Intrinsic Properties Of Objects Research Articles

Hill on perceptual relativity and perceptual error

Christopher Hill's Perceptual experience is a must‐read for philosophers of mind and cognitive science. Here I consider Hill's representationalist account of spatial perception. I distinguish two theses defended in the book. The first is that perceptual experience does not represent the enduring, intrinsic properties of objects, such as intrinsic shape or size. The second is that perceptual experience does represent certain viewpoint‐dependent properties of objects—namely, Thouless properties. I argue that Hill's arguments do not establish the first thesis, and then I raise questions about the Thouless‐property view and its role in Hill's defense of representationalism.

Diversity of Dust Properties in External Galaxies Confirmed by Polarization Signals from Type II Supernovae

Abstract Investigating interstellar (IS) dust properties in external galaxies is important not only to infer the intrinsic properties of astronomical objects but also to understand the star/planet formation in the galaxies. From the non–Milky Way–like extinction and interstellar polarization (ISP) observed in reddened Type Ia supernovae (SNe), it has been suggested that their host galaxies contain dust grains whose properties are substantially different from the Milky Way (MW) dust. It is important to investigate the universality of such non-MW-like dust in the universe. Here we report spectropolarimetry of two highly extinguished Type II SNe (SN 2022aau and SN 2022ame). SN 2022aau shows a polarization maximum at a shorter wavelength than MW stars, which is also observed in some Type Ia SNe. This is clear evidence for the existence of non-MW-like dust in its host galaxy (i.e., NGC 1672). This fact implies that such non-MW-like dust might be more common in some environments than expected, and thus it might affect the picture of the star/planet formation. On the other hand, SN 2022ame shows MW-like ISP, implying the presence of MW-like dust in its host galaxy (i.e., NGC 1255). Our findings confirm that dust properties of galaxies are diverse, either locally or globally. The present work demonstrates that further investigation of IS dust properties in external galaxies using polarimetry of highly reddened SNe is promising, providing a great opportunity to study the universality of such non-MW-like dust grains in the universe.

Modeling the Effective Conductive Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites with a Random Arrangement of Graphene Oxide Particles

Сomposite materials are widely used in various industrial sectors, for example, in the aviation, marine and automotive industries, civil engineering and others. Methods based on measuring the electrical conductivity of a composite material have been actively developed to detect internal damage in polymer composite materials, such as matrix cracking, delamination, and other types of defects, which make it possible to monitor a composite’s state during its entire service life. Polymers are often used as matrices in composite materials. However, almost always pure polymers are dielectrics. The addition of nanofillers, such as graphene and its derivatives, has been successfully used to create conductive composites based on insulating polymers. The final properties of nanomodified composites can be influenced by many factors, including the type and intrinsic properties of nanoscale objects, their dispersion in the polymer matrix, and interphase interactions. The work deals with modeling of effective electric conductive properties of the representative volume elements of nanoscale composites based on a polymer matrix with graphene oxide particles distributed in it. In particular, methods for evaluating effective, electrically conductive properties have been studied, finite element modelling of representative volumes of polymer matrices with graphene oxide particles have been performed, and the influence of the tunneling effect and the orientation of inclusions on the conductive properties of materials have been investigated. The possibility of using models of resistive strain gauges operating on the principle of the tunneling effect is studied. Based on the finite-element modeling and graph theory tools, we created approaches for estimating changes in the conductive properties of the representative volume elements of a nanomodified matrix subjected to mechanical loading.

Effects of Electron Beam Irradiation on 3D-Printed Biopolymers for Bone Tissue Engineering

Implanting scaffolds designed for the regeneration or the replacement of bone tissue damaged by diseases and injuries requires specially designed biomaterials that promote cell adhesion. However, the biodegradation rate of these scaffolds based on a single material is uniform. Four-dimensional printing appears to be a promising method to control this aspect by changing the shape and/or the intrinsic properties of 3D-printed objects under the influence of external stimuli. Two main classes of biomaterials and biocomposites based on biopolyesters, namely poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(caprolactone) (PCL), were used in this study. Each of them was mixed with the inorganic filler hydroxyapatite (HA), which is a component of natural bone. The biocomposites and biomaterials were prepared using the melt extrusion process and then shaped using a 3D printer. Three-dimensional specimens showed a decrease in elongation at break and breaking strain due to variations of crystallinity. The crystallinity of irradiated samples increased slightly with irradiation and a new crystalline phase was observed in the case of the PLA. Four-dimensional printing of biomaterials using electron radiation shows great promise for bone tissue engineering based on biocomposite scaffolds and other medical applications.

