Intra-urban Migration Research Articles

Urban residential clustering and mobility of ethnic groups: impact of fertility

We studied residential clustering and mobility of ethnic minorities using a theoretical framework based on null models of spatial distributions and movements of populations. Using microdata from population registers we compared the patterns of clustering amongst various socioethnic groups living in and around the capital region of Finland. The models enabled us to connect the factors influencing intraurban migration to the spatial patterns that have developed over time. The observed clustering seems to be a combined effect of fertility and the tendency to migrate locally. The models also highlight the importance of factors like proximity to the city centre, neighbourhood income levels, and similarity of socioeconomic profiles. While the demonstrated relationship between clustering, mobility, and fertility is based on a limited number of observations, it could serve as a motivation for future research in different urban settings. Overall, these insights are expected to contribute to our understanding of demographic dynamics in culturally diverse environments.

Intra-urban migration and perceptions of neighborhood cohesion in urban China: The case of Guangzhou

Although the consequences of intra-urban migration have received wide attention, few studies have elucidated whether and how processes of intra-urban migration are associated with perceptions of neighborhood cohesion. This paper tries to extend the literature on neighborhood cohesion by explicitly incorporating the experience of past intra-urban residential moves into multilevel analysis based on a large-scale survey undertaken in Guangzhou. The results reveal that features of intra-urban migration (e.g., tenure shift, change in housing type and frequencies of intra-urban residential movement) have discernible effects on four different dimensions of neighborhood cohesion: Social solidarity, neighborly acquaintance, social trust and informal social control. The findings not only contribute to a more refined understanding of intra-urban migration influences, but also suggest considering a more exhaustive measure of residential history in future explanations of neighborhood cohesion.

Revealing configurational attractors in the evolution of modern Australian and US cities

The spatial structure of modern cities exhibits highly diverse patterns and keeps evolving under numerous constraints and sustainability demands. However, it is unclear if there are fundamental physical constraints guiding the evolution of cities. Here, we offer a concise model revealing key invariants within urban forms shaped by human resettlement over the years. In doing so, we assess the heterogeneity and spreading of population density in 25 Australian and 175 US cities. We observe that larger cities tend to form a cluster with low spreading and high heterogeneity, and explain this observation using dynamic properties of the intra-urban migration in these cities. As a result, we report three distinct feasible phases of urban structures: uniform, monocentric, and polycentric, separated by abrupt regime shifts. We demonstrate that transitions between these phases, resulting from the population redistribution, are not necessarily driven by external factors (such as city growth) and can exist even in a closed system. Our analysis reveals that the set of all possible equilibrium configurations (“configurational attractors”) form a narrow region in the heterogeneityspreading space, thus explaining the emergence of clustering patterns.

Orders & Contracts

The spatial structure of modern cities exhibits highly diverse patterns and keeps evolving under numerous constraints and sustainability demands. However, it is unclear if there are fundamental physical constraints guiding the evolution of cities. Here, we offer a concise model revealing key invariants within urban forms shaped by human resettlement over the years. In doing so, we assess the heterogeneity and spreading of population density in 25 Australian and 175 US cities. We observe that larger cities tend to form a cluster with low spreading and high heterogeneity, and explain this observation using dynamic properties of the intra-urban migration in these cities. As a result, we report three distinct feasible phases of urban structures: uniform, monocentric, and polycentric, separated by abrupt regime shifts. We demonstrate that transitions between these phases, resulting from the population redistribution, are not necessarily driven by external factors (such as city growth) and can exist even in a closed system. Our analysis reveals that the set of all possible equilibrium configurations (“configurational attractors”) form a narrow region in the heterogeneityspreading space, thus explaining the emergence of clustering patterns.

Diffusive Resettlement: Irreversible Urban Transitions in Closed Systems.

We propose a non-equilibrium framework for modelling the evolution of cities, which describes intra-urban migration as an irreversible diffusive process. We validate this framework using the actual migration data for the Australian capital cities. With respect to the residential relocation, the population is shown to be composed of two distinct groups, exhibiting different relocation frequencies. In the context of the developed framework, these groups can be interpreted as two components of a binary fluid mixture, each with its own diffusive relaxation time. Using this approach, we obtain long-term predictions of the cities’ spatial structures, which define their equilibrium population distribution.

