Introduction Of Market Relations Research Articles

Сучасні рішення забезпечення оцінки та контролю безпеки постачання електричної енергії

The introduction of market relations in the energy industry brought the issue of energy security to a new level, defining one of its components in the market as the security of electric energy supply. In the work, a comparative analysis of the existing conceptual terminological apparatus related to the definitions of energy security and security of supply was carried out in order to establish the main differences. At the same time, assessment and control of the security of electricity supply, as integral indicators that make it possible to plan the activities of the single European energy market, have become fundamental issues for various countries. Assessment and control of the security of electricity supply in modern Ukraine is becoming an increasingly urgent task in connection with the connection of its unified energy system to the energy system of Europe and the need to ensure emergency-free parallel operation. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to form an idea of modern approaches to the assessment of the security of electricity supply in Ukraine and the EU countries, as well as to search for opportunities to improve the control system of security of supply. It was established that, apart from the prescriptive regulation of the basic principles of the formation of indicators, at the moment there are no unified approaches that would allow them to be used to create a national methodological base for a conscious and qualitative assessment of security of supply. Based on the results of the comparative analysis, the main ways by which the issue of security of supply assessment is considered have been identified. It has been proven that an important direction is the creation of a multi-level system of assessment and control of the security of electricity supply, as well as ensuring the control of the implementation of organizational measures aimed at improving the security of supply. Keywords: security of electric energy supply, electricity, law, monitoring, regulation, reliability, directive.

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE SLOVENIAN ELECTRICITY MARKET

Following independence and during the period of preparation for entry into the European Union, Slovenia embarked upon the institutional and organizational reconstruction of the electricity sector, pursuant to European guidelines and directives. The basic goals were to achieve competitive electricity prices, and so reduce costs and increase the added value and competitiveness of the economy through the introduction of market relations within the operations of the electric power industry and between the electric power industry and electricity consumers. The performance of the electricity sector is an indication of the success of this reconstruction. The Slovenian electric power industry has accelerated preparations for the new challenges confronting the electricity sector - first of all the complete opening of the market and the market allocation of cross-border transmission capacities after July 1, 2007.

Reproduction, Use and Circulation of Natural Recreational Resources in the Context of Globalization

Transformations in the economy have led to significant changes in the recreational sphere of the macroregion. The introduction of market relations in the process of use, conservation, improvement and protection of natural recreational resources in the Carpathian macroregion has significantly exacerbated the solution of environmental, social and economic problems. Reproduction of natural resources in the recreational sphere requires the introduction of new theoretical and methodological principles. First of all, it concerns the qualitative distribution of resources suitable for the organization of recreation between the consumer spheres. This is the conceptual basis for establishing the limits of their use in order to prevent degradation and exhaustion. Exploring the ecological and economic principles of reproduction of natural recreational resources, two areas are identified: intra-industry, which characterizes the reproduction of studied resources within the recreational economy and intersectoral, which relates to the reproduction of attractive natural resources, which at the time of study are subject to economic activities. It is scientifically substantiated that the institutes functioning in the recreational sphere of the macroregion do not provide the proper solution of the set tasks. Institutional changes are needed, taking into account such prerequisites as: transition to a market model of management; intensification of the development of the recreational sphere in the conditions of insufficient experience; ecological situation in the macroregion; environment for the development of recreation in the context of globalization.

ЗНАЧЕННЯ РІЧОК ДНІПРА І ДЕСНИ У ВОДОПОСТАЧАННІ КИЄВА - ДО 150-РІЧЧЯ КИЇВСЬКОГО ВОДОПРОВОДУ (1872-2022 РОКИ)