Internal-Clock Models and Misguided Views of Mechanistic Explanations: A Reply to Eckard & Lattal (2020)

Eckard and Lattal's Perspectives on Behavior Science, 43(1), 5-19 (2020) critique of internal clock (IC) mechanisms is based on narrow concepts of clocks, of their internality, of their mechanistic nature, and of scientific explanations in general. This reply broadens these concepts to characterize all timekeeping objects-physical and otherwise-as clocks, all intrinsic properties of such objects as internal to them, and all simulatable explanations of such properties as mechanisms. Eckard and Lattal's critique reflects a restrictive billiard-ball view of causation, in which environmental manipulations and behavioral effects are connected by a single chain of contiguous events. In contrast, this reply offers a more inclusive stochastic view of causation, in which environmental manipulations are probabilistically connected to behavioral effects. From either view of causation, computational ICs are hypothetical and unobservable, but their heuristic value and parsimony can only be appreciated from a stochastic view of causation. Billiard-ball and stochastic views have contrasting implications for potential explanations of interval timing. As illustrated by accounts of the variability in start times in fixed-interval schedules of reinforcement, of the two views of causality examined, only the stochastic account supports falsifiable predictions beyond simple replications. It is thus not surprising that the experimental analysis of behavior has progressively adopted a stochastic view of causation, and that it has reaped its benefits. This reply invites experimental behavior analysts to continue on that trajectory.

Vegetation Land Use/Land Cover Extraction From High-Resolution Satellite Images Based on Adaptive Context Inference

In this paper, automatic extraction of multi-context and multi-scale land use/land cover vegetation from high-resolution remote sensing images is tackled, aiming to solve typical challenges in classifying remote sensing images at a pixel level. To solve small inter-class differences and large intra-class differences between the vegetation and background, we introduce a vegetation-feature-sensitive focus perception (FP) module. Considering the intrinsic properties of vegetation objects, we established an adaptive context inference (ACI) model under a supervised setting that includes a context model to represent relationships between a center pixel and its neighbors under semantic constraints, as well as the spatial structures of vegetation features. Comparative experiments on the ZY-3 and Gaofen Image Dataset (GID) datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed automatic vegetation extraction model against the baseline Deeplab v3+ model. Taking precision, kappa coefficient, mean intersection over union (miou), precision rate, and F1-score as the evaluation indexes, the results showed an improvement in the precision by at least 1.44% and miou by 2.47%, over the baseline Deeplab v3+ model. In addition, the ACI module improved the precision and miou by 2% and 3.88%, and the FP module improved the precision and miou by 1.13% and 1.65%. These results and statistics of these comprehensive experiments illustrated that our adaptive and effective vegetation extraction model could satisfy different requirements of land use/land cover mapping applications.

Active Powers and Passive Powers \u2013 Do Causal Interactions Require Both?

Many powers metaphysicians postulate both active and passive powers, understood as distinct kinds of intrinsic causal properties of objects. I argue that the category of passive power is superfluous. I also offer a diagnosis of how philosophers are misled to postulate passive powers.

Recent progress on tactile object recognition

Conventional visual perception technology is subject to many restrictions, such as illumination, background clutter, and occlusion. Many intrinsic properties of objects, like stiffness, hardness, and internal state, cannot be effectively perceived by visual sensors. For robots, tactile perception is a key approach to obtain environmental and object information. Different from vision sensors, tactile sensors can directly measure some physical properties of objects and environment. At the same time, humans also utilize touch sensory receptors as an important means to perceive and interact with the environment. In this article, we present a detailed discussion on tactile object recognition problem. We divide the current studies on the tactile object recognition into three subcategories and detailed analysis has been put forward on them. In addition, we also discuss some advanced topics such as visual–tactile fusion, exploratory procedure, and data sets.

