Intrusive Technique Research Articles

Foreign body aspiration through the eyes of a pediatric pulmonologist: Is it possible to reduce the rate of negative rigid bronchoscopies?

Background. Identifying a foreign body aspiration (FBA) still remains a diagnostic difficulty. Moreover, the indications for bronchoscopy in subjects of suspected foreign bodies are not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of pediatric pulmonologists in diagnosing FBA. Methods. This was a retrospective, single-center study on children who underwent rigid bronchoscopy for suspected FBA. Data on the patients were obtained from the medical records. Patients who had foreign bodies (FB) identified during rigid bronchoscopy were classified as FB positive, and those in whom rigid bronchoscopy did not detect FB were defined as FB negative. Demographic data as well as consultation status with a pediatric pulmonologist were compared between these two groups. Furthermore, the patients were categorized into three groups based on their clinical scores that assessed the likelihood of the presence of FB: low risk, moderate risk, and high risk. Results. Out of 474 rigid bronchoscopies, 232 (48.9%) detected FB. Consultation by a pediatric pulmonologist was not requested in 388 (81.8%). Out of these 388 patients, 206 (53%) were negative for FB. In terms of FB detection success, there was no difference between individuals who sought pulmonology consultation and those who did not (58.1% vs. 53.1% respectively, p=0.059). However, when the children were categorized based on their risk levels, the incidence of detecting FB among children in low-risk group was 42% when they received consultation from the pulmonology department, whereas this incidence dropped to 5.6% when pulmonology consultation was not sought (p<0.001). Conclusions. Consulting a pediatric pulmonologist, particularly for low-risk individuals, might reduce the likelihood of performing unnecessary bronchoscopies. Given that rigid bronchoscopy is an intrusive technique, it is crucial to reduce the number of negative bronchoscopies in order to mitigate complications associated with it.

Internet of Things enabled open source assisted real-time blood glucose monitoring framework

Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels is essential for the management of diabetes and the development of appropriate treatment protocols. The conventional blood glucose (BG) testing have an intrusive technique to prick the finger and it can be uncomfortable when it is a regular practice. Intrusive procedures, such as fingerstick testing has negatively influencing patient adherence. Diabetic patients now have an exceptional improvement in their quality of life with the development of cutting-edge sensors and healthcare technologies. intensive care unit (ICU) and pregnant women also have facing challenges including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. The worldwide diabetic rate has incited to develop a wearable and accurate non-invasive blood glucose monitoring system. This research developed an Internet of Things (IoT) - enabled wearable blood glucose monitoring (iGM) system to transform diabetes care and enhance the quality of life. The TTGOT-ESP32 IoT platform with a red and near-infrared (R-NIR) spectral range for blood glucose measurement has integrated into this wearable device. The primary objective of this gadget is to provide optimal comfort for the patients while delivering a smooth monitoring experience. The iGM gadget is 98.82 % accuracy when used after 10 hours of fasting and 98.04 % accuracy after 2 hours of breakfast. The primary objective points of the research were continuous monitoring, decreased risk of infection, and improved quality of life. This research contributes to the evolving field of IoT-based healthcare solutions by streaming real-time glucose values on AWS IoT Core to empower individuals with diabetes to manage their conditions effectively. The iGM Framework has a promising future with the potential to transform diabetes management and healthcare delivery.

Thomson scattering measurements in the krypton plume of a lanthanum hexaboride hollow cathode in a large vacuum test facility

Laser Thomson scattering is a minimally intrusive diagnostic technique for determining electron temperature, density, and bulk velocity in plasma systems. Advances in technology have made possible the application of Thomson scattering to electric propulsion-relevant plasma systems, with reported electron number-density detection limits as low as 1×1016 m−3, and electron temperatures from one-to-tens eV. However, the implementation of laser Thomson scattering in large vacuum testing facilities, wherein electric propulsion devices are tested, remains a challenge. This work presents the implementation of a laser Thomson scattering system in a large vacuum test facility at the Georgia Tech High Power Electric Propulsion Laboratory. The diagnostic was optimized for maximum light-collection efficiency and ease of re-alignment while the facility is at vacuum. The high light-collection efficiency allowed reduced accumulation times to achieve the target detection limit of 1×1017 m−3. The diagnostic is used to measure axial electron property profiles in the near-field plume of a lanthanum hexaboride hollow cathode operating at 25 A on krypton at a background pressure of 1.3×10−6 Torr—Kr. The diagnostic is quantitatively compared to similar systems in the literature. The resulting axial points, collected from 2 to 8 mm downstream of the cathode keeper orifice, are qualitatively and quantitatively compared with simulations and experimental measurements made with electrostatic probes and laser-induced fluorescence. The main quantitative difference between measured values and results is the one to two order of magnitude difference in the peak electron density, being attributed to the relative size and location of the external anode with respect to the cathode keeper.