The article shows the role of the Dnipro and Desna rivers in the water supply of Kyiv. 2022 marks the 150th anniversary of the Kyiv centralized water supply system, which was built in 1872 with a water intake from the Dnipro. For a century and a half, technologies in water supply have changed, the role of the Dnipro as a source of water supply – the role of groundwater, and subsequently the Desna, increased. In 1939, the Dnipro water supply station was built, which is still in operation (design capacity 600 thousand m3/day). In 1961, the Desnyanska water supply station was built (1080 thousand m3/day). The design capacity of the artesian water pipeline is 420 thousand m3/day. The Dnipro River to Kiev (Upper Dnipro) and the Desna River form their waters on the territory of Polesie, which affects the chemical composition and quality of river waters. The water quality of the Dnipro River with an average annual salinity of about 290 mg/dm3 is influenced by the Pripyat River, the chemical composition of the water of which is formed in wetlands and contains a significant amount of humic substances. This leads to the fact that in certain periods during the spring flood, a tense situation arises regarding the purification of water from organic matter at the Dnipro waterworks. There is no such problem with the water of the Desna River with an average annual salinity of about 330 mg/dm3. But the threat to the Desna floodplain, which is easy to spot on the ground, is its development. Often – this is a building unforeseen by the general plan for the development of settlements. In recent years, the average daily rise in water by subdivisions of the private JSC “AK” Kyivvodokanal “is 700-720 thousand m3/day. The share of water supply sources in the city is as follows: Desna – 66%; Dnipro – 25%; artesian waters – 9%. A high specific indicator of drinking water use in Kyiv per one inhabitant was in 1991 – 588 L/day/person. In 2018, it decreased 2.6 times (225 L/day/person) compared to 1991; in 2019 – 2.6 times (223 L/day/person); in 2020 – 2.7 times. (219 L/day/person). This was facilitated by the introduction of market relations in the procedure for payment by the population for water supply and sanitation services. The centralized water supply of the city also provides for the centralized water disposal of wastewater generated in the process of water use. Built in 1965, the Bortnytska aeration station receives 100% of the city’s wastewater with the discharge of treated wastewater into the Dnipro River below Kyiv. The Dnipro together with the Desna River play an extraordinary role in the city’s water supply. The Dnipro remains the hydrographic axis of the Ukrainian capital.

Рыночные реформы в электроэнергетике: аргументы за и против

Until the 1980s, the electricity industry was typically organized as vertically integrated monopolies. A combination of technological, economic and ideological prerequisites has led to the fact that, starting from the 1980-90s, market reforms in the electric power industry have become the world norm. It was expected that the introduction of market relations in the industry would lead to an increase in its efficiency and, accordingly, to an increase in the social welfare. However, in practice, reforms were often accompanied by problems at all stages of their implementation, and assessments of the results of reforms in various countries do not always provide an unambiguous picture of success. The paper summarizes the experience of reforming the electricity sector in terms of comparing the results expected from theoretical considerations with the problems that arise in the process of reforming and the practical results of the reforms. We have analyzed a large body of literature that has studied the results of market reforms in the electricity sector as a whole or their individual stages in different countries and at different stages of reform completion. Research demonstrates that in order to improve public welfare as a result of the reform, it is necessary to ensure an effective and flexible regulatory policy in the post-reform industry. One of the most problematic aspects of the reforms is the need to ensure that long-term investments in the electricity sector are attracted in volumes sufficient to ensure the reliable functioning of all segments of the industry in the new conditions. Another problem that often arises is the distribution of benefits from the reform, a signi­ficant part of which goes to companies in the industry and the state, while the benefits often do not reach consumers. An important conclusion of our work is that there are no unequivocal arguments in favor of eliminating the state from participating in the work of the electricity sector even after the introduction of market principles in its individual segments.

АНАЛІЗ ПІДХОДІВ ДО ОЦІНКИ СТАНУ І РІВНЯ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ СИСТЕМИ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