SPA: Spatially Pooled Attributes for image retrieval

Semantic gap, which refers to the limitation that low-level hand-crafted visual features insufficiently encode high-level semantic concepts contained in the images, has been a challenging issue in image retrieval and significantly impairs the performance of real-world retrieval systems. Despite massive efforts that have been devoted to developing effective image signatures, e.g., Bag-of-Visual-Words (BOVW), the Fisher Vector (FV) and the Vector of Locally Aggregated Descriptors (VLAD), these mid-level image features still fail to handle the problem of semantic gap and thus lead to suboptimal results. Towards this end, a large body of work focuses on introducing attribute learning into a variety of vision applications. As inherent nature that describes the intrinsic properties of objects, such as color, shape and rigidity, learned attributes serve as intermediate representations that bridge the semantic gap. However, conventional attribute embedding methods are generally developed for image global representation while ignoring local spatial cues, which prevents them from achieving desirable performance. In this paper, we attempt to encode weak spatial information into attribute embedding for effective image retrieval. Specifically, we partition the image into regular grids and extract Classemes attribute vector from each patch, which results in a large pool of Classemes descriptors followed by VLAD aggregation for generating holistic representation. In order to produce a compact and discriminative code, we employ a piecewise Fisher Discriminant Analysis (FDA) for dimension reduction and concatenate all the compressed Classemes into a single vector coined Spatially Pooled Attributes (SPA). Thorough experimental evaluation and comparative study on three public benchmarks demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach.

PROFESSIONAL SPECIFICITY OF CONCEPTUAL THINKING

Introduction. Most studies of psychologists and teachers in the phenomenon of conceptual thinking and ways of its formation are considered to be rather controversial and questionable. However, the research results were limited to the phenomenon of conceptual thinking and are therefore not representative for its implementation during the process of vocational training at the higher school. There is still considerable uncertainty with regard to the approaches to the problem of conceptual thinking in the humanities, including pedagogics and psychology. Furthermore, previous studies have not dealt with the objectives of conceptual thinking formation. The aims of the article are: to justify the use of the term “professional conceptualization of thinking” (PCT) in theory and practice; to describe the prospects of the development of PCT in the training process. Methodology and research methods. The methodological base of the research involves the Russian psychological and pedagogical science approaches to the consideration of conceptual thinking as a higher mental function, a systematized and summarized form of cognitive reflection of notions and relations of reality. The experimental work was carried out using the method of observation, interviews, and tests. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the data was conducted. The process of formation of PCT is described through the theory of stage-by-stage systematic development of mental acts. Results and scientific novelty. The concept “professional conceptualization of thinking” (PCT), a new one for psychological-pedagogical science, is suggested. The PCT levels are identified: ordinary, formal, substantial, system, and holistic. The objectives proposed for the development of the PCT levels in the process of professional education consist in the organization of consecutive transition from conscious mastering of a terminological framework to its use in the performance of educational tasks; from understanding the logic of the solution of professional tasks to development of logic of professional activity; from the student's position as a participant of interaction with a teacher to the position of a member of professional activity. The author refers to the need of: continuous stimulation for students’ work during the process of understanding the relationship of concepts with intrinsic properties of objects; role definition of conceptual reflection of reality presented in the chain “aim of task solution – objects – their properties – a task – actions”. Practical significance. The findings of the study, approaches to development of PCT and the author’s recommendations can be used in teaching both psychological-pedagogical disciplines and other disciplines in higher education institutions.

Bringing back intrinsics to enduring things

According to David Lewis, the argument from temporary intrinsics is ‘the principal and decisive objection against endurance’. I focus on eternalist endurantism, discussing three different ways the eternalist endurantist can try to avoid treating temporary intrinsics as relational. Two of them, generally known as ‘adverbialism’ and ‘SOFism’, are familiar and controversial. I scrutinize them and argue that Lewis’ scepticism about them is well founded. Then, I sketch a further, to some extent new, version of eternalist endurantism, where the key idea is that intrinsic monadic properties had simpliciter by objects are eternal, time-transcendent properties in Fine’s sense, i.e., properties had by objects regardless of time. Eternal properties of an object are ipso facto sempiternal (i.e., had by the object whenever it exists). When something is P at one time and not P at another, it is radically indeterminate (which does not mean ‘neither true nor false’) whether it is Psimpliciter or not. I argue that an account along these lines is better placed to treat intrinsic monadic properties of changing objects than any other known alternatives insofar as (1) it recognizes that something is Psimpliciter (where P is monadic); (2) it is able to account for x’s being P at a time in terms of something’s being P simpliciter; (3) it has an answer to the question ‘is (Formula presented.)simpliciter?’ when x is P at one time and not P at another. I conclude that endurantism is no less at ease with intrinsics than perdurantism is.