Intention to move and residential satisfaction: evidence from Poland

Research background: Residential mobility affects the spatial structure of cities and urban development. Longer-distance migration has many additional implications: it affects the demographic situation of a sending area as well as its growth prospects. The literature on interregional and especially international migration regards residential satisfaction as being of at least secondary importance. More attention to this concept is given in research on intra-urban migration and suburbanisation. In a seminal paper of Speare (1974), residential satisfaction was found to be the best predictor of the willingness to move. However, determinants of mobility are country-specific.
 Purpose of the article: Answering the following research questions: 1) What is the scale and selectivity of the intention to move among city residents? 2) Does residential satisfaction explain variation in migration intentions?
 Methods: The data are derived from the PAPI survey on life quality in Lublin, Poland (sample: 1101 residents). We build ordered logit models explaining residents? declarations regarding different types of migration (intra-urban migration, suburbanisation, interregional and international migration) with various proxies of residential satisfaction, as well as financial situation and demographic attributes.
 Findings & Value added: The propensity to migrate was declared by approx. 15?30% of respondents, depending on the type of migration, which indicates relatively low mobility as against EU countries. We confirm that the intention to move is highly selective. The estimated ordered logit models explaining the intention to move prove that satisfaction with housing and neighbourhood characteristics along with life-stage characteristics are relevant predictors of intention to move both within and outside the region. We disregard the opinion that unemployment and adverse financial situation are key drivers of mobility in contemporary Poland. In a more international context, we provide evidence on how long- and short-distance migration are different in nature and discuss some policy implications regarding countering depopulation in peripheral areas.

Who’s ditching the bus?

This paper uses stop-level passenger count data in four cities to understand the nation-wide bus ridership decline between 2012 and 2018. The local characteristics associated with ridership change are evaluated in Portland, Miami, Minneapolis/St-Paul, and Atlanta. Poisson models explain ridership as a cross-section and the change thereof as a panel. While controlling for the change in frequency, jobs, and population, the correlation with local socio-demographic characteristics are investigated using data from the American Community Survey. The effect of changing neighborhood demographics on bus ridership are modeled using Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics data. At a point in time, neighborhoods with high proportions of non-white, carless, and most significantly, high-school-educated residents are the most likely to have high ridership. Over time, white neighborhoods are losing the most ridership across all four cities. In Miami and Atlanta, places with high concentrations of residents with college education and without access to a car also lose ridership at a faster rate. In Minneapolis/St-Paul, the proportion of college-educated residents is linked to ridership gain. The sign and significance of these results remain consistent even when controlling for intra-urban migration. Although bus ridership is declining across neighborhood characteristics, these results suggest that the underlying cause of bus ridership decline must be primarily affecting the travel behavior of white bus riders.

Hypertension prevalence and risk factors among residents of four slum communities: population-representative findings from Port-au-Prince, Haiti.

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and its risk factors among adults in four slum communities in Port-au-Prince. Cluster area random sampling was used to select adults for a health and demographic survey, including anthropometric measurements. Hypertension was defined as SBP at least 140 mmHg and/or DBP at least 90 mmHg, or current hypertension treatment, and was age-standardized to WHO world population. Correlates of hypertension were tested using sex-stratified logistic regression. Overall, 20.3% of adults had hypertension (28.5% age-standardized), including 22.3% of men and 18.9% of women. Three percent of participants reported current hypertension treatment, and 49.5% of them had their hypertension controlled. Overweight/obesity (BMI ≥25) was the most common risk factor (20.6% among men, 48.5% among women), while smoking was less common (11.8 and 3.9%, respectively). Increasing age and hypertension prevalence in immediate surroundings were associated with greater odds of hypertension. Among men, having in-migrated in the 3 years prior (versus ≥3 years) was also associated with hypertension [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=3.32, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.79-6.17], as was overweight and obesity (aOR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.09-3.33, and aOR = 5.73, 95% CI: 2.49-13.19, respectively) and nonreceipt of needed medical care in the preceding 6 months (aOR = 2.82, 95% CI: 1.35-5.88) among women. Hypertension prevalence was high across the age spectrum, in addition to substantial levels of overweight/obesity and unmet healthcare needs. It is important to better understand the possible effects of intraurban migration and environmental risk factors on hypertension and ensure that the benefits of increasingly cost-effective prevention and treatment programmes extend to slum residents.