The relevance of the article is due to the fact that the introduction of market relations in the economy has significantly increased the importance and impact of management activities to further prevent business risks and production efficiency in general and in particular in food production. Based on the definition of previously unresolved issues, namely, identifying the main factors influencing the level of economic security and the lack of effective approaches to assessing the level of economic security of enterprises to which food enterprises belong, the purpose of the study was formed. The purpose of the article is to analyze and summarize the methodological approaches to assessing the state and level of economic security of enterprises in order to ensure their sustainable economic functioning and development. Based on the analysis, the article systematizes groups of methodological approaches to assess the state and level of economic security of the enterprise. The following groups of methodological approaches are distinguished: indicator approach; assessment of the state of the financial component of the enterprise; forecasting the bankruptcy of the enterprise; program-target; resource-functional; systemic; approach based on the use of economic and mathematical methods and models; based on the use of the method of expert assessments; others. A brief description of the analyzed approaches is given, their disadvantages and advantages are shown. The tabular form shows the indicators of financial security of the enterprise, which is considered as a component of economic security. The general characteristic of the considered approaches is presented graphically. The study concluded that it is necessary to carefully form a system of indicators that characterize the activities and can affect economic security; to base the determination of limit (normative) values on an objective basis; carefully analyze each indicator on the basis of which the integral will be determined; to select the optimal values of indicators to achieve priority financial and economic goals of the enterprise, to narrow the list of indicators in order to achieve maximum efficiency in their assessment and use of financial and economic potential of the enterprise in terms of individual business processes; choose a methodical approach taking into account the specifics of the enterprise, which will identify the causes of threats and quickly develop management measures to eliminate them.

Проблема кадрового обеспечения квалифицированными специалистами на примере компании «Н»

This article reveals the problem of staffi ng in the modern realities of the market. It should be just “circles on the water” ... It must be that we clearly agree with the facts of reality, or we need to deal with the problem at the very beginning, namely with the advent of training personnel. Can we say with confi dence that in 10 years both directions will be as relevant as they are now, and young potential personnel will go in this direction? The study of reproducible personnel in diff erent economic conditions, the proof that during the period of a planned economy, the solution of problems should be confi rmed that the authorities at all levels eff ectively regulate all four stages of the reproducible process. Under market conditions has declined signifi cantly. Despite the reduction in the number of products in which there were catastrophic shortages of qualified personnel. There are no reliable mechanisms for infl uencing individual stages of the reproductive process. The introduction of market relations is due to the need to create new systems for managing consultations, defi ning criteria and indicators for assessing its eff ectiveness. An important modern problem that requires serious and in-depth study. For all categories of workers, providing enterprises with qualifi ed personnel, it is necessary to create a system of continuing professional education. Ministry of Education of Russia on the implementation of the Concept of modernization of Russian education.

Resisting privatization and marketization of health care: People’s Health Movement’s experiences from India, Philippines and Europe

ABSTRACT For the last three decades, healthcare systems have been under pressure to adapt to a neoliberal world and incorporate market principles. The introduction of market-based instruments, increasing competition among health care providers, introducing publicly -funded private sector provisioning of healthcare through health insurance financing systems to replace public provisioning of health care, promoting individual responsibility for health and finally, the introduction of market relations through privatization, deregulation and decentralization of health care have been some common elements seen globally. These reforms, undertaken under the guise of increasing efficiency and quality through competition and choice, have in fact harmed the physical, emotional and mental health of communities around the world and also contributed to a significant rise in inequities in health and healthcare access. They have weakened the public healthcare systems of countries and led to commercialization of healthcare. This article presents three case studies of resistance, to the commercialization of health care, by the People’s Health Movement (PHM) and associated networks. It aims to contribute to the understanding of the way neoliberal reforms, including those imposed under structural adjustment programmes and some promoted under the Universal Health Coverage (UHC) paradigm, have impacted country-level health systems and access of people to health care, and bring out lessons from the resistance against these reforms.

Electricity sector development as a component of energy of Ukraine

The study analyzed the current state and perspective directions of development of electric power complex of Ukraine. The problematic issues that have accumulated over many decades are highlighted. In particular, one of the main threats to the normal functioning of the electric power industry is a small proportion of maneuvering, peak and half-peak capacities. An analysis of the main events that took place during 2018-early 2020 in the electricity sector of Ukraine was conducted. The main tasks defined by the Energy Strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2035 were considered. The analysis of legislative initiatives, in particular, requirements and improvement of the law “On Electric Energy Market”, the principles of work and basic requirements for the created Electricity Transmission System Operator was carried out. The reasons for the Guaranteed Buyer’s debt on electricity market to producers working at the “green” tariff have been determined. An analysis of the so-called “Gerus amendment” was carried out. This amendment allowed import of electricity from Russian Federation. The main threats to the introduction of market relations in a monopolized electric energy market were also identified. An analysis of the development of renewable energy sector was conducted. Since 2015, sector has increased its installed capacity from 701 megawatt to 5.4 gigawatt, or almost eight times. The main threats that can be realized with an increase in green energy capacities were analyzed. It was determined that the cost of supplying one kilowatt-hour of electric energy from renewable energy sources is much higher than from other sources. As a result of this, the share of energy from renewable energy sources in the tariff structure is many times higher than the share in the generation structure. A review of legislative innovations to limit the development of renewable energy sources was conducted.The article also analyzed data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine regarding the dynamics of electricity prices for all categories of consumers, taking into account transportation and distribution services

