Background: Self-awareness is markedly impaired in schizophrenia. This impairment spans awareness of symptoms as well as deficits in the estimation of abilities and capabilities, which is referred to as introspective accuracy (IA). Recent work provides evidence of IA deficits in schizophrenia that are predictive of everyday functioning. Thus, IA deficits are an important target to understand mechanistically. Work from healthy individuals indicates that rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (rlPFC), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), and insula are functionally involved in IA; however, it is currently unclear whether abnormal function of these regions may be a target mechanism through which individuals with schizophrenia show inaccurate IA. Methods: Neural activation was measured using fMRI in 20 healthy controls and 20 individuals with schizophrenia as they completed IA and control versions of both a neurocognitive (i.e., Wisconsin Card Sorting Task) and a social cognitive task (i.e., emotion recognition). For each trial, participants made a required response to demonstrate their level of cognitive or social cognitive performance. A follow-up screen was then presented which differed in the two versions of the task. In the IA version, individuals rated their confidence in the correctness of the previous response on a scale from 1 to 5. In the control version, individuals selected a highlighted number on a scale from 1 to 5. Results: Preliminary analyses revealed greater activation in rlPFC, dACC, and insula during IA relative to control tasks. Inferior frontal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and cuneus also showed greater activation during IA. Of note, rlPFC, dACC, insula, and IFG activations were evident only in healthy controls, whereas MTG and cuneus were present for both healthy controls and patients. Comparison of IA-related neural activity between groups revealed greater activation for controls relative to patients in rlPFC, dACC, and insula during the neurocognitive task. Controls also showed greater activation in bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal cortex, and cuneus. During social cognitive IA, healthy controls showed increased activation in medial prefrontal cortex and insula relative to patients. Conclusion: These results highlight a potential neural mechanism for impaired introspective accuracy in schizophrenia and suggest that domains of IA (e.g., social cognitive vs. neurocognitive) may be subserved by different networks.