Characterization of sub-surface structure, using seismic refraction and multi-channel analysis of surface waves methods in Ajere Ekori Yakurr LGA of cross river state

The study was to characterize the sub surface at Agere in Ekori, using seismic refraction method, multichannel analysis of surface waves technique and borehole intrusive technique. Data were collected using a 12channel seismograph and other accessories required for seismic refraction data collection. Software called seismicimager was used to examine the data. The primary wave velocity in the first layer varied from 690 m/s at 4.2 m to 96 m/s at 7.3 m. A Vp range of 315 m/s to 484 m/s at a depth of 2 m is present inside the layer and represents the organic soil constituents. A Vp range of 669 m/s to 1756 m/s represents loose sand (dry), loose made ground (rubble), landfill rubbish, disturbed soil, and clay landfill, all within a depth of 2.3 m to 12.1 m. In addition to the borehole intrusive method, multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW) techniques was used to calculate the soil profile based on velocity. The source was a 7 kg sledge hammer, the detectors (receivers) were 24 units of 4.5 Hz geophones, and the recorder was a Terraloc Mark 8 ABEM. Seismicimager software was used for analysis. At Ajere 1 through 6, the MASW test configuration employed 5 m geophone spacing and a source offset distance of 5 m, while at Ajere 7, it used 1 m geophone spacing and a source offset distance of 2 m. Near the boreholes, all of the MASW test arrays were run. The trustworthy seismic data from Ajere 1 to 6 at depths of 0.7 m to 13.1 m and 4.7 m to 17 m. Based on SPT N values, the results showed that the shear wave velocities had been classified into three layers of soil: very soft, soft, and firm. The velocities below 164 m/s, between 164 and 190, and 190 m/s to 320 m/s were classified as these soil types. In the meantime, a drilling invasive technique based on SPT N value determines changes in the soil layer. Hard material shear wave velocity data was not provided. In conclusion, because of its non-destructive, non-invasive nature and relative speed of evaluation, the MASW technique has the potential to be adapted in soil study to complement intrusive technique.

#3242 OUTCOMES OF THERAPEUTIC PLASMA EXCHANGE: A ONE-YEAR EXPERIENCE IN AN INTERNAL MEDICINE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

Abstract Background and Aims There is uncertainty regarding the best indication, device type, frequency, length of time, kind of replacement fluid, and criteria for ceasing therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) for various disorders. TPE is an intrusive technique that has the potential to save lives, but it also has a risk of unfavorable outcomes and complications, necessitating close supervision by professional teams. In the intensive care unit (ICU), there are three categories of indications for TPE: (1) absolute, well-established, and evidence-based, for which TPE is recognized as first-line therapy; (2) relative; for which TPE is a recognized second-line treatment (alone or in combination) and (3) rescue therapy; for which TPE is used with a limited or theoretical evidence base. The purpose of this study is to continue our evaluation of the outcome of nephrology care in internal medicine ICU regarding bedside membrane therapeutic plasma exchange. Method In the continuity of our previous work in the analysis of the outcome of TPE. From August 2021 to August 2022, 425 membrane plasma exchange sessions were performed on 69 patients in the internal medicine department's ICU-Cairo University Hospitals-Egypt. Results Closely similar to what we found before; the most frequent diagnosis was thrombotic microangiopathies (24 (34.8%) patients) with complete recovery seen in 18/24 patients (75%); followed by systemic vasculitis with pulmonary renal involvement (14 (20.3%) patients) with partial remission was seen in 9/14 patients (64.3%); Guillain-Barré syndrome (13 (18.8%) patients) with complete recovery was seen in 8/13 patients (61.5%); Proliferative Lupus Nephritis with crescents [10 (14.5%) patients] with partial remission in 8/10 patients (80%), and myasthenia gravis [8 (11.6%) patients] with complete recovery in 6/8 patients (75%). Hypotension occurred during 69/425 (16.2%) sessions and hypocalcemia in 8/69 (11.5%) patients during treatment. Infection of vascular access occurred in 4/69 (5.8%) patients. 6/69 (8.7%) patients died during their stay in ICU none during treatment with TPE, all of them were diagnosed to have severe sepsis as a cause of death. Conclusion According to our experience, membrane therapeutic plasma exchange is a successful and secure treatment for a variety of illnesses including thrombotic microangiopathies, systemic vasculitis, myasthenia gravis, proliferative lupus nephritis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. The main reason for death was sepsis.

