Intravenous Blood Transfusion Research Articles

Successful transmission of the chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent to white-tailed deer by intravenous blood transfusion

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSEs) that affects free-ranging and captive cervid species. The infectious agent of CWD may be transmitted from ingestion of prions shed in bodily fluids (e.g. feces, urine, saliva, placenta tissue) of infected animals, contaminated pastures, and/or decomposing carcasses from dead animals. Studies have also demonstrated prion infectivity in whole blood or blood fractions of CWD infected animals. To determine if CWD-infected blood contained sufficient levels of prion infectivity to cause disease, recipient deer were inoculated intravenously (IV) with blood derived from a CWD-infected white-tailed deer. We found that the CWD agent can be successfully transmitted to white-tailed deer by a single intravenous blood transfusion. The incubation period was associated with recipient prion protein genotype at codon 96 with the GG96 recipient incubating for 25.6 months and the GS96 recipient incubating for 43.6 months. This study complements and supports an earlier finding that CWD can be transmitted to deer by intravenous blood transfusion from white-tailed deer with CWD.

Preliminary clinical observations following intravenous blood transfusions in the sokoto gudali cattle, Sokoto, Nigeria

Preliminary clinical observations were carried out following intravenous blood transfusions in some eighteen (18) Sokoto Gudali cattle. Six (6) cattle as control, six (6) cattle designated as donors and six (6) as recipients. Blood was collected via venepuncture using commercial blood bags used for humans. The collected blood was immediately transfused to the recipients; observations for clinical signs, reactions and vital parameters were recorded. Repeat intravenous transfusions were also conducted and similar clinical observations were conducted. Reactions observed in recipient include; Hyperthermia tachycardia, hyperpnoea and anorexia. A mean increase of 7.83 cycle/min and 3.83 was observed for respiratory rate, heart beat rate and packed cell volume respectively. A mean decrease in temperature of 3.6 0 C was observed in the recipients. No mortality was recorded aside from those clinical observations.

Preliminary clinical observation following intravenous blood transfusions in Ovines.

Preliminary clinical observations were carried out following intravenous blood transfusions in sheep. Twelve (12) adult sheep were used, six (6) as donors and six (6) as recipients. Blood was collected via venepuncture using commercial blood bags used fur humans. The collected blood was immediately transfused to the recipients; observations for clinical signs, reactions, and vital parameters were recorded. Repeat intravenous transfusions were also conducted and similar clinical observations were conducted. Reactions observed in recipient include Hyperthermia, Hyperthermia tachycardia, hyperpnoea and anorexia. A mean increase of 7.83 cycle/min and 3.83 was observed for respiratory rate, heart beat rate and packed cell volume respectively. A mean decrease in temperature of -3.6 o c was observed in the recipients. No mortality was recorded aside from those clinical observations.

Direct laser trapping for measuring the behavior of transfused erythrocytes in a sickle cell anemia patient

Using a laser trap, we have studied the properties of erythrocytes from a sickle cell anemia patient (SCA) after receiving an intravenous blood transfusion, and a normal adult individual carrying normal adult hemoglobin. The hemoglobin type and quantitation assessment was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We conducted an analysis of the size distributions of the cells. By targeting those erythrocytes in the overlapping regions of size distributions, we have investigated their properties when the cells are trapped and released. The efficacy of the transfusion treatment is also studied by comparing the relative changes in deformation and the relaxation-time of the cells in the two samples.

Corpora cavernosa as an alternative route for transfusion

Routine intravenous blood transfusion is difficult when the blood pressure falls significantly or veins are inaccessible or are sclerotic due to multiple transfusions. Here, we describe the use of penile corpora cavernosa (CC), as an alternative route for blood transfusion and fluid replacement. The study was conducted in 15 men, 7 with massive burns, 6 with sclerotic veins from repeated injections, and 2 with extensive limb trauma. After the conventional methods of blood and fluid infusions were exhausted, a needle was inserted into CC for blood and fluid administration. During blood or saline infusions, penile shaft became elongated but returned to a normal length after termination of the infusion. There were no difficulties during needle insertion into CC, in varying the different transfusion rates, or in repetition of transfusion during the same or the subsequent days. Complications were rare with the exception of a subcutaneous penile hematoma in 2 patients which disappeared spontaneously. Erection was not disturbed in five patients who were followed for a mean of 10.4+/-1.8 months. These findings show that corpora cavernosa can be used for blood transfusion or for administration of fluids as a simple, easy, rapid, and safe vascular access in conditions in which conventional routes are inaccessible.

