a signal propagation in its region of coexistence of phases where the coexistence metric does not diverge.