Introduction Of Trace Research Articles

A RISC-V Processor Design for Transparent Tracing

Code instrumentation enables the observability of an embedded software system during its execution. A usage example of code instrumentation is the estimation of “worst-case execution time” using hybrid analysis. This analysis combines static code analysis with measurements of the execution time on the deployment platform. Static analysis of source code determines where to insert the tracing instructions, so that later, the execution time can be captured using a logic analyser. The main drawback of this technique is the overhead introduced by the execution of trace instructions. This paper proposes a modification of the architecture of a RISC pipelined processor that eliminates the execution time overhead introduced by the code instrumentation. In this way, it allows the tracing to be non-intrusive, since the sequence and execution times of the program under analysis are not modified by the introduction of traces. As a use case of the proposed solution, a processor, based on RISC-V architecture, was implemented using VHDL language. The processor, synthesized on a FPGA, was used to execute and evaluate a set of examples of instrumented code generated by a “worst-case execution time” estimation tool. The results validate that the proposed architecture executes the instrumented code without overhead.

Pompon Dahlia‐like Cu2O/rGO Nanostructures for Visible Light Photocatalytic H2 Production and 4‐Chlorophenol Degradation

AbstractHierarchical Cu2O nanospheres with a Pompon Dahlia‐like morphology were prepared by a one‐pot synthesis employing electrostatic self‐assembly. Nanocomposite analogues were also prepared in the presence of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Photophysical properties of the hierarchical Cu2O nanospheres and Cu2O/rGO nanocomposite were determined, and their photocatalytic applications evaluated for photocatalytic 4‐chlorophenol (4‐CP) degradation and H2 production. Introduction of trace (<1 wt %) rGO improves the apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) at 475 nm of hierarchical Cu2O for H2 production from 2.23 % to 3.35 %, giving an increase of evolution rate from 234 μmol.g−1.h−1 to 352 μmol.g−1.h−1 respectively. The AQE for 4‐CP degradation also increases from 52 % to 59 %, with the removal efficiency reaching 95 % of 10 ppm 4‐CP within 1 h. Superior performance of the hierarchical Cu2O/rGO nanocomposite is attributable to increased visible light absorption, reflected in a greater photocurrent density. Excellent catalyst photostability for >6 h continuous reaction is observed.

Bond Liquidity, Risk Taking and Corporate Innovation

This paper investigates how market liquidity condition of corporate bonds can affect firm investment policy, specifically its risk taking. We hypothesize that bond liquidity can affect firm's risk taking via the disciplinary function of trading. Indeed, we document a positive relationship between bond illiquidity and firms' risk taking, specifically a one standard deviation in Amihud illiquidity measure is associated with nearly 20% increase in investment ratio. Using introduction of TRACE in 2002 as an exogenous shock to bond trading infrastructure, our findings suggest that the relationship is causal. Finally, we document that the shift in risk taking increase the volume but not necessarily the quality of innovation output. Our empirical results have important implications for firms risk policy and growth as well as for designing of market microstructure.

Borate Inorganic Cross-Linked Durable Graphene Oxide Membrane Preparation and Membrane Fouling Control.

Graphene oxide (GO) membranes have the potential to be next-generation membranes. However, the GO layer easily swells in water and risks shedding during the long-term filtration. Organic GO interlayer organic cross-linking agent was not resistant to oxidation, which limits the application scope of GO membrane. In this study, an inorganic cross-linked GO membrane was prepared via the reaction of sodium tetraborate and GO hydroxyl groups, and a -B-O-C- cross-linking bond was detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Additionally, a new atomic force microscope scratch method to evaluate the cross-linking force of a nanoscale GO layer was proposed. It showed that the critical destructive load of the inorganic cross-linked GO membrane increased from 8 to 80 nN, which was a 10-fold increase from that of the nonlinked sample. During the NaOH/sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) destructive wash tests, morphology, flux and retention rate of inorganic cross-linked GO remained stable while the comparative membranes showed significant destruction. At the same time, based on the better oxidation resistance, organic membrane fouling was effectively controlled by the introduction of trace ·OH radicals. This study provides a new perspective for GO membrane preparation, interlayer cross-linking force testing and membrane fouling control.

Practical Applications of Market Transparency and the Marking Precision of Bond Mutual Fund Managers

Recent research in <b><i>The Journal of Portfolio Management</i></b> investigates whether the introduction of TRACE—the US corporate bond pricing program run by the <b>Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA)</b>—has improved bond-valuation precision and price transparency. This report highlights the practical applications of the research findings. It is based on an in-depth interview with co-author <b>John Merrick, Jr</b>. of the <b>College of William and Mary Raymond A. Mason School of Business</b>.“ Our story here is that market transparency matters, in terms of improving valuations,” he says. Merrick and his co-authors, <b>Gjergji Cici</b> and <b>Scott Gibson</b>, (colleagues at the College of William and Mary), and <b>Yalin Gündüz</b> (of <b>Deutsche Bundesbank</b>), present their findings in <b><i>Market Transparency and the Marking Precision of Bond Mutual Fund Managers</i></b>.

Corporate Cost of Borrowing: TRACE on Syndicated Loans

Traditionally, the cost of debt is seen as solely dependent on firm or debt characteristics. However, a firm's cost of debt might also be impacted by the informational environment, thereby offering a link between security transparency, asset pricing, and corporate finance. This paper measures the spillover effect of increased information transparency in the corporate bond market on the cost of private debt using a natural experiment, the introduction of TRACE. I find that TRACE reduces the relative loan spread for bond-issuing firms compared to firms without bonds. Further, during the introduction of TRACE, firms with bonds that are already covered by TRACE pay lower spreads than firms with bonds that are not yet captured by TRACE. This suggests a spillover effect of TRACE on loan spreads that is not only present for firms with bonds compared to firms without bonds, but also one that was visible among firms with bonds outstanding.

The generalized hu-meyer formula for random kernels

A theory of Hilbert-space-valued traces and multiple integration is developed for kernels inL2([0, 1]p × Θ). The multiple Ogawa and the multiple Stratonovich integrals for such kernels are introduced and sufficient conditions for their existence are obtained. The derivation of the Hu-Meyer formula connecting the multiple Ogawa and the multiple Stratonovich integrals requires the introduction of traces of random kernels. Such a derivation is obtained under appropriate conditions.