Відображення діяльності біржових установ Наддніпрянської України другої половини ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. у публіцистичних та мемуарних творах

The article considers one of the little-studied aspects of socio-economic development of Ukrainian lands as part of the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries – coverage of the activities of the leading stock exchange institutions of the region in works of personal origin, in particular, journalistic works and memoirs of leading economists of the time. The urgency of studying various aspects of this topic is due to the need for a detailed study of the historical experience of the introduction of market relations in the Ukrainian economic realities. This task, in turn, allows us to develop a strategy for modern reform of the Ukrainian economic system, aimed at building a capitalist system. At the same time, among the least researched issues in modern domestic historiography is the activity of exchange institutions in Ukraine in the period under study. As a result of the study, the author came to the conclusion that journalistic and memoir works of contemporaries, as a separate component of the layer of sources of personal origin is an important layer of documentary materials. Written on the basis of personal impressions of the authors, they allow to consider the deep specifics of the leading exchange institutions of Ukraine, to show their "behind the scenes", to identify their shortcomings, which were criticized and exposed. These documents significantly complement the sources of other groups, which provide official information related to one or another aspect of stock trading. The article notes that further study of sources of personal origin will be carried out in subsequent scientific publications.

Традиционное войлочно-бурочное ремесло в Дагестане в советский период

The study attempts to highlight the development of felt cloak (burka) production in Dagestan during the years of Soviet power with all its achievements and contradictions. The paper is written based on archival data and field ethnographic material. The reasons for the decline after the establishment of the power of the Soviets in Dagestan of traditional crafts, including felting production, were identified. It is noted that the creation of masters in the production of burkas within the framework of industrial cooperation of cooperatives of artels became a form of revival of craft centers. The activity and role of D. Mutaev as the organizer of felting production in the accident in the 1920s are shown. The development of the industry since the 1930s to nowadays is analyzed. The author notes the next round of the revival of the ancient industry in the post-Soviet years lies in connection with the introduction of market relations, the abolition of legal restrictions, but at the same time draws attention to the need for its support by local governments and state authorities.

ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ СПІЛЬНИХ ГОРИЗОНТАЛЬНИХ ПОЛІТИК ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ В УМОВАХ СУЧАСНОГО ЕТАПУ ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЇ: ВИКЛИКИ ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ

