Introduction Of Wireless Sensor Networks Research Articles

Application of WSN in Smart Grid: Present and Future Perspectives

Modern life aims at making the world less vulnerable to risk, shortening our workload, saving time, assuring security, and overall making our life more comfortable. These goals may be achieved through the implementation of smart environments that are formed with different sensors employed in the collection of various environmental data. The collaboration of these type of sensors is known as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) that enhances the power generation system and serves smartly. A wide range of studies suggests that WSN is an auspicious nomenclature that possesses the capability of turning the traditional method of electric power generation, distribution, utilization monitoring and measurement, fault tolerance, etc. into a smart one. However, the application of WSN in the smart grid is not a feasible task. Several challenges have to be overcome to introduce WSN effectively in the smart grid. This review begins with an in-depth discussion on the migration from the conventional power grid to a Smart Grid (SG). Then, the introduction of WSN in SG benefits the conventional- SG is discussed followed by the comparative analysis of the security demands, MAC layer protocols, and routing protocols of WSN-based-SG. Finally, the communication technologies, future motives, and intact fields of WSN-based-SG have been discussed in this review.

An Efficient Approach To Civil Structures Health Monitoring Using Fog Computing As Clusters Through 5G Network Environment

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is a process to trace real time information about the physical health of a civil structures at any given point of time. SHM systems can also approximate the life expectancy of the structure. This constant monitoring can help during emergency situations such as earthquakes. The increasing need for SHM is the result of deterioration of several set of structures over time. A proper maintenance plan is beneficial to not just keep the structure in a favorable state throughout its lifecycle, but to additionally minimize the relative costs required by the structures through resource optimization. Various forms of SHM have been implemented over the past three decades like traditional wired systems. Recent development has resulted in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) being designed for the same purpose. Few publications have also included IoT framework along with WSNs. The introduction of WSN has led to easy deployment of SHM compared to the traditional wired network. But WSN's have led to significant challenges. The main challenge that has been focused in this paper is the constraint of power consumption. The power consumption is most critical factor for the sensors deployed in high-rise structures, high density traffic bridges etc., since it is difficult to reach the places to replace the battery drained sensors and also involved high installation cost. This paper proposes a concept of a framework for SHM with FOG computing which hasn't been explored in the field of SHM yet. In this model, the WSN is comprised of a piconet which transmits data through Bluetooth Low energy (LE) and the FOG transmits data to cloud by exploiting 5G network features in order to reduce the power consumption furthermore. Thus, saving power at every level possible in the SHM architecture. It also introduced a head sensor algorithm within clusters which maximizes the lifetime of the WSN. A mathematical model has been developed in support to evaluate how the power of the system can be minimized for the FOG node and cloud servers in accordance with the 5G network environment Experiments have been carried out to validate proposed framework and demonstrate the results.

A Survey Report on Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is the combination of various sensing nodes. WSN is used to produce meaningful information from raw local data collected by each sensor. The characteristics of sensor network create many new and existing application areas for remote sensing. Also now a day there is much application in many field and WSN faces security challenges so I have discussed it with architecture of WSN. With advancement in WSN, small and low cost sensor nodes become available, which have capabilities of wireless communication, sensing various types of environmental conditions and data processing. Now a day, we are living in advance technology environment, which has a great advantage on every person life. Wireless sensor network is one of them which is the collection of nodes organized into a cooperative network and in every node consist of processing capability, and may contains multiple types of memory. In this paper there is review of introduction of Wireless Sensor Network and its application in various fields with security challenges. Also I have discussed various factors that affect the sensor network design. Wireless Sensor Network has tremendous advantages in the worlds which makes every person life much easier and also have various applications.

