Intrinsic Subscale Research Articles

Abstract MP72: Intrinsic Motivation is Associated With Greater Physical Activity and Less Sedentary Behavior During Early Pregnancy

Background: National guidelines recommend physical activity (PA) during pregnancy for optimal cardiovascular and overall health. Yet most individuals do not engage in sufficient PA and motivation for PA during pregnancy is poorly understood. Methods: We examined intrinsic motivation for PA (i.e., engaging in activity for enjoyment or satisfaction) and its cross-sectional associations with PA, by intensity level, in the first trimester of pregnancy. Data come from the Pregnancy, Lifestyle and Environment Study (PETALS), a population-based cohort study set in an integrated health system. Following recruitment at 10-13 weeks’ gestation, participants ( N =472; 71% from racial/ethnic groups other than White) completed the validated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2, intrinsic subscale); and Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ) to estimate typical PA in the prior 2 months, as expressed in MET [metabolic equivalent] hours/week (by intensity and, for MVPA, by domain—i.e., limited to intentional activity such as sports, walking, aerobic exercise, etc.). Data were collected in 2017-18. Results: As hypothesized, intrinsic motivation was higher among those who met ( n =192, 40.7%) vs. did not meet national guidelines for 150 minutes/week of moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA; mean BREQ-2 scores [SD]: 2.84 [0.89] vs. 1.94 [1.02], p <0.0001). Likewise, intrinsic motivation was higher among those who scored at or above ( n =131, 27.8%) vs. below the sample-specific 75 th percentile for vigorous PA (2.86 [0.93] vs. 2.09 [1.03], p <0.0001); and lower among those who scored at or above ( n =119, 25.2%) vs. below the 75 th percentile for sedentary behavior (1.99 [1.14] vs. 2.41 [1.01], p =0.0005). Intrinsic motivation was not associated with reaching the 75 th percentiles for total, light, or moderate PA. In modified Poisson regression models adjusted for age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, race/ethnicity, education, and parity, a 1-unit increase in BREQ-2 score was associated with an increased probability of meeting or exceeding MVPA guidelines (rate ratio [95% CI]: 1.66 [1.48, 1.86]) and scoring at or above the 75 th percentile for vigorous PA (1.70 [1.44, 1.99]). A 1-unit increase in BREQ-2 score decreased the probability of scoring at or above the 75 th percentile for sedentary behavior (0.79 [0.67, 0.92]). Conclusions: Only 4 in 10 participants met national guidelines for MVPA in the first trimester of pregnancy. Intrinsic motivation was associated with greater MVPA and vigorous PA, and less sedentary behavior, in this diverse sample. Intrinsic motivation is potentially modifiable and thus a promising target for new behavioral interventions to improve maternal cardiovascular health.

Validation of the French Smoking Cessation Motivation Scale with French Smokers Using a Mobile App for Smoking Cessation.

To tailor and predict the outcomes of smoking cessation treatment, it is essential to identify the nature of motivation, as it is the basis for long-term change in healthy behaviors according to self-determination theory (SDT). The purpose of this study is to examine the psychometric properties of the French Smoking Cessation Motivation Scale (F-SCMS). The factorial structure and the psychometric properties were assessed with French-speaking users who had started a 9-step preparation program through a mobile app for smoking cessation (n = 13,044). The results of the present study confirmed content validity (CFI = 0.905, SRMR = 0.045, RMSEA = 0.087) and good internal consistency (α = 0.86, ωh = 0.7, ωt = 0.89) with CFA. The convergent validity was very small, but there were highly significant positive correlations between the willingness and readiness to quit with integrated and intrinsic subscales (rs = 0.25–0.37, p < 0.001). The amotivation subscale significantly had no correlation with any degree of willingness (r = 0.01, p < 0.001), ability (r = 0.01, p < 0.001), and readiness to quit (r = 0.02, p < 0.001). This scale facilitates future research regarding the nature of motivation to quit smoking in the French-speaking population.

The relationship amongst ethical position, religiosity and self-identified culture in student nurses.