Engine combustion and emission analysis using optical methods: An overview

Measurements in combustion places important role in design of reciprocating and turbo hot engines. The available methods of combustion analysis of engines have gained much attention and are capable of giving good results in determining the fuel characteristics and engine design optimizations. However, the full understanding of engine combustion can be made through optical image processing in addition to the existing methods. Optical tools are used efficiently to predict the combustion phenomena in internal combustion engine. In order to observe typical regimes of combustion most widely used techniques are Schlieren and shadowgraph. The devices used in optical measurements are high speed CCD camera and Constant Volume Spray Chambers (CVSCs). The analysis is carried to know the spray characteristics at atmospheric and elevated pressure conditions.The luminosity techniques are widely used to capture the combustion flames with high speed camera in optically accessible engines. The present engines have to be redesigned for making optical access for the desired measurements. Several endoscopy techniques are used for combustion visualization. Phase Doppler Interferometer (PDI) is used for the quantitative spray measurements. Particle Image Velocimetry is an intrusive technique which is capable of characterizing instantaneous velocity fields in a fluid flow. This paper presents the works on different optical techniques available and is in use to diagnose the engine combustion especially for reciprocating engines.

Multi-Scale Evaluation of Sleep Quality Based on Motion Signal from Unobtrusive Device.

Sleep disorders are a growing threat nowadays as they are linked to neurological, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The gold standard methodology for sleep study is polysomnography (PSG), an intrusive and onerous technique that can disrupt normal routines. In this perspective, m-Health technologies offer an unobtrusive and rapid solution for home monitoring. We developed a multi-scale method based on motion signal extracted from an unobtrusive device to evaluate sleep behavior. Data used in this study were collected during two different acquisition campaigns by using a Pressure Bed Sensor (PBS). The first one was carried out with 22 subjects for sleep problems, and the second one comprises 11 healthy shift workers. All underwent full PSG and PBS recordings. The algorithm consists of extracting sleep quality and fragmentation indexes correlating to clinical metrics. In particular, the method classifies sleep windows of 1-s of the motion signal into: displacement (DI), quiet sleep (QS), disrupted sleep (DS) and absence from the bed (ABS). QS proved to be positively correlated () to Sleep Efficiency (SE) and DS/DI positively correlated () to the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI). The work proved to be potentially helpful in the early investigation of sleep in the home environment. The minimized intrusiveness of the device together with a low complexity and good performance might provide valuable indications for the home monitoring of sleep disorders and for subjects’ awareness.

Frequency of Contributing Factors behind Parental Refusal for Lumbar Puncture in Children in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Aim: To determine the frequency of contributing factors behind parental refusal for lumbar puncture in children. Study design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and duration of study: Department of Paediatrics, Jinnah Hospital Lahore and Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore from 1st January 2021 to 30th June 2021. Methodology: One hundred and thirty nine parents whose children met the screening requirement were enrolled. Children’s age, sex, parent's educational status and socio-economic position, were recorded. Parents' reasons for refusing lumbar puncture (as defined by operational standards) were recorded. Results: There were 63.3% males and 36.7% females with mean age 4.9±3.02 years. According to contributing factors, 70% of parents thought it is risky while 12% were afraid of the needle, 34% had a terrible experience and 23% didn't want an intrusive technique. Conclusion: The chief factor for parents' discontent with lumbar puncture in their kids was that it’s a hazardous treatment. Most parents are uninformed of the value of lumbar puncture in assessing and treating children, it appears that the higher the parent's awareness leads to more positivity they have in this respect. Keywords: Cerebrospinal fluid, Lumbar puncture, Factors

Oral saliva swab reverse transcription PCR for Covid-19 in the paediatric population

ObjectivesTo evaluate the performance of oral saliva swab (OSS) reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) compared with RT-PCR and antigen rapid diagnostic test (Ag-RDT) on nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) for SARS-CoV-2 in children.DesignCross-sectional...