The Improved Efficiency Network Life-time in TEEN

Abstract In this paper, we’re compared network protocol which is network lifetime longer when using LEACH Protocol, SEP, and TEEN in a heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network with a Large Sensor Area. Also, we propose a method of divided layer the wide-area sensor filed and transmitting a multi-hop to improve the network lifetime. And we’re compared network protocol which is network lifetime more improved apply the proposed method to LEACH Protocol, SEP, and TEEN. We tried to compare results, TEEN showed the best network lifetime. Apply the proposed method to divided the sensor field, L-TEEN (Layered TEEN)’s network lifetime rates of improvement is highest. Keywords: WSN, BSN, WBAN, LEACH, SEP, TEEN, L-LEACH, L-SEP, L-TEEN 1. Introduction Wireless Sensor Network [1, 2, 6] is a network of Sensor Nodes which are consisting of Wireless. One of those utilizing wireless sensor network is a BSN. There are Homogeneous Network and Heterogeneous Network of the Wireless Sensor Network Type. Homogeneous Network is the same amount of energy of all nodes. Heterogeneous Network is nodes have different amounts of energy. According to the characteristics of the Wireless Sensor Network, it has been focused the study of the network lifetime. Various Protocols have been proposed to solve the problem of the network lifetime. It is to take advantage of the Wireless Sensor Network Protocol can improve the energy efficiency during the communication between the wireless device configured BSN. The typical protocol is LEACH Protocol, and continuously to improve and extend the LEACH Protocol. In addition, SEP and TEEN is proposed based on the concept of LEACH Protocol. LEACH Protocol is equally the energy consumption of sensor nodes selected by the Cluster Head random method. But LEACH Protocol does not guarantee to create ideal cluster. SEP is basically a Heterogeneous Network based Protocol and operations similar to LEACH Protocol, but the Normal Node and Advanced Node gives the threshold formula with a different Weighting factor. TEEN also operations similar to

Data collection using miniature aerial vehicles in wireless sensor networks

Energy constraints of sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a major challenge and minimising the overall data transmitted across a network using data aggregation, distributed source coding, and compressive sensing have been proposed as mechanisms for energy saving. Similarly, use of mobile nodes capable of relocating within the network has been widely explored for energy saving. In this study, the authors propose a novel method for using miniature aerial vehicles for data collection instead of actively sensing from a deployed network. The proposed mechanism is referred as data collection fly (DCFly). It is suitable for data collection from WSNs deployed in harsh- undulating terrain with the base station located far from the sensing region. The DCFly is compared with data collection based on multi-hop data aggregation and data collection with mobile sinks. The numerical results justify that the proposed data collection mechanism is effective and efficient for use in WSNs. 1 Introduction Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are deployed in an area to be monitored, referred to in this paper as the sensing region, for diverse applications such as habitat and environmental monitoring, battlefield surveillance, and industrial monitoring. Using active node mobility in the network, overall communication in the network can be reduced and specifically nodes close to the base station (BS) could be prevented from draining out. Various utilities that are possible using active node mobility in the network are: mobile relay, mobile data mule, and mobile BS. Alternatively, in-network data processing mechanisms such as data aggregation, network coding, and compressive sensing could be utilised for minimising the overall communication of the network. These two approaches, that is, node mobility, and in-network processing have been extensively explored individually and independently. This paper presents a mechanism for data collection using a data collection fly (DCFly). The DCFly would aerially collect data from the network. This is the first work that explores the potential of using miniature aerial vehicles (MAVs) for collecting data, collectively involving node mobility and in-network data processing. The underlying framework adopted in this paper has been presented in our preliminary work (1). The remaining paper has been structured as follows: in Section 2, previous work relating to node mobility and in-networking data processing has been presented. Section 3 provides an insight into factors governing optimal number of cluster heads (CHs) and inter-relation with position of BS, data collection operation by the DCFly; these aspects influence the network architecture. The factors governing the DCFly's possible use in the sensing region and the network operational conditions considered for evaluation are presented in Section 4. The DCFly's governing factors formulated as an optimisation problem to determine the feasible operational utility are presented in Section 5. The optimum number of clusters that can be covered by a single DCFly are presented in Section 6, along with the comparative evaluation of the proposed DCFly with a multi-hop data aggregation mechanism (referred as DA mechanism). The DCFly-based data collection is also compared with data collection from the network relying on mobile elements (MEs) in Sections 6.1 and 6.2. Finally, this paper is concluded in Section 7. 2 Related work As stated earlier, the methods for minimising the energy consumption in the network can be broadly categorised into node mobility and in-network data processing-based mechanisms.

