Invalid Procedure Research Articles

The Correction of the Invalidity of the Civil Trials Procedures in Jordanian and Egyptian Legislation: The Modern Judicial Trends

The research deals with correcting the invalidity of procedures in the Jordanian Civil Procedures Law and the Egyptian Civil and Commercial Procedures Law. It highlights the status of the procedural invalidity and the mechanism of its correction. These conditions must be met to correct the procedural invalidity and the period specified by the Jordan and Egypt legislator to correct the invalid procedure. The study concluded several findings and recommendations, the most important of which is that the Jordanian legislator did not specify a period for correcting the invalid procedure and did not explicitly grant this right to the court in determining the period of correction, just as the Egyptian legislator did by granting the court the authority to specify the period for correction, and that the invalid procedure may be corrected, even if it pertains to the general system, as long as this correction has been made within the specified time.

Implications of direct conversions of crystal field parameters into zero-field splitting ones - Case study: Superposition model analysis for Cr3+ ions at orthorhombic sites in LiKSO4

Superposition model (SPM) is applied to zero field splitting (ZFS) parameters (ZFSPs) and independently to crystal field parameters (CFPs). The previous SPM/CF modeling (valid but based on early structural data) and subsequent ZFSP calculations (physically invalid) for Cr3+ ions in LiKSO4 are revisited and extended. Implications of invalid conversions of CFPs to ZFSPs, arising from mixing up the CF and ZFS quantities, are exposed. This invalid procedure based on the CF = ZFS confusion is avoided by independent SPM/ZFS modeling for Cr3+:LiKSO4 utilizing more recent structural data. Two substitutional sites, K+ and Li+, for Cr3+ ion entering LiKSO4 crystal and several distortion models are considered. The predicted ZFSPs match well experimental EMR ones. Orthorhombic standardization of ZFSPs and maximum rhombicity ratio are discussed. SPM-calculated CFPs are used as input for CF analysis package to obtain Hada optical energy bands for Cr3+ in LiKSO4. Microscopic spin Hamiltonian theory of ZFSPs in conjunction with SPM/ZFS and SPM/CF approaches enable to consider correlation of optical and EMR spectroscopy data. Overall results indicate that Cr3+ ions enter LiKSO4 lattice at K+ sites.

Isoconversional Analysis of Calorimetric Data on Nonisothermal Crystallization of a Polymer Melt

The activation energy, E, of nonisothermal crystallization of polymer melts has been frequently evaluated by the Kissinger equation with positive rates of temperature variation, β. It is demonstrated that reversing the sign for β is a mathematically invalid procedure that generally invalidates the Kissinger method. As an alternative we propose the advanced isoconversional method that can be used for evaluating the effective activation energy of nonisothermal crystallization of the polymer melts. The application of this method to calorimetric data on crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) yields an activation energy that increases with the extent of crystallization from −270 to +20 kJ mol-1. It is demonstrated that this variation is consistent with data on isothermal crystallization of the PET melts and can be interpreted in terms of the accepted crystallization models.

Is functional gain really functional?

Is functional gain really functional?

Is the Kissinger Equation Applicable to the Processes that Occur on Cooling

The activation energy, E, of nonisothermal crystallization of polymer melts has been frequently evaluated by the Kissinger equation with positive rates of temperature variation, β. It is demonstrated that dropping the negative sigh for β is a mathemstically invalid procedure that generally makes the Kissinger equation inapplicable to the processes that occur on cooling. Simulations and an experimental example demonstrate that the use of this invalid procedure may result in erroneous values of E. Alternative methods of estimating the correct E values are suggested.

Hotelling's T2 vs. the Rank Transform With Real Likert Data

Monte Carlo research has demonstrated that there are many applications of the rank transformation that result in an invalid procedure. Examples include the two dependent samples, the factorial analysis of variance, and the factorial analysis of covariance layouts. However, the rank transformation has been shown to be a valid and powerful test in the two independent samples layout. This study demonstrates that the rank transformation is also a robust and powerful alternative to the Hotellings T2 test when the data are on a Likert scale.

Science and the mismanagement of rapists and paedophiles

Data once accepted in the scientific literature tend to resist evidence demonstrating that they are incorrect and continue to be accepted. In relation to rapists and paedophiles this has resulted in their continuing to be individually assessed by the invalid procedure of penile circumference plethysmography and to be treated by procedures which aim to modify their sexual preferences despite evidence that such modification is not possible. Relapse prevention continues to be the currently most widely accepted treatment, despite the only well‐controlled evaluation demonstrating it to be ineffective if not harmful.

Constant bed-length folding: three-dimensional geometrical implications

The folding of a sheet without stretching of lines within it is referred to, in the language of differential geometry, as an isometric bending. As can be readily verified by flexing sheets of paper, the no-stretch condition imposes important restrictions on the curvature changes which points on the sheet can undergo during folding. These constraints are embodied in Gauss's Theorema Egregium which states that “the total curvature (equal to the product of the two principal curvatures) at any point remains invariant under isometric bendings”. It follows from this theorem that there is a limited range of folded geometries that an initially planar non-stretching sheet can adopt. These developable surfaces, which include cylindrical and conical folds, have the property that points of equal dip and strike of the surface are arranged in straight lines. This property allows a simple check to be made of the validity of the constant bed-length assumption in the case of natural fold structures. For any fold represented by structure contours, points of equal strike on the structure are linked by isotrend lines which will be straight if the structure is developable. Curved isotrend lines indicate that the structure has a geometry incompatible with the constant bed-length model. The patterns of isotrend lines constructed for a fold help to indicate parts of the structure where layer stretching or faulting is likely. On the other hand, patterns consisting of straight isotrend lines can be used for the prediction of the structure in adjacent areas. Isotrend analyses to date suggest that bed-length balancing of cross-sections is generally an invalid procedure.