The analysis of theoretical and methodological foundations of the common horizontal policies of the European Union testifies shows that horizontal EU policies are aimed at creating political and socio-economic conditions for the development of sectoral policies. The main objective of the common regional policy is that the experts consider the reduction of the current regional inconsistencies and the prevention of further regional imbalances. Social policy is dealing with the poorest citizens, is struggling to overcome social imbalances and ensure that the benefits of the common market are evenly distributed among all Member States. The common tax policy is not limited to the requirements of fiscal sovereignty required by the Treaty of Rome on the EEC. Member States have succeeded in replacing their cumulative multi-tiered turnover taxes with value added tax, the structure of which has been able to maximize harmonization. Elimination of fiscal borders enables convergence of rates of value added tax and excise taxes, which makes a significant contribution to the formation of the common market. The goal of competition policy is to market integration. It guarantees the unity of the common market, counteracts its division between enterprises, prevents monopolization of individual markets, prevents the abuse of large companies by its dominant position on the market, prevents governments from turning the rules of the game into a single market. The common policy on the protection of the environment factor in the quality of life of the citizens. The task of the producers of this policy is to make it more difficult for the environment to achieve the goals of economic growth. The study of trends in the development of common horizontal policies of the European Union in a globalized environment suggests that the EU is today geared towards building an economy based on knowledge and innovation. A common competitive policy is aimed at increasing the competitiveness of the European economy in the world markets. The common social policy is aimed at ensuring social stability in European society, eliminating inequality, reducing unemployment and poverty in Europe. With the rate being made on the introduction of market relations in the system of social insurance, the spread of private pension insurance, support for active employment throughout life. At the present stage of globalization, the provision of social services has ceased to be the prerogative of the state alone. There are tendencies towards the formation of a global social policy, the subject of which is supranational source. The joint environmental policy has focused on reducing carbon emissions in the atmosphere, increasing environmental sustainability in Europe, transforming it into a zone of sustainable, green economy. The common regional policy focuses mainly on shifting the emphasis on redistribution of income and employment to stimulate structural change in the regions, concentration of effort on a limited choice of goals, assistance only to the least developed regions, preservation of only two policy objektives: investment in growth and development and European territorial cooperation. The content of the Ukraine 2020 strategy is not entirely consistent with the content of the Europe 2020 strategy. If the key to the strategy Europe 2020 were the key theses of the classical strategy of sustainable development, based on the coordination of the three interconnected components of the successful development of mankind – economic growth, the protection and preservation of the environment and the social protection of all members of society, the Ukraine 2020 strategy sets the parameters for implementing the Ukraine's development plan for the period up to 2020, removing it from the crisis through structural reforms, securing state security guarantees, accessing citizens for high-quality social services, and ensuring tolerance in society. It does not pay due attention to enhancing the competitiveness of the Ukrainian economy; very little attention is paid to the ecological component of sustainable development; the social component of sustainable development strategy is not classified as priorities of the country's development, it is reduced to guaranteeing citizens of Ukraine access to high-quality education, health care and other services, does not mean reducing unemployment in the country, overcoming poverty; due attention is not paid regional development.

POLITICAL PORTRAIT OF A UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR: SOME TENDENCIES IN THE GLOBALIZATION ERA

The article explores political and social characteristics of such a professional layer in higher education as university professoriate. Some changes in roles and political attitudes of a university professor are traced during the last decades of globalization in various types of states, Ukraine included. The author states that university professoriate constitutes the elite of higher educational establishments and exerts considerable impact not only onthe development of scientific knowledge and education but on power relations in society as well. By way of illustration, an imaginative simulated portrait of a professor with singling out the main characteristic features is provided. The articletraces the impact of introduction ofmarket relations onprofessorial activity at higher educational establishments and characterizes it on the basis of general tendencies of development at universities and in society.An imaginative simulated portrait of a professor with description of the main characteristics is suggested. The introduction of market relations into professorial activity at higher educational establishments is investigated and characterized on the basis of general tendencies of development at universities and in society. It is noted that the core of professor’s political portrait stems from political orientations and values which in their turn affect the formation of public opinion. The author points out that the main reasons of political preferences of professors are rooted in a character of a political regime, forms of government, existence or banning democratic rights and freedoms, changeability of ideologies in this or that country, etc. At the same time examples that illustrate different approaches of scholars to behaviorare referred.As they are a little studied, it is important for political scientists to pay attention to researchingpolitical attitudes of professoriate as this professional layer exerts great influence on young generation.

Institutional aspects for accelerating Ukraine’s energy services market

The article considers the necessity of accelerating Ukraine’s energy services market as a measure for improving energy efficiency of the national economy and energy safety as well as enhancing energy efficiency of housing and communal services.The essence of energy efficiency as an integral indicator of sustainable development of the national economy is revealed. It is justified that the introduction of market relations in the sector of providing energy services will be possible only if there is a proper institutional framework. It is proved that in theoretical and methodological terms, building an institutional framework and, consequently, establishing an institutional environment for accelerating the energy services market should be carried out in accordance with the theory of institutional provision of a balanced growth of the national economy.The main components of institutional provision for accelerating the energy services market are defined and characterized: institutional architectonics, institutional matrix and institutional dynamics.The paper substantiates that in the light of Ukraine’s accession to the Energy Community, a multilevel system for managing energy efficiency and energy security has been elaborated, including a supranational institutional level that requires a clear legal tool for the co-ordination of national and supranational interests in energy efficiency and energy security. The essence and tools of the interaction of the supranational and national levels of institutional provision of the energy services market are outlined.