EEG μ rhythm in virtual reality reveals that motor coding of visual objects in peripersonal space is task dependent

Previous fMRI studies have shown that the visual perception of manipulable objects spontaneously involves the sensorimotor system, especially when the objects are located in peripersonal space. However, it has also been suggested that the motor coding of manipulable objects perceived in peripersonal space depends on an anticipation to interact with them. The present study aims at clarifying this issue by analyzing healthy adults' EEG activity on the centro-parietal region while perceptually judging intrinsic (prototypical or distorted shape) or extrinsic (reachable or not reachable location) properties of visual objects. In both the object identification and reachability judgment tasks, time-frequency decomposition of EEG signals was performed across the first 1000 ms following object presentation for trials on which no post-stimulus response was required (90% of the trials). Event-Related-(De)Synchronization (ERD/S) of μ rhythm was computed using the 150 ms pre-stimulus period as baseline. In the reachability judgment task, EEG analysis showed a desynchronization of μ rhythm starting 300 ms after object presentation, but only when the objects were presented with a prototypical shape in peripersonal space. For those objects, desynchronization of μ rhythm diminished progressively from peripersonal to extrapersonal space. By contrast, no such gradient was observed in the object identification task. On the whole, these data indicate that motor coding of visual objects expressed in the μ rhythm depends on an object's shape and location in space, but also on the goal of the perceptual task.

A Note on Shapes

It has recently been argued that the Special Theory of Relativity entails that shapes are not intrinsic properties of objects. Rather, they are properties an object has only relative to an inertial ...

Neural correlates of object size and object location during grasping actions.

The visuo-motor channel hypothesis (Jeannerod, 1981) postulates that grasping movements consist of a grip and a transport component differing in their reliance on intrinsic vs. extrinsic object properties (e.g. size vs. location, respectively). While recent neuroimaging studies have revealed separate brain areas implicated in grip and transport components within the parietal lobe, less is known about the neural processing of extrinsic and intrinsic properties of objects for grasping actions. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging adaptation to examine the cortical areas involved in processing object size, object location or both. Participants grasped (using the dominant right hand) or passively viewed sequential pairs of objects that could differ in size, location or both. We hypothesized that if intrinsic and extrinsic object properties are processed separately, as suggested by the visuo-motor channel hypothesis, we would observe adaptation to object size in areas that code the grip and adaptation to location in areas that code the transport component. On the other hand, if intrinsic and extrinsic object properties are not processed separately, brain areas involved in grasping may show adaptation to both object size and location. We found adaptation to object size for grasping movements in the left anterior intraparietal sulcus (aIPS), in agreement with the idea that object size is processed separately from location. In addition, the left superior parietal occipital sulcus (SPOC), primary somatosensory and motor area (S1/M1), precuneus, dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), and supplementary motor area (SMA) showed non-additive adaptation to both object size and location. We propose different roles for the aIPS as compared with the SPOC, S1/M1, precuneus, PMd and SMA. In particular, while the aIPS codes intrinsic object properties, which are relevant for hand preshaping and force scaling, area SPOC, S1/M1, precuneus, PMd and SMA code intrinsic as well as extrinsic object properties, both of which are relevant for digit positioning during grasping.

Perceiving the intrinsic properties of objects

In this paper, I discuss Noe’s enactive account of our perceptual encounter with the intrinsic properties of the surrounding objects. First, I argue that this view falls into a dilemma in which either we are left without a satisfactory explanation of this encounter or, in order to keep Noe’s view, we must abandon our ordinary intuitions about the ontological status of the intrinsic properties of objects. Then, I show that, strikingly, there is a suggestive unofficial strand running in Noe that avoids this dilemma. Finally, I argue this unofficial thread leads to a view about the perspectival character of perceptual experience and the place of sensorimotor understanding in perceptual content that is to be preferred over Noe’s official view about these issues.