Analysis of QOS and Energy Consumption in IEEE 802. 15. 4/ZigBee Wireless Sensor Network

the last few years, Wireless sensor networks have gained worldwide attention from both the research communities and the actual users. It comprises of a large number of extremely small autonomous computing, communication, and sensing devices, with limited energy and computing capabilities which co-operates to accomplish a large sensing task. Wireless sensor network raise some problems like limited energy resources replacement task. Therefore good functions of such networks depend on energies of nodes. In this paper two analytical models which predict the QOS in terms of throughput, jitter, average end-to-end delay and energy consumption have been introduced. These two different formats of nodes are organized as cluster and grid based network and for simulation analysis QualNet 6.1 simulator is used. KeywordsIEEE 802.15.4, Cluster based, Grid based, ZigBee, QualNet 6.1 simulator 1. INTRODUCTIONWireless sensor networks (WSNs) are the most important technologies. It has gained world-wide attention in recent few years. These sensors are small, with limited transmission range, and computing resources. These sensor nodes are battery operated and need to operate without battery replacement for several years. There are two things which are to be reviewed i.e. how to achieve balancing energy drainage across all the nodes and how to achieve high routing efficiency under multihop transmission circumstance. Therefore, for designing such type of networks researchers must focus on both the energy consumption and routing efficiency.

Wireless sensor networks applications in aircraft structural health monitoring

Aircraft industry has to meet a challenge of reducing operational and maintenance costs. One of the possible ways for reducing these costs is the introduction of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). WSNs are already finding a variety of applications for both safety-critical and non-safety critical distributed systems. This paper deals with the application of WSNs for aircraft structural health monitoring. Special attention has been given to the WSNs design issues using available components on the market. A general scheme for aircraft structural health monitoring using MicroStrain components has been proposed.

Detection of Clone Attack in Wsn

One of the most vexing problems in wireless sensor network security is the node Clone attack. In this attack, an adversary breaks into a sensor node, reprograms it, and inserts several copies of the node back into the sensor network. Cloning gives the adversary an easy way to build an army of malicious nodes that can cripple the sensor network. A few distributed solutions to address this fundamental problem have been recently proposed. However, these solutions are not satisfactory. Therefore first, the desirable properties of a distributed mechanism for the detection of node Clone attacks have been analyzed. Second, the known solutions for this problem do not completely meet our requirements. Third, a new self healing, Randomized, Efficient, and Distributed (RED) protocol for the detection of node Clone attacks has been proposed, and it satisfies the intended requirements. Index Terms: clone attack, RED, witness distribution, oblivious, performance, WSN. I. Introduction Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are developing as both a vital new domain in the IT environment and a hot research including system design, networking, distributed algorithms, programming models, data management, security and social components. Wireless sensor networks are rapidly picking up the popularity as they are potentially low cost solutions. The fundamental thought of sensor network is to scatter minor sensing gadgets over a particular geographic zone for some specific purposes like target tracking, surveillance, environmental screening and so on. These tiny devices are equipped for sensing a few progressions of parameters and communicating with different units. A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a remote system comprising of an extensive number of geologically dispersed sensor nodes. These sensor nodes could be effectively conveyed at vital districts easily at a low cost. Sensor nodes collaborate with one another to screen physical or ecological conditions, for example, temperature, sound, picture, vibration, weight, movement or contaminations with the assistance of different sorts of sensors. However, while much consideration is constantly paid to the routing strategies and wireless sensor network modeling, the security issues are yet to receive extensive focus. Essentially the utilization of any effective security conspire in wireless sensor systems is encouraged by the span of sensors, the processing power, memory and kind of functions anticipated from the sensors. Sensor networks are not universally traditional computing devices; subsequently the existing security models and strategies are lacking to run with them. In sensors, the geographic dissemination of the units allows an attacker to physically have control of nodes and study mystery key material, or to capture messages. The hierarchical nature of sensor networks and their route maintenance protocols permit the attacker to confirm where the root node is placed. WSNs are picking up interest in the research community due to their unique qualities. WSNs are very little watched. Consequently it is effectively conceivable for an assaulter to catch a hub physically, altering its code and getting private data like cryptographic keys. Wireless medium is inherently broadcast in nature which makes them vulnerable to attacks. These attacks can disturb the operation of WSN and can even kill the purpose of their deployment. Wireless networks can be recognized of two sorts: infrastructure network and ad-hoc (infrastructure less) network. Infrastructure network is a sort of a network with fixed and wired gateways. A mobile host interacts with a bridge in the network within its communication radius. The mobile unit can mobile geographically while it is communicating. When it goes out of range of one base station, it connects with new base station and starts communicating through it. This phenomenon is termed as handoff. On the other hand, Mobile ad hoc network is an aggregation of wireless mobile nodes in which nodes team up by sending packets for each other to permit them to communicate outside range of direct wireless transmission. Ad hoc networks require no fixed network infrastructure such as base stations or access points, and could be rapidly and economically set up as required.