Research from other disciplines demonstrates that ethical position, idealism, or relativism predicts ethical decision-making. Individuals from diverse cultures ascribe to various religious beliefs and studies have found that religiosity and culture affect ethical decision-making. Moreover, little literature exists regarding undergraduate nursing students' ethical position; no studies have been conducted in the United States on students' ethical position, their self-identified culture, and intrinsic religiosity despite an increase in the diversity of nursing students across the United States. The study's two aims were to determine the relationship of self-identified culture, religiosity, and ethics position of undergraduate nursing student and whether students' level of education and past ethics courses taken related to idealism. Two hundred and twelve volunteer undergraduate students participated. A descriptive cross-sectional study was designed for participants who completed the Ethical Position Questionnaire, The intrinsic subscale of the Religious Orientation Scale, and a Demographic, Cultural, Ethnicity Form. To test the five hypotheses, analyses included t-tests, correlations, and ANOVA. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Adelphi University. Idealism and intrinsic religiosity were significantly related. Differences were observed for intrinsic religiosity and idealism for cultural identity and cultural dimensions such as parents' place of birth, and if participants were US born. Students' level of education or participation in past courses on ethics did not influence idealism. The study's findings were similar to most of the research from other disciplines on culture, ethics position, and religiosity. Generic courses on ethics taken prior to clinical work may not assist nursing students in integrating principles into complex ethical dilemmas. Self-identified culture, religion, and intrinsic religiosity related to ethics position; completing ethics courses and level of education, juniors compared with seniors, did not influence idealism. Faculty should consider integrating students' culture, religious orientation, and ethics position into teaching ethics for all levels of nursing education.

Preliminary Psychometric Analysis of the Modified Perceived Value of Certification Tool for the Nurse Educator.

The purpose of this study was to examine psychometric properties of the Perceived Value of Certification Tool© with a focus on nurse educator certification (PVCT-NE) in a sample of nurse educators. Greater understanding of faculty perceptions of certification is necessary to facilitate a strong cadre of nursing faculty; however, research around nurse educator certification is limited by a lack of reliable and valid instruments to measure such perceptions. Twenty-four nursing faculty from one university participated in the psychometric study, which involved completion of the PVCT-NE in a web-based survey format. Internal consistency reliability was excellent. Cronbach's alpha for the total PVCT-NE was .94 (.93 for the intrinsic subscale and .86 for the extrinsic subscale). A content validity index of .95 was obtained. There is preliminary evidence that the PVCT-NE is a reliable and valid instrument to measure perceived value of certification in nurse educators.

Adapting the academic motivation scale for use in pre-tertiary mathematics classrooms

The Academic Motivation Scale (ams) is a comprehensive and widely used instrument for assessing motivation based on the self-determination theory. Currently, no such comprehensive instrument exists to assess the different domains of motivation (stipulated by the self-determination theory) in mathematics education at the pre-tertiary level (grades 11 and 12) in Asia. This study adapted the ams for this use and assessed the properties of the adapted instrument with 1610 students from Singapore. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated a five-factor structure for the modified instrument (the three original ams intrinsic subscales collapsed into a single factor). Additionally, the modified instrument exhibited good internal consistency (mean α = .88), and satisfactory test-retest reliability over a 1-month interval (mean r xx = .73). The validity of the modified ams was further demonstrated through correlational analyses among scores on its subscales, and with scores on other instruments measuring mathematics attitudes, anxiety and achievement.

The effect of professional culture on intrinsic motivation among physicians in an academic medical center.

Today, most healthcare organizations aim to manage professionals' motivation through monetary incentives, such as pay for performance. However, addressing motivation extrinsically can involve negative effects, such as disturbed teamwork, gaming the system, and crowd-out of intrinsic motivation. To offset these side effects, it is crucial to support professionals' intrinsic motivation actively, which is largely determined by enjoyment- and obligation-based social norms that derive from professionals' culture. For this study, a professional culture questionnaire was designed and validated, the results of which uncovered three factors: relationship to work, relationship to colleagues, and relationship to organization. These factors served as independent variables for regression analyses. Second, Amabile's validated work preference inventory was used to measure intrinsic motivation as a dependent variable. The regression analysis was controlled for sex, age, and experience. The study revealed that relationship to work had the strongest (and a positive) impact on intrinsic motivation in general and on Amabile's intrinsic subscales, enjoyment and challenge. Relationship to organization had a negative impact on intrinsic motivation and both subscales, and relationship to colleagues showed a low positive significance for the intrinsic scale only. Healthcare organizations have mostly focused on targeting professionals' extrinsic motivation. However, managing dimensions of professional culture can help support professionals' intrinsic motivation without incurring the side effects of monetary incentives.