Hough Forest Random Field for Object Recognition and Segmentation

This paper presents a new computational framework for detecting and segmenting object occurrences in images. We combine Hough forest (HF) and conditional random field (CRF) into HFRF to assign labels of object classes to image regions. HF captures intrinsic and contextual properties of objects. CRF then fuses the labeling hypotheses generated by HF for identifying every object occurrence. Interaction between HF and CRF happens in HFRF inference, which uses the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. The Metropolis-Hastings reversible jumps depend on two ratios of proposal and posterior distributions. Instead of estimating four distributions, we directly compute the two ratios using HF. In leaf nodes, HF records class histograms of training examples and information about their configurations. This evidence is used in inference for nonparametric estimation of the two distribution ratios. Our empirical evaluation on benchmark datasets demonstrates higher average precision rates of object detection, smaller object segmentation error, and faster convergence rates of our inference, relative to the state of the art. The paper also presents theoretical error bounds of HF and HFRF applied to a two-class object detection and segmentation.

Direct distance determination using parallax: Techniques, promises and limitations

AbstractDetermination of trigonometric parallaxes is one of the very few direct methods available for measuring cosmic distances, and the only one capable of reaching beyond the Solar System. It is fundamental both to determine the intrinsic properties of astrophysical objects and as the first step on the cosmic distance ladder. Steady improvements of instruments and techniques have extended the applicability of the parallax method to ever greater distances. However, it is not correct to say that the method is independent of physical assumptions. This review covers ground-based optical techniques, from Bessel's time to the present, as well as space observations and radio interferometry. Some emphasis is put on the physical limitations of the method, in particular its sensitivity to source structure and photocentric variability on different timescales.

In Defence of Kantian Humility

Kantian Humility (KH) holds that the intrinsic properties of objects are unknowable for agents such as ourselves. Categorial properties, such as being an object, present a potential threat to KH. Cowling (2010) argues that knowing KH to be true requires knowledge of categorial properties. However, if such properties are shown to be intrinsic properties, then KH is committed to their being unknowable. I defend KH by presenting three alternative responses to this challenge. First, that categorial properties are not properties in the sense relevant to KH. Second, that if they are properties, they are not intrinsic properties. Third, that if they are intrinsic properties, KH is not committed to their being unknowable. I also show how these responses can be applied to a related objection to KH offered by Moore (2001).

How to Define Extrinsic Properties

There are, broadly, three sorts of account of intrinsicality: ‘self-sufficiency’, ‘essentiality’ and ‘pure qualitativeness’. I argue for the last of these, and urge that we take intrinsic properties of concrete objects to be all and only those shared by actual or possible duplicates, which only differ extrinsically. This approach gains support from Francescotti’s approach: defining ‘intrinsic’ in contradistinction to extrinsic properties which ‘consist in’ relations which rule out intrinsicality. I answer Weatherson’s criticisms of Francescotti, but, to answer criticisms of my own, I amend his account, proposing that possession of an extrinsic property consists in a relation to one or more actual or possible distinct concrete objects. Finally I indicate ways to avoid some apparent objections to this account.

Action recognition in the premotor cortex. By Vittorio Gallese, Luciano Fadiga, Leonardo Fogassi and Giacomo Rizzolatti. Brain 1996: 119; 593-609.

Dogma—following Karl Brodmann's studies from the early 1900s—teaches that the agranular cortex of the primate frontal lobe consists of area 4 containing giant pyramidal neurons and area 6 which does not; to which can be added a functional classification of primary (area 4 and the lateral part of area 6) and supplementary motor cortex (the medial component of area 6). But this is overly simplified and a variety of anatomical methodologies (immunohistochemistry, neurochemistry and hodology, inter alia ) have revealed a mosaic of structures in the agranular frontal region to which distinct functional properties can be assigned. The classical view of the premotor cortex as the orchestrator strictly of motor control is now supplemented by evidence for its role in cognitive and behavioural functions—coding space, decoding the intrinsic properties of objects and contributing to associative learning. But special attention should be paid to F5, lying immediately caudal to the inferior arm of the arcuate sulcus, and concerned with hand and mouth movements in its dorsal and ventral portions, respectively. The hand neurons discharge during goal-directed movements, such as specific types of grasping, tearing, manipulating and holding; and they become active when 3D objects that are the same size as those activating that neuron during grip, are seen but not moved. Now the Italian team describe simian neurons that discharge not only with movement but also when the monkey observes meaningful movements made by the experimenter. They also provide a detailed description of the properties of these cells—designated ‘mirror neurons’—and some clinical implications arising from their discovery. Their method is to record from the rostral inferior part of area 6 in one or both hemispheres of two monkeys trained to observe and then reach for food and other objects of differing sizes and shapes—movements that require precision grip (index finger and thumb), …