A Review on Lifetime Enhancement in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks are used to monitor physical or environmental conditions like temperature, pressure, sound etc.Increasing the lifetime of wireless sensor networks is a major challenge because the nodes are equipped with low power battery.Energy efficient routing helps in increasing the lifetime of sensor nodes by maximizing the overall performance of the nodes. Generally in routing algorithm best path is chosen for transmission from source to destination,but if the same path is used for a long period of time for quick transmission time the nodes in the selected path will get drained fast.This paper discusses about the different methods used for increasing the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Index terms: sensor node,wireless sensor networks, routing. I. Introduction Wireless sensor networks are collections of compact size and relatively inexpensive computational nodes that measure local environmental conditions or other parameters and forward such information to the base station for appropriate processing.The basic unit in a sensor network is a sensor node. Wireless sensor networks can sense the environment, communicate with neighbouring nodes and can also perform basic computations on the data being collected.Recent developments in sensor technology and wireless communication have helped in the deployment of large scale wireless sensor networks for a variety of applications including environmental monitoring of habitat,data collection of temperature, pressure, sound ,humidity, light,vibration etc.For such type of applications hundreds or thousands of low cost sensor nodes can be deployed over the area to be monitored.In data gathering sensor network each sensor node must periodically report its sensed data to the sink.

Research on the Wireless Sensor Network Data Fusion Technology

Wireless sensor network ( WSN ) is a kind of energy constrained network, by using data fusion technology, the elimination of redundant data, can save energy, prolong the network life purpose. Data fusion in wireless sensor network can realize different protocol layers, Based on the introduction of wireless sensor network and data fusion related knowledge, prove that the arithmetic mean method is effective, and use OPNET software tool for network simulation, finally, analysis results and conclude, verify effects of the arithmetic average fusion algorithm for wireless sensor network.

Application of wireless sensor networks to aircraft control and health management systems

Use of fly-by-wire technology for aircraft flight controls have resulted in an improved performance and reliability along with achieving reduction in control system weight. Implementation of full authority digital engine control has also resulted in more intelligent, reliable, light-weight aircraft engine control systems. Greater reduction in weight can be achieved by replacing the wire harness with a wireless communication network. The first step towards fly-by-wireless control systems is likely to be the introduction of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). WSNs are already finding a variety of applications for both safety-critical and nonsafety critical distributed systems. Some of the many potential benefits of using WSN for aircraft systems include weight reduction, ease of maintenance and an increased monitoring capability. This paper discusses the application of WSN for several aircraft systems such as distributed aircraft engine control, aircraft flight control, aircraft engine and structural health monitoring systems. A brief description of each system is presented along with a discussion on the technological challenges. Future research directions for application of WSN in aircraft systems are also discussed.

Root Cause Analysis of Congestion in Wireless Sensor Network

ABSTRACT In wireless sensor networks data, which get generated, is not always same; some data may be more important than others and having different priorities. As deployment sizes and data rates grow, congestion becomes a major problem in these networks. The congestion results in arbitrary dropping of data packets that reduce the overall network throughput. In this paper, we discuss the various parameters (root causes of congestion), which help us to avoid and control the congestion in the wireless sensor network. The parameters consider in this paper are input/output flow rate, node density, non-linear or unbalanced distribution of load, processing / service time of node and reliability of network. Categories and Subject Descriptors Wireless Communication General Terms Algorithms, Reliability Keywords Wireless Sensor Network, Congestion control and avoidances. 1. INTRODUCTION Wireless sensor Network consist of small microcontroller fitted with sensors and some means of communication radios. They are distributed over wide area and transmit gathered data to one or many central nodes called as Sink or also know as base station. Wireless sensor network (WSN) is one of the emerging research areas that provide designated services such as disaster prevention, environment monitoring, medical monitoring, habitat monitoring, military surveillance, inventory tracking, intelligent logistics, and health monitoring. These networks deliver numerous types of traffic, from simple periodic reports to unpredictable bursts of messages due to this congestion control in wireless sensor network is very rare event. Congestion occurs in WSN due to i) Radio channel interference, ii) Addition and removal of sensor nodes, iii) Lastly sensed event cause bursts of messages. WSNs have some problems to be overcome, for example energy-conservation congestion control, reliability data dissemination, and security. These problems often involve in one or several layers top-down from application layer to physical layer, and can be studies separately in each corresponding layer, or collaboratively cross each layer. One of the important problem, congestion control may involve in only transport layer, but energy-conservation may be related to physical layer, data link layer, network layer, and high layers. Many researchers recently turn their attentions to transport layer protocols, which are important for reliable data dissemination and energy-conservation for WSNs. Congestion causes many problems when sensors receives more packets than that its buffer space, the excess packets has to be dropped energy consumed by sensor nodes on the packet is wasted. And if further packet has traveled, the more waste is, which in turn diminish the network throughput and reliable data transmissions. Congestion control studies how to recover from congestion. Congestion avoidance studies how to prevent congestion from happening for this we have to monitor the parameters which can helps us to avoid congestion in WSN which is the subject of this paper.The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 lists existing congestion control protocol. Section 3 present parameters, which help to avoid congestion. And lastly Section 4 concludes the whole paper on the note of future work.