Westernization, Intuitive Eating, and BMI: An Exploration of Jordanian Adolescents

The purpose of this study was to validate the Arabic-version of the adapted Marin Bidimensional Acculturation Scale and investigate the relationship between Westernization, intuitive eating, and body mass index (BMI) in a sample of Jordanian female adolescents. A total of 199 subjects between the ages of 11-18 were surveyed. Participants who scored higher on the Arabic domain exhibited higher Intuitive Eating Scale (IES) intrinsic subscale scores (r = 0.147, P = 0.048) suggesting that those who are more orientated toward Arabic culture may respond more naturally to physical hunger cues than their more Westernized counterparts. Reinforcing intuitive eating attitudes and behaviors and emphasizing body ideals resonant with the Arabic culture may propagate the continuation of intuitive eating in this population, potentially reducing the risk of obesity and other nutrition-related non-communicable diseases.

Development and validation of the Intrinsic Religiousness Inventory (IRI)

The role of religious involvement in mental health has been increasingly investigated in psychiatric research; however, there is a shortage of scales on religiousness in Portuguese. The present study aimed to develop and validate a brief instrument to assess intrinsic religiosity (Intrinsic Religiousness Inventory - IRI) in two Brazilian samples. The initial version was based on literature review and experts' suggestions. University students (sample 1; n = 323) and psychiatric patients (sample 2; n = 102) completed the Duke Religiosity Index (DUREL), the IRI, an instrument of spirituality measurement (WHOQOL-SRPB), as well as measurements of anxiety and depressive symptoms. The IRI showed adequate internal consistence reliability in sample 1 (Cronbach's α = 0.96; 95% CI; 0.95-0.97) and sample 2 (α = 0.96; 95% CI; 0.95-0.97). The IRI main component analyses indicated a single factor, which explained 73.7% and 74.9% of variance in samples 1 and 2, respectively. Strong correlations between IRI and intrinsic subscale of the DUREL were observed (Spearman's r ranging from 0.87 to 0.73 in samples 1 and 2, respectively, p < 0.001). The IRI showed good test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients > 0.70). These data indicate that the IRI is a valid instrument and may contribute to study intrinsic religiosity in Brazilian samples.

Validation of the Duke Religion Index: DUREL (Portuguese Version)

The purpose of the current study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Duke Religion Index (PDUREL) in a community setting. PDUREL was translated and adapted for administration to 383 individuals from a population-based study of low-income community-dwelling adults. The PDUREL intrinsic subscale and total scores demonstrated high internal consistency (alphas ranging from 0.733 for the total scale score to 0.758 for the intrinsic subscale). Correlations among the DUREL subscales were also examined for evidence of discriminant validity. Correlations were ranging from 0.36 to 0.46, indicating significant overlap between the scales without marked redundancy. PDUREL is a reliable and valid scale. The availability of a comprehensive, but brief measure of religiousness can help to study the role of religiousness in health by researchers from countries that speak the Portuguese language.

Internal reliability and temporal stability of the New Indices of Religious Orientation among Indian undergraduates: test–retest data over 15 days

The present study examined the internal reliability and temporal stability of both the long and short forms of the New Indices of Religious Orientation, containing measures of Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Quest religiosity, over a 15-day period among a sample of 100 Indian university students. Internal reliabilities for the long form of the measure at times 1 and 2 were acceptable for all subscales with the exception of the intrinsic subscale at time 2. Reliability estimates for the extrinsic and intrinsic subscales of the short form of the measure at both time 1 and time 2 were also less than satisfactory, though the alpha coefficients for the quest subscale were satisfactory. Data demonstrated that stability across the two administrations for both long- and short-form versions of the three dimensions of religious orientation were moderately high to high (ranging from r = 0.63 to r = 0.76). Moreover, intra-class correlation coefficients were similar to those derived from the Pearson's correlation coefficients, thus confirming that there were no systematic errors between the time 1 and time 2 datasets. However, there were significant differences in mean scores between time 1 and time 2 for both long- and short-form versions of the intrinsic and quest religious orientation subscales.