Markerless Gait Classification Employing 3D IR-UWB Physiological Motion Sensing

Human gait refers to the propulsion achieved by the effort of human limbs, a reflex progression resulting from the rhythmic reciprocal bursts of flexor and extensor activity. Several quantitative models are followed by health professionals to diagnose gait abnormality. Marker-based gait quantification is considered a gold standard by the research and health communities. It reconstructs motion in 3D and provides parameters to measure gait. But, it is an expensive and intrusive technique, limited to soft tissue artefact, prone to incorrect marker positioning, and skin sensitivity problems. Hence, markerless, swiftly deployable, non-intrusive, camera-less prototypes would be a game changing possibility, and an example is proposed here. This paper illustrates a 3D gait motion analyser employing impulse radio ultra-wide band (IR-UWB) wireless technology. The prototype can measure 3D motion and determine quantitative parameters considering anatomical reference planes. Knee angles have been calculated from the gait by applying vector algebra. Simultaneously, the model has been corroborated with the popular markerless camera based 3D motion capturing system, the Kinect sensor. Bland and Altman (B&A) statistics has been applied to the proposed prototype and Kinect sensor results to verify the measurement agreement. Finally, the proposed prototype has been incorporated with popular supervised machine learning such as, <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -nearest neighbour ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$kNN$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ), support vector machine (SVM) and the deep learning technique deep neural multilayer perceptron (DMLP) network to automatically recognize gait abnormalities, with promising results presented.

Comparative study for central corneal thickness with ORB-SCAN, lenstar and USG for corneal treatment

This study is led to decide the relationship between&#39;s U.S.G Pachymetry, ORBSCAN Pachymetry and LENSTAR Pachymetry. Cornea is the straightforward piece of the eye that covers the front piece of the eye. it covers the understudy (the opening at the focal point of the eye) Iris (the hued piece of the eye), and foremost chamber (the liquid - filled within the eye) The cornea fundamental capacity is to refract or twist, light. The straightforward cornea contains one 6th of the foremost eyeball. Corneal thickness is vital if there should be an occurrence of Refractive Surgery. If patient having extremely less corneal thickness He/She can’t go through refractive surgery. Deciding treatment methodology as P.R.K and S.B.K The corneal thickness assumes a significant part in the event of Glaucoma. We all realize that a thick cornea gives misleading high perusing of IOP, and strangely slim cornea gives bogus low perusing of IOP. In that condition we want to apply amendment factor in the wake of estimating the IOP. Hence it is exceptionally essential that the patient is having high IOP on account of thick cornea or it is huge. Alongside these circumstances corneal thickness is significant if there should arise an occurrence of any corneal transfer. Penetrating keratoplasty Descemets endothelial stripling keratoplasty Deep front lamellar keratoplasty Collagen cross connecting As made sense of over that we have intrusive and harmless technique to quantify corneal thickness. Non-obtrusive strategies are demonstrated in pre lasik assessment orbscan gives total corneal planning including corneal thickness too. To keep away from corneal scraped area we want to do painless examination like orbscan / lenstar. For this concentrate on 160 people groups of the age bunch 19-35 is haphazardly chosen in facilities and Eye camp where this study is directed.

Validation of a novel technique with radioactive implanted ions for material recession rate estimate

Durability tests of thermal protection system (TPS) materials for space vehicles is of paramount importance in developing TPS materials. The limits of the presently used techniques and the need for higher accuracy and precision demand new reliable and more sensitive measurement methods. In this paper we present the validation of a new on-line and non intrusive technique to estimate the TPS material recession rate which exploits the surface layer implantation of radioactive 7Be ions and the measurement of its characteristic γ-rays during the recession test.

Simultaneous measurement of film thickness and wave velocity in liquid-film flow with an optical fiber probe, micro-fabricated by a femtosecond pulse laser

