Intraperitoneal Injection Of Reserpine Research Articles

Effects of Chaenomeles maulei Fruit Juice on Reserpine-induced Behavioral Changes in Rats.

The fruit juice from. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of. The experimental design included a total of 50 animals, divided in the following groups: control, R, R+CMFJ2.5, R+CMFJ5, and R+CMFJ10. All groups except the control received a single intraperitoneal injection of reserpine while the Control group was injected with the vehicle. CMFJ was applied through an orogastric cannula at 0, 19, and 23 hours after reserpine injection at doses of 2.5 ml/kg, 5 ml/kg, and 10 ml/kg to groups R+CMFJ2.5, R+CMFJ5, and R+CMFJ10, respectively. The groups control and R received distilled water (10 ml/kg) at the same time points. The open field test (OFT) and the forced swim test (FST) were carried out. In the OFT, crossings and rearings were recorded as a measure of locomotor activity. In the FST, the immobility time served as a measure of depressive-like behavior. In the OFT, the number of crossings of rats were significantly reduced (p<0.05) by reserpine. CMFJ antagonized the effects of reserpine on rat locomotor activity. In the FST, reserpine caused an insignificant reduction of the immobility time while CMFJ reversed this effect probably by increasing the locomotor activity. CMFJ reversed reserpine-induced hypokinesia in rats. This effect of CMFJ might be attributed to the polyphenols found in very high concentrations in the juice.

Aqueous Extract of Echium amoenum Elevate CSF Serotonin and Dopamine Level in Depression rat

Based on a traditional belief, Echium amoenum (Boraginaceae) dried flowers are used in Iran as an anxiolytic remedy and also as a mood enhancer. But interfering mechanisms unknown, In this study, efficacy of an aqueous extract of E.amoenum in depressive rat was evaluated, using measurement the changes level CSF serotonin and dopamine as indicator mood. Four groups of male wistar rats each group of seven rats were enrolled in this study. Depressive induced with intraperitoneal injection of reserpine (5mg/kg) and assessment depression by swimming test, the next two weeks of oral performing aqueous extract Echium amoenum, CSF serotonin and dopamine concentration of rats were measured using ELISA kit. Our finding indicated, performing aqueous extract Echium amoenum increased CSF serotonin and dopamine concentration in depression rats. The level of CSF serotonin enhanced in control group receiving Echium amoenum compared control group alone. These results showed the serious changes of neurotransmitters due to Echium amoenum which can be translated as mood enhancer. It can be concluded, Echium amoenum induce antidepressant effective in part by increasing level CSF serotonin and dopamine.

The reserpine effects on the gonadotrophic cells of the male common carp &lt;i&gt;Cyprinus carpio&lt;/i&gt; (Osteichtyes: Cyprinidae)

The secretion of gonadotropins (GtH) in goldfish and carp, is stimulated by GtH-releasing hormone (GnRH) and is inhibited by dopamine. Studies with antidopaminergics have demonstrated to be effective in order to stimulate the spermiation and the ovulation in different species of teleosts. The reserpine, a drug that deplets the dopamine, has shown to stimulate the spermiation in the common carp. We report here, the effects of reserpine on the number and volume of gonadotrophic cells of the common carp. Eight injections of reserpine alone, at doses of 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 mg/ml/kg of body weight and at intervals of 48 hours, caused an increase in the number and volume of gonadotrophic cells. The dose 0.5 mg/ml/kg, presented an increase in the number and volume of gonadotrophic cells of 382% and 123%