Chemical systematics among the Moldavite Tektites: Reply to W. von Engelhardt

This paper provides clarification and additional information to justify a previously submitted paper on two-component mixing in tektites. The paper is based on plots of concentration ratios of four components in a sample of analyses which can be interpreted as binary mixture hyperbolas. The paper provides rebuttal to a previous paper which stated this was an invalid procedure unless the mutual linear correlations exist between all components of the sample.

Confidence Intervals for the Abbott’s Formula Correction of Bioassay Data for Control Response

Abbott’s formula may be used to correct bioassay data for control response and has become a standard in bioassay evaluation. Although Abbott’s formula provides an estimate of pˉcorr (the mean bioassay treatment response corrected for control response), it does not provide a measure of associated variance. The current practice of retaining the variance estimate for pˉcorr (the mean bioassay treatment response not corrected for control response) and applying it to pˉcorr is invalid. This invalid procedure results in an exaggeration of the reliability of the estimate of pˉcorr and a confidence interval for pˉcorr that is centered around an inappropriate value. We present a technique to incorporate a correction for control response into the statistical analysis of bioassays conducted with only a single or small number of treatments, which may be qualitative classes rather than a series of doses. The proposed solution is based upon established techniques for estimating the variance or confidence interval of a ratio of normally distributed variables. The analysis suggests two implications for bioassay experimental design and evaluation: first, the optimal allocation of bioassay replications to control and experimental treatments generally occurs when the number of experimental replications is equal to or slightly greater than the number of control replications, and second, bioassay data should be corrected for control mortality more frequently than is currently recommended. Only if such a correction has negligible effects on both pˉcorr and Var(pˉcorr) can it be safely omitted.

Problems in Estimating Age-Specific Survival Rates from Recovery Data of Birds Ringed as Young

SUMMARY (1) The life table model is frequently employed in the analysis of ringed samples of young in bird populations. The basic model is biologically unrealistic and of little use in making inferences concerning age-specific survival probabilities. (2) This model rests on a number of restrictive assumptions, the failure of which causes serious biases. Several important assumptions are not met with real data and the estimators of age-specific survival are not robust enough to these failures. (3) Five major problems in the use of the life table method are reviewed. Examples are provided to illustrate several of the problems involved in using this method in making inferences about survival rates and its age-specific nature. (4) We conclude that this is an invalid procedure and it should not be used. Furthermore, ringing studies involving only young birds are pointless as regards survival estimation because no valid method exists for estimating age-specific or time-specific survival rates from such data.

On the determination of particle concentrations in multitemperature plasmas

The use of the multitemperature Saha equation (MSE) of Prigogine1 and Patapov2 for calculating particle concentrations in plasmas is shown to be an invalid procedure. Errors greater than one order of magnitude in the electron density in high-pressure argon and nitrogen electric arc plasmas can be easily incurred by using the multitemperature Saha equation. The alternative kinetic method for calculating concentrations is shown to be based on firm concepts. Simpliying procedures and computational techniques for calculating concentrations with the kinetic method are illustrated with examples.

Proverbial Understanding in a Pictorial Context

HONECK, RICHARD P.; SOWRY, BRENDA M.; and VOEGTLE, KATHERINE. Proverbial Understanding in a Pictorial Context. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1978, 49, 327-331. A review of the literature suggests that children cannot understand proverbs until age 12 or so. This conclusion was challenged on the grounds that previous studies have introduced debilitating information processing loads or have required that children verbally interpret the proverbs, an invalid procedure in our opinion. To minimize or eliminate these problems, 7-, 8-, and 9-year-olds' understanding of proverbs was examined by having the subjects compare each proverb against 2 thematic pictures-a nonliteral correct interpretation of the proverb and a foil. The results, which contradict the literature, and a recent review of it, showed consistent above-chance performance across subjects, ages, and proverbs. Apparently, the pictures not only helped reduce task-induced processing loads but also served as a contextual framework -for organizing the common figurative meaning of both picture and proverb.

THE RESOLUTION CORRECTION IN THE SCINTILLATION SPECTROMETRY OF CONTINUOUS X RAYS

The problem of making resolution corrections in the scintillation spectrometry of continuous X rays is discussed. Analytical solutions are given to the integral equation which describes the effect of the statistical spread in pulse height. The practical necessity of making some kind of numerical analysis is pointed out. Difficulties with numerical methods arise from the fact that the observed pulse-height distribution cannot be defined precisely. As a result it is possible in practice only to find smooth "solutions". Additional difficulties arise if the numerical method is based on an invalid analytical procedure. For example matrix inversion is of doubtful value in making the resolution correction because there does not appear to be an inverse kernel for the integral equation in question.