ウランバートルにおけるゲル地区の形成と居住者の移住・移動・定着

ウランバートルにおけるゲル地区の形成と居住者の移住・移動・定着

Tracking job and housing dynamics with smartcard data

Residential locations, the jobs-housing relationship, and commuting patterns are key elements to understand urban spatial structure and how city dwellers live. Their successive interaction is important for various fields including urban planning, transport, intraurban migration studies, and social science. However, understanding of the long-term trajectories of workplace and home location, and the resulting commuting patterns, is still limited due to lack of year-to-year data tracking individual behavior. With a 7-y transit smartcard dataset, this paper traces individual trajectories of residences and workplaces. Based on in-metro travel times before and after job and/or home moves, we find that 45 min is an inflection point where the behavioral preference changes. Commuters whose travel time exceeds the point prefer to shorten commutes via moves, while others with shorter commutes tend to increase travel time for better jobs and/or residences. Moreover, we capture four mobility groups: home mover, job hopper, job-and-residence switcher, and stayer. This paper studies how these groups trade off travel time and housing expenditure with their job and housing patterns. Stayers with high job and housing stability tend to be home (apartment unit) owners subject to middle- to high-income groups. Home movers work at places similar to stayers, while they may upgrade from tenancy to ownership. Switchers increase commute time as well as housing expenditure via job and home moves, as they pay for better residences and work farther from home. Job hoppers mainly reside in the suburbs, suffer from long commutes, change jobs frequently, and are likely to be low-income migrants.

Unravelling the demographic dynamics of ethnic residential segregation.

Selective intraurban migration of ethnic groups is often assumed to be the main microlevel mechanism reproducing ethnic residential segregation. However, other demographic processes, such as natural change and international migration, also matter. This paper contributes to the literature by unravelling the impacts of different demographic processes to changes in ethnic segregation. It uses longitudinal individual‐level register data on the complete population of the Helsinki region in Finland. We calculate observed changes in exposure indices, segregation indices in counterfactual scenarios, and decompositions of population changes. Results indicate that intraregional migration is the main process affecting segregation between Finnish‐origin and non‐Western‐origin populations, but whereas migration of the former increases segregation, migration of the latter decreases it. International migration and natural change among the non‐Western‐origin population are the main processes increasing exposure of the non‐Western‐origin population to other members of the group. No indication is found of a general tendency to “self‐segregate.”

Movilidad espacial de la población y cambios recientes del modelo de densidad en ciudades del sistema urbano chileno

Este artículo trata sobre algunos cambios recientes habidos en el modelo de densidades de población de algunas ciudades del sistema urbano chileno. Los rasgos fundamentales del nuevo modelo, en relación con el de la ciudad compacta previa, son: disgregación en múltiples fragmentos, reorganización en torno a múltiples modas espaciales y descenso de la densidad media. Una consecuencia de la redistribución de la población en el espacio urbano es el aumento de los recorridos medios entre el lugar de residencia y el centro urbano o los centros funcionales. Las causas inmediatas de la reestructuración del modelo de distribución de población se encuentran en la fragmentación del espacio urbano construido y en las sucesivas oleadas de las migraciones intraurbanas, cuya dirección predominante es desde el centro hacia las periferias cada vez más alejadas. También mantenemos que algunos cambios del modelo de densidades de población son comunes a muchas ciudades y, por tanto, independientes del tamaño de la ciudad.