An Efficient Localization Based on Directional Antenna for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN’s)

In this paper we have introduced an algorithm for localization in wireless sensor network (WSN) with the help of directional antenna. Location of each node in a wireless sensor network play an important role after tracing or event detection on a particular node. Manually configuration of location about each node in wireless sensor environment is not feasible at the time of deployment. Our localization algorithm is based on the directional antenna, every node in sensor network is configured with directional antenna and few sensor nodes have GPS receiver are called anchor node. Anchor node helps to other normal nodes to localize them. Software has been developed for localization using C language which will works in two phases: first one Query the sensor network and collect information about neighbours, distance and angle. Give this information as input to the software and the location of every node will be calculated. And second one is, compile the software for sensor nodes. Install the software in sensor nodes and the sensor nodes will calculate their location. I. INTRODUCTION Wireless sensor networks have become very popular for different application in present life. These are used for monitoring and control like, habitat monitoring, target tracking, disaster management, climate control etc. A wireless sensor node can be built easily using small electronic cheap technology. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) hold a promise to dwarf previous revolutions in the information revolution (1). WSN are envisioned to consist of hundreds to thousands of sensor nodes communicating over a wireless channel, performing distributed sensing and collaborative data processing tasks for a variety of vital military and civilian applications (2). Wireless sensor networks are densely deployed in sensing fields. They have very limited communication range and sensing range. Sensor node has very limited battery power and they are prone to failure. Wireless sensor nodes can be deployed in such a location where human being is impossible to reach physically. So, if a sensor node loses its battery power is becomes useless, hence the topology of wireless sensor networks changes frequently. In the wireless sensor networks localization is very important. If WSN is not able to provide location information about the event then tracking or event detection functions are not particularly useful. Sensor aware of their location can also improve routing efficiency by selective flooding or selective forwarding data only in the direction of the destination.

Congestion Avoidance and Fair Event Detection in Wireless Sensor Network

Summary Congestion in WSN increases the energy dissipation rates of sensor nodes as well as the loss of packets and thereby hinders fair and reliable event detection. We find that one of the key reasons of congestion in WSN is allowing sensing nodes to transfer as many packets as possible. This is due to the use of CSMA/CA that gives opportunistic medium access control. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient congestion avoidance protocol that includes source count based hierarchical and load adaptive medium access control and weighted round robin packet forwarding. We also propose in-node fair packet scheduling to achieve fair event detection. The results of simulation show our scheme exhibits more than 90% delivery ratio even under bursty traffic condition which is good enough for reliable event perception. Key words: Sensor Network, Congestion Avoidance, Hierarchical Medium Access, Fair Event Detection. 1. Introduction Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are densely deployed for a wide range of applications in the military, health, environment, agriculture and smart office domain. These networks deliver numerous types of traffic, from simple periodic reports to unpredictable bursts of packets triggered by sensed events. Therefore, congestion happens due to contention caused by concurrent transmissions, buffer overflows and time varying wireless channel condition [1][2][3]. As WSN is a multi-hop network, congestion taking place at a single node may diffuse to the whole network and degrades its performance drastically [4]. Congestion causes many folds of drawbacks: (i) it increases energy dissipation rates of sensor nodes, (ii) it causes a lot of packet loss, which in turn diminish the network throughput, and (iii) it hinders fair event detections and reliable data transmissions. Therefore, congestion avoidance and fair packet delivery become a crucial research issue for the practical realization of WSN based envisioned applications.