Introduction Of Calculations Research Articles

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К КРИТИКЕ ПОЗИТИВИЗМА

Modern epistemology of science has carried out a strong criticism of the domi-nant views of the positivist and neo-positivist model of knowledge and actual-ly undermined its authority. At the turn of several centuries, the positivist posi-tion has been experiencing significant theoretical and methodological difficul-ties in explaining the nature of social life and the prospects for socio-historical development. Because of this, the study of modern approaches to criticism of such areas as positivism, with a special indication of the importance of social and humanitarian knowledge for understanding the processes taking place in modern society, is of particular importance. The present research is based on the accepted in social philosophy analysis methods of primary sources and re-search literature. Over a long period of time, the predominance of the mecha-nistic, materialistic and deterministic view of the world, the introduction of cal-culation, measurement and accuracy as the basic methodological principles of science, armed with the postulation of quantitatively defined entities, formed no less characteristic social ethics. Abstract schemes, formalist methods, uni-versal ideas and concepts subordinated all to the identical logic of the Autono-mous subjective mind and its basic predicate – the intellectualist will to power. The twenty-first century, together with its strong criticism of positivism in many of its manifestations, clearly proves to us, through a profound analysis of positivist approaches, that the reality around us is much closer to chaos than to space. Thus, the result of the study is the designation of the special im-portance of social and humanitarian knowledge in the XXI century for the study of the processes taking place in society, while recognizing the inability of the exact Sciences to describe social actions. Being opposite in the method of approaches to the study of society, they coincide in the goal, which is to achieve a state of non-duality – the lack of separation into the subject and the object of the exhaustion of self. The author considers such experience to be the limit for human existence simultaneously with the statement of its chaotic and non-deterministic nature in development.

The Self Criticism of Science

The neoteric human being is now being cut off from the order of nature and establishes itself as the rationally reflecting and acting subject which is now posited against the object of its cognitive and practical activity. Civilization is constituted as the product of human activity, as an artifact and technical construct. With this development, human civilization is transformed to a ‘quasi nature’, aiming to correct and replace nature, and man assumes the nature of a technical existence. By ‘technical existence’ we mean the prevalence of a one-dimensional image of the human person as the producer of rational hypotheses and interpretations and the downgrading and degradation of the non-rational element of human existence, i.e. the radical imagination as a creative capacity, which forms the a priori condition and prerequisite for social activity. This constitutive element of the modern world (man, as the producer of rational hypotheses) and its articulation with the ideology of techno-scientific progress and the evolution of the machine that transforms the methods and theories of natural sciences, arming these with new tools and constantly renovating their research and experimental capabilities, finally led to the replacement of religious and metaphysical dogmas by the blind faith to the dogma of technical and scientific progress. The prevalence of a mechanistic, materialist and deterministic view of the world, the introduction of calculation, measurement and precision as the methodological principles of science, armed with the postulation of quantitatively defined entities, has formed an equally characteristic social ethics. The abstract schemata, the formalist methods, the universal ideas and concepts have subjected everything under the identional logic of the autonomous subjective Reason and to its now fundamental predicate, the intellectualist will for power. The result of this process was to underestimate or to ignore the relation and the difference between the concept and the object, between Reason and Nature, sameness and otherness, subject and object, universal and the particular. With this manner however, the variety of qualities of any species is eliminated, the distinctive singularity of the otherness is rejected, the immediate and the everlasting, non-identifiable element, is thrown in disregard. In summary, anything that could not be represented and signified within intellect’s dimension of formal logic, and this latter’s characteristic repetitiveness, was deemed as non-existent, that which is the ‘strictly psycho-spiritual’, the extraordinary, the unique, unrepeatable element that differentiates human beings, civilizations and entities and gives purpose and meaning to their existence. Certainly, the metaphysical and idealist distinction between the ‘formal-logical’ and the ‘strictly psycho-spiritual’ falls in the wider Western metaphysical-idealist tradition that discerns the material from the spiritual, the rationalistic from the temperamental, technique from art, Theory from Praxis, the collective from the individual. This distinction results from the greek-western thought and its positive element, which presupposed that Being is ontologically defined, is governed by an immanent rationality; that it is full in meaning and allows for a thorough verification and determination from the human mind, itself having the analogous characteristics. From this it is suggested that the world, as it is explained within the context of natural philosophy, is not deter- mined as it was viewed throughout the greek-western metaphysical tradition and the technique as a totally rational activity is not able to acquire a profound knowledge of its ‘subject’. In contrary, the world ‘is’ chaos or abyss, radically undetermined and inexhaustible, creating ways to bestow meaning to life from zero.

紙パルプ液の輸送配管における圧力損失計算ソフト

Generally speaking, the pressure dropping degree of pulp liquid depends upon the nominal size of piping and concentration, speed and freeness of the liquid.On the equipment designing, the calculation of pressure dropping is one of the most important things in selections of pump and nominal size of piping and control valves, however, as indicated in the Figure 1, it seems very difficult to calculate manually in each case.Upon the requests from our customers and under the above situation, we have developed the unique calculation soft with our own invention, in order to realize an easy calculation by the personal computer.It has already been introduced for some particular customers, but we, hereby, would like to make it open for all customers. We are very pleased, if this soft could be useful for you.

Introducing calculus: an accumulation of teaching ideas?

The accumulation of ideas concerning the teaching of elementary calculus includes recommendations which are still not in widespread use. Research into students’ understanding of calculus suggests that there are many learning difficulties which current teaching methods are not helping students to overcome. The introduction of calculators and microcomputers to school mathematics classes provides us with the illustrative and computational power to practise methods based on practical investigation and intuition which should help to meet the needs of students beginning calculus and lead to greater understanding.

A statistical method for determining heat losses in electrically heated residences

IN MOST CASES, heating facilities to be installed in a particular residence (and other structures) must be sized before the house is built and prior to any actual experience knowledge of the heating requirements. This makes necessary the introduction of calculations, which wise practice indicates should provide an unquestionably ample heating system. Overdesign is common and not of substantial consequence, so long as fuel-fired systems are involved, since the fuel is usually readily stored in the basement, garage, or gas holder awaiting uses. Overdesign in electric heating installation may be necessary to a certain degree to provide for quick pick-up; however, any surplus represents an instantaneous liability on utility system capacity at the time of system peak load, since kilowatt-hours (kw-hr) cannot readily be stored as such. Surplus capacity should be minimized to assure a low cost to serve ratio.