Ruchliwość mieszkaniowa ludności w miastach na początku XXI w. Przypadek Torunia

The subject of this study is the intercity migration of people which took place in Toruń in 2003‒2005. The most important conclusions from the research can be presented synthetically as follows:1. Studies show high intra-urban mobility of the population of Toruń, the order of 30%. This fact proves the one hand the relatively good economic condition of households in Toruń, on the other hand, a well-functioning housing market.2. Intra-urban migrations of Toruń citizens are of a selective character. From the demographical point of view, their effects are diversity in sex and age distribution, but in the social field it is reflected in the structure of the education of migrants. The living place is first of all changed by citizens who are from 25 to 29 years old, and well-educated people. Women are dominating in the structure of sex. High mobility of young people is reflected in high number of migrating children. The lack of data concidering the migration of whole families makes it impossible to draw straightforward conclusions. Making careful conclusions it may be defined that above two groups are young, growing families. Applying this way of reasoning confirms the existence of the influence of the life cycle on taking decisions considering living place changes.3. Empirical profiles of the age of people who changed their living place in the researched period refer to the model distribution of migration presented by A. Rogers (1980). Similarity exists in the configuration of three following “rises”. However, it should be underlined that the latest increase in migrations takes place before a retirement age and it is lower that in the model distribution. This situation should be explained as the financial stabilization of people who are from 45 to 59 and from 50 to 54 years old. The improvement of the career and economical situation makes it possible to realize plans considering living in the proper place.4. The character and size of the intra-urban migration balance change along with the increase in the distance from the city centre. Migrational decrease is characteristic for central regions of Toruń which cover the oldest medieval architecture and for the biggest number of blocks of flats (WZM). In the further part of the city, there is a registered increase in people migrations. It should be mentioned that the most essential intensity of the phenomenon was registered in units situated along the administrational borders of Toruń with single-family houses together with new groups of blocks of flats.

Intra-Urban Migration Patterns in the Perspective of Improved Radiation Model - A Case Study of Beijing

Gravity Model is commonly used in the study of urban internal migration . Filippo Simini etl improve the Gravity Model, thereby create a more realistic radiation model. Radiation model is validated in the U.S., however, isnt sure to be fit in China. According to the actual situations of our country, the study processes Radiation model parameters and simulates internal migration in Beijing based on the socio-economic data (2005-2010). Results show that the Fengtai District and the Tongzhou District are the two largest migration district in the five years. While the Daxing Districts migration increases year by year. Furthermore, by the contrast of population migration radiation line and GDP, this paper points out that the economics is the main driving force of urban internal migration. Finally, from the perspective of new urban areas construction, development of urban functions expansion areas and population migration balance in Beijing, the corresponding suggestions are put forward for urban planning in Beijing.

Churches of Greater Mumbai – a physio-cultural appraisal

Abstract Greater Mumbai is a mosaic of diverse languages, cultures and religions. Churches in Mumbai reflect the long association of Mumbai City and Salsette Island which comprise the present day Greater Mumbai. The churches of Greater Mumbai are relics of art, architecture and culture, as well as multi-lingual and religious tolerance. They enjoy a great history which dates back to the 16th century. With the coming of the Portuguese and British, the churches and their surrounding environment have undergone a spatial and temporal change to withstand the needs of the society with increasing population and prevalent intra-urban migration. The contributions of East Indians, Goans, Mangaloreans, Tamilians and Keralites to the progress and development of the Church in the area is immense. The present paper is an attempt to highlight the environmental history of the churches chronologically with sketches and maps. The study also analyses the geographical background and population composition in and around the churches. It brings out the emerging spatial pattern of churches in Greater Mumbai as well as the changes that have taken place over a period of time. Moreover, the paper describes the contribution of sociofugal and sociopetal forces for generating the socio-environmental scenario in the contemporary spatial framework.