THE DOCTOR’S PERSONALITY IN MODERN SOCIETY: THE IDEAL TYPE AND PROFESSIONAL DEFORMATION

The article deals with the problems associated with the construction of the ideal type of the modern physician, as well as the identification of the key aspects of professional deformations of his personality and the analysis of the effects of these strains on the principles of conduct in relation to a patient. The introduction of market relations in health care system caused the competition between medical institutions, forcing them to look for additional ways to attract patients and as a result, the range of medical services to the population has significantly expended. A positive consequence has become a trend, expressed in an effort to improve the skills of doctors, the quality of work with patients. On the other hand, liberal globalization has led to the devaluation of the structure of the individual doctor and the public interest has strengthened the role and importance of individualistic interests. The result was the alienation of the doctors from the patients took on a mass character, which led to a degradation of the professional medical community and health care system in general. The authors are regarded as normative characteristics of medical practice, and indicators related to the subjectivity of doctor’s behavior, which reflects the perceived boundaries of the doctor’s professional and personal effects to the patient; attitude toward himself as a person and a professional; professional attitude of the society to the doctors and to the prevailing social and historical traditions of healing. The main characteristics that allow to construct an ideal type of physician are: high professionalism and its use for the benefit of man and society; rules of communicating with people who are sick; ethics in relationships in a professional environment; moral principles and ethics of the individual and the social order: the observance of a number of limitations and restrictions. However, under the pressure of contemporary social realities, which combines a set of internal and external factors affecting the identity of the doctor, it is subjected to serious professional deformations. The term “professional deformation of doctors” is close but not identical to the term “emotional burnout” because the first is primarily due to the social character and the second is largely due to the individual properties of the human psyche. Professional doctor’s strain amplified under the direct influence of the media, most evident in that they have no desire to cure the patient, as well as multidimensional phenomenon of corruption in the medical community that seriously negates the importance of doctors in the public consciousness and lead to a loss of credibility of members of society. The article presents data from various sociological studies, including those carried out on the basis of the Research Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery A.N. Bakuleva under the direction of T.N. Semina.

Features of inventive activity in higher professional education

Introduction of market relations in the economy of Russia in the early 1990s has significantly changed the economic conditions of the industry. Disappearance of the state planning system of orders, the gap between supply and marketing relationships, appearance of free competition with imported goods led to a sharp decline in the production sector of the industry, followed by a complete collapse of the system and innovation. Only after 1995, when the first industrial enterprises in the private sector of the economy began to appear, there were also social orders to create new, competitive products, and to issue monopoly rights to industrial property patents for inventions and licenses.

"Politischer Kapitalismus" und Korruption in Russland

Today the western view of Russia presents the problem of corruption exclusively as a continuation of the old Soviet order. In this chapter it is argued that the present phenomenon of corruption in Russia systemicly emerged from the privatization of state property and the introduction of market relations in the 1990s. The problem of corruption in Russia is a problem of political capitalism. It can only be solved by reforms which change the nature of the system, including above all the return to the state of at least part of the privatised property, while at the same time radically reforming and democratising the political system and the apparatus of rule.

The Old Price Wars: Melodramatizing the Public Sphere in Early-Nineteenth-Century England

Early English stage melodrama was one version of a melodramatic mode that pervaded the nineteenth century in response to the effects of a growing market culture, especially the classificatory procedures of government bureaucracies and the concomitant formation of a class society. By examining the relation between this genre and the rioters who initiated the “Old Price Wars” in Covent Garden Theatre in 1809, I show how melodrama resisted a class society by supporting more traditional status hierarchies. Melodrama represented the contemporary confrontation between these two distinctive forms of social organization as a family conflict that included the audience. By means of climactic moments of audience participation in its plot, melodrama elicited the spectators' recognition of their own familial ties and therefore facilitated a symbolic reunion that both reflected and encouraged the behaviors of the Old Price rioters, who materially resisted the introduction of market relations into the theater.