Measuring the wavy motion of the liquid-film interface is necessary for controlling the transportation efficiency of heat and mass transfer. Such a locally and temporally minor perturbation interacts with the flow rate, liquid-film thickness, surface wave velocity, interfacial-/wall-shear stresses, and more. To reveal those interaction, we conducted the present study to develop a new intrusive optical technique for an optical fiber probe micro-fabricated by a femtosecond pulse laser (Fs-TOP) for the direct and simultaneous measurements of the liquid-film thickness and wave velocity. The Fs-TOP is a two-in-one sensor with a single fiber. Its tapered and wedge-shaped 10-μm-dia. tip is one sensor, and another is micro-fabricated in the tip's immediate vicinity. Both sensors detect the surrounding phase, and therefore the time difference of the local phase detection with the sensors is used to accurately calculate the wave velocity with superior spatial resolution. Herein, we fixed the Fs-TOP horizontally to the channel bottom and set the sensing tip point against the gas flow. The results confirmed a basic measurement principle for the time-average thickness of the liquid film and wave velocity, respectively, in verification experiments. In the verification experiment for the thickness measurement, we vertically traversed an installed height of the Fs-TOP and calculated the liquid-film ratio from the output signal at every height. We observed that the installed height equaled the time-average thickness of 0.46 [mm] when the liquid-film ratio as 56%. An analysis using random waves indicated that the de-wetting process of the Fs-TOP caused 3% error of the average thickness. In the wave-velocity measurement experiment, we compared the results obtained with the Fs-TOP with those of a laser-induced fluorescence visualization. The results demonstrated that the Fs-TOP data were in good agreement with those of the visualization within 15% accuracy. We also evaluated the uncertainties in the wave-velocity measurement by performing a 3D ray-tracing simulation of the Fs-TOP.

Influence of the sampling probe on flame temperature, species, residence times and on the interpretation of ion signals of methane/oxygen flames in molecular beam mass spectrometry measurements

Laminar flames are widely used to analyze the fundamentals of combustion processes using molecular beam mass spectrometry. The extraction of a representative sample from a flame by an intrusive sampling technique is challenging because of two main issues. First, the sampling probe itself perturbs the flow and temperature field, affecting the species profiles. These effects need to be characterized by 2-D fluid dynamic simulations to reveal sources of perturbations that are in particular suction and flame cooling. Second, some intermediate species interact with the sampling probe and are removed from the gas sample before analysis. The concentrations of these intermediates in the flames are often low and close to the detection limit. Naturally occurring ions can also be extracted from the flame by molecular beam sampling. Coupled with modern ion optical devices for ion transfer to the mass analyzer very high sensitivity can be reached in the detection of ionic species in flames. Similarities in the shape of measured relative concentration profiles indicate a connection between neutrals and the corresponding protonated molecules by proton transfer reactions. A quantification method of neutral flame species based on signals of the flame-sampled ions is presented and evaluated for the intermediate methanol in methane/oxygen/argon flames. The proposed method is based on equilibrium calculations that depend on temperature. To characterize the sampling process and demonstrate the validity of the quantification approach for ion measurements, the influence of the sampling probe on flame temperature and mole fraction profiles of the main species and the intermediate methanol are investigated by a combined experimental and simulation study. A comparison of the methanol profiles measured by conventional molecular beam sampling and the novel ion sampling technique reveal acceptable agreement. This work shows that if all aspects of sampling are considered as well as possible, the ion sampling technique allows access to kinetic data of neutral intermediates.

To Determine Correlation between Magnitude Of Overbite And Type Of Orthodontic Intrusive Technique Followed For Carrying Out Maxillary Anterior Tooth Intrusion

To Determine Correlation between Magnitude Of Overbite And Type Of Orthodontic Intrusive Technique Followed For Carrying Out Maxillary Anterior Tooth Intrusion

Investigation of the combustion of iron pentacarbonyl and the formation of key intermediates in iron oxide synthesis flames

The information of the gas phase kinetics are relevant for the development of detailed reaction mechanisms as well as for process design and control in flame synthesis. In this study, the decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl and the reaction pathways towards iron oxide clusters and particles in laminar H2/O2/Ar low-pressure synthesis flames are investigated. Gas-phase species are analyzed by photoionization and electron ionization mass spectrometry. The extraction of a representative sample from the particle-laden flow of a synthesis flame by an intrusive sampling technique for the analysis is challenging, because iron-intermediate species can condense easily. Cations can be extracted from the flame with a high efficient ion sampling technique that results in high sensitivity. Iron-containing cations provide evidence of the presence of key intermediates, e.g., Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Fe2O3, and larger Fe-O-clusters which are the dominant intermediates with respect to particle formation and need to be considered in future gas-phase reaction mechanisms.