Intraurban Migration, Neighborhoods, and City Structure

The neighborhood is the central analytical entry point into a wide range of research topics, but it is an open question as to what defines a neighborhood. Most quantitative neighborhood classification methods are based on the assumption that neighborhoods are composed of places with similar spatial and socioeconomic characteristics. While this assumption is both convenient and valuable in neighborhood classification, it tends to overlook critical features of lived experience, particularly human activities such as migration. This paper examines neighborhood classification through the lens of migration patterns in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area of Minnesota. This study uses a parcel dataset to derive a near complete depiction of intraurban migration, which is then coupled to a new combination of methods informed by migration concepts to construct and analyze neighborhood structure. The results of this approach illustrate the value of combining data, method, and theory of human migration in neighborhood classification.

Cities in space and city as place — Rethinking reurbanisation: urban, semi-urban and suburban orientations and their impact on the choice of residence

Following the concept “city as place”, urbanity and the reurbanisation discourse are critically reviewed. The concepts are redeveloped and operationalised as an analytical instrument which allows for a detailed description of urban qualities. The key issue in this analysis is the definition of fundamental value orientations which are assumed to have a strong impact on the choice of residence. With this new concept, intra-urban migration patterns in the city of Mannheim are studied quantitatively as well as the overall migration dynamics. Different population groups with their characteristic moving patterns are compared in the light of urban qualities. Implications for the reurbanisation discourse as well as for urban planning and development are discussed.

Movilidad residencial en la Ciudad de México / Residential Mobility in Mexico City

En este trabajo analizamos el ex post de una modalidad del proceso de migración intraurbana, esto es, el efecto de la decisión de moverse o buscar una alternativa de vivienda por parte de un número elevado de unidades familiares que entran en el proceso. Un análisis agregado de esta naturaleza implica acercarse a los cambios que experimenta la estructura metropolitana de la Ciudad de México al final del periodo en el que se registra el fenómeno de movilidad intrametropolitana (1995-2000). No se trata, por lo tanto, de mostrar el patrón de diferenciación espacial en un momento dado, sino de descubrir las tendencias de cambio que la estructura urbana experimenta a lo largo del tiempo, a diferencia de un corte sincrónico que utiliza variables “stock” para mostrar un patrón de distribución espacial de esas variables.Hemos subdividido la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México en anillos concéntricos y en zonas o sectores urbanos. Este es un recurso que tiene una larga historia en la geografía social urbana para simplificar los patrones de distribución de individuos y hogares con múltiples características económicas y sociales que interactúan de manera compleja en el espacio urbano. El uso de estos modelos espaciales permite apreciar las relaciones que ocurren entre las características de la vivienda, los atributos de los residentes, y su ubicación en el espacio urbano. AbstractThis paper analyzes the ex-post of one aspect of the process of intra-urban migration, in other words, the effect of the decision to move or seek alternative housing by a high number of family units involved in the process. An aggregate analysis of this nature implies examining the changes experienced by the metropolitan structure of Mexico City at the end of the period when the phenomenon of intra-metropolitan mobility was registered (1995-2000). The point, then, is not to show the pattern of spatial differentiation at a specific time, but rather to reveal the changing trends experienced by urban structure over time, unlike a synchronic section that uses stock variables to show the spatial distribution pattern of these variables.The authors have sub-divided the Metropolitan Zone of Mexico City into concentric rings and urban zones or sectors. This recourse has long been used in urban social geography to simplify the distribution patterns of individuals and households with numerous economic and social characteristics that interact in a complex fashion within urban space. The use of these spatial models shows the relationships that occur between housing characteristics, residents’ attributes and their location in urban space.

Intra-urban Migration and Housing Location in Hakodate City

Intra-urban Migration and Housing Location in Hakodate City

千葉県市川市における高齢者の居住移動の距離と方向の特性

This paper examines the validity of J.S. Adams' model on intra-urban migration in the context of the elderly migration in Ichikawa City. Each distance and direction between addresses of origin, destination and the nearest Central Business District (CBD) was measured by Geographic Information System (GIS). Questionnaires on migration were also sent out to the migrants. The finding is that distance bias, directional bias and sectoral bias exist in the migration significantly. However, long movement distances are influenced by the location of nursing homes or their children addresses rather than CBD. Short movement distances are influenced by reconstruction of rental housing. There are a small number of movements of their own will which have effects on these biases.