IMMUNE RESPONSES TO NONINHERITED MATERNAL RTIA ANTIGENS IN INBRED RATS

Humoral responses to non-inherited maternal class I antigens (class I NIMAs) were assessed in 3 groups of inbred rats expressing the RT1u phenotype. Group 1 consisted of the progeny of (AO X DA)F1 X PVG matings; their haplotype was RT1u/c and their non-inherited maternal haplotype RT1a. Group 2 were the progeny of (AO X LEW)F1 X PVG matings the haplotype of which was also RT1u/c, but their non-inherited maternal haplotype was RT1l. Group 3 comprised 8 (AO X PVG)F1 (RT1u/c) hybrids. All rats received 2 intravenous blood transfusions (0.5 ml) from male DA (RT1Aa) donors on days 0 and 7. They were bled at weekly intervals for 6 weeks and again at 20 weeks after the first transfusion. Alloantibody responses to RT1Aa were assessed by an indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA)* and by a 51Chromium-release complement-dependent red cell cytotoxicity assay. All groups exhibited vigorous anti-class I antibody responses to the DA transfusions. No significant differences were detected, however, in antibody titers between the groups either by IHA or CDC or in the rates of decay of antibody titers up to week 20. In addition no blocking activity was found in sera obtained on day 0 from group 1 animals and tested for antiidiotypic antibody activity to cytotoxic anti-RT1Aa antibodies. In order to assess whether suppressor activity had been activated by the initial transfusions, in the animals in which class I NIMA was RT1Aa, all groups were rechallenged with a DA transfusion at week 20. All animals exhibited vigorous anamnestic responses to this challenge and no significant differences were detected between groups. In order to determine whether cellular tolerance to the noninherited maternal haplotype was present in group 1 animals, proliferative responses were assessed by one-way mixed lymphocyte cultures, using DA lymph node stimulator cells. No significant differences were detected in proliferative or kinetic responses between lymph node cells from rats the noninherited maternal haplotype of which was RT1a or from naive (AO X PVG)F1 hybrids. Peak proliferative responses to DA cells in rats the noninherited maternal haplotype of which was RT1l were similar, but maximal on day 4 as opposed to day 3. Hence in these inbred rat strains no evidence of humoral tolerance to class I NIMAs was detected. In addition there was no evidence of cellular tolerance to the noninherited maternal MHC haplotype.

A comparison of intraperitoneal and intravenous blood transfusion in a child with congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia diagnosed in infancy

A case of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type I, diagnosed at 6 weeks, is described. The case is only the second reported as having been diagnosed in infancy and is an unusually severe example of the disease. Thirty-five blood transfusions have been required in the first 5 years of life, 18 intravenous and 17 intraperitoneal. These two routes of administration have been compared on the basis of time elapsing between transfusions. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the two methods. This confirms the usefulness of intraperitoneal blood transfusion in infants and young children particularly those with a recurring requirement for blood replacement.

The treatment of pneumonia in early infancy1

Summary.After serum treatment of 28 children, in whom the pneumonias were verified by X‐ray, no difference in the mortality was found in comparison with the control cases within the different pneumonias and age‐classes.The intraperitoneal blood transfusion is a valuable therapeutic remedy in the treatment of acute primitive as well as of chronic and migrating pneumonias, and it is able to serve as substitute for intravenous blood transfusion during the first year of life.46 Children (21 of whom below 2 years) with pneumonia, verified by X‐ray and typing, were treated with sulfanilylamino‐pyridine (M. & B. 693). Decrease of temperature ensued in 45 cases. One child died on account of complicating encephalitis with type VI. Sulfanilyl‐aminopyridine is able to kill pneumococci in lung tissue and blood, but not in brain tissue, which is poor in lymph.In the treatment of pneumonias in early childhood sulfanilyl‐aminopyridine is very superior to serum.