Weakly intrusive time homogenization technique to deal with pseudo-cyclic coupled thermomechanical problems with uncertainties

This article is dedicated to the analysis of visco-plastic and damageable structures submitted to thermomechanical loadings embedding some uncertain parameters. In particular, complex time evolutions of the loadings are considered, at two different time scales. An homogenized-in-time model is used to provide kind of a surrogate model for damage evolution analysis. Then a stochastic analysis using polynomial chaos expansion with collocation can be performed. Indeed, though this is a non-intrusive approach, it belongs to the category of many-query problems, so the surrogate model allows to reduce the computational cost in order to be affordable. Focus is herein on the complex time evolutions, the considered test case is mono-dimensional, but up to 300 000 cycles are used.

Occupant-based energy upgrades selection for Canadian residential buildings based on field energy data and calibrated simulations

Occupant behavior in residential buildings has a direct impact on the effectiveness of energy-saving measures. In order to realize a buildings’ carbon mitigation targets, the impact of individual occupancy profiles needs to be integrated with building simulation models. This paper introduces a decision support framework as a potential solution to make energy performance upgrade choices based on different occupancy profiles. This framework has been demonstrated through a case study of two single-family detached homes in Canada, which were highly instrumented with sensors for monitoring energy input and output. The case studies represented two common occupancy profiles-(1) a family of four (consisting of 2 working adults and 2 teenagers); and (2) a retired couple. Firstly, calibrated energy models were developed by using one-year energy use data collected through an intrusive load monitoring technique. Secondly, energy upgrade combinations were considered for each profile and tested for additional investment, payback period and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Lastly, the most suitable combination of energy upgrade for each profile was ranked using a multi-criteria decision-making method (e.g., TOPSIS). Results indicated that the retired couple used more energy than the family of four and required energy upgrades with usually higher payback periods to achieve the same level of GHG emission reduction. The results of this research are timely for energy policymaking and developing best management practices, which need to be implemented along with the deployment of more stringent building standards and codes.

Noncontact monitoring of heart rate responses to taste stimuli using a video camera

Pleasant or unpleasant feeling stimulated by taste usually expressed to describe the acceptance or rejection of food and beverages intake by a human. Since it stimulates the emotional reactions, therefore it also induces other response such as heart rate variations. Traditional sensory tools used only subjective measurement such as self-report, to estimate the feeling of tasting. This method sometimes failed to show some differences between the pleasant and unpleasant type of feelings unconsciously. Previous unconscious measurement methods used the intrusive technique by placing some sensors in contact with the body, which may affect the results of sensory analysis. This study was conducted to avoid the effects of using contact sensors and validate the contact-less method of monitoring heart rate due to emotional changes by extracting plethysmographic signal from the green component of the video images. The videos were recorded while the subject responded to pleasant, unpleasant and neutral stimuli. The findings indicated that the heart rate was significantly related to taste stimuli that also reflected the subjective feelings. The unpleasant-taste influenced heart rate to increase more compared to pleasant-taste and neutral-taste. This proposed approach can be used to remotely detect the feeling/emotion that not overtly express through facial expression, speech or gestures.

Sampling and resolution characteristics in reduced order models of shallow water equations: Intrusive vs nonintrusive

SummaryWe investigate the sensitivity of reduced order models (ROMs) to training data spatial resolution as well as sampling rate. In particular, we consider proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), coupled with Galerkin projection (POD‐GP), as an intrusive ROM technique. For nonintrusive ROMs, we consider two frameworks. The first is using dynamic mode decomposition (DMD), and the second is based on artificial neural networks (ANNs). For ANN, we utilized a residual deep neural network, and for DMD we have studied two versions of DMD approaches; one with hard thresholding and the other with sorted bases selection. Also, we highlight the differences between mean subtracting the data (centering) and using the data without mean subtraction. We tested these ROMs using a system of 2D shallow water equations for four different numerical experiments, adopting combinations of sampling rates and spatial resolutions. For these cases, we found that the DMD basis obtained with hard thresholding is sensitive to sampling rate. The sorted DMD algorithm helps to mitigate this problem and yields more stabilized and converging solution. Furthermore, we demonstrate that both DMD approaches without mean subtraction provide significantly more accurate results than DMD with mean subtracting the data. On the other hand, POD is relatively insensitive to sampling rate and yields better representation of the flow field. Meanwhile, spatial resolution has little effect on both POD and DMD performances. Numerical results reveal that an ANN on POD subspace (POD‐ANN) performs remarkably better than POD‐GP and DMD in capturing system dynamics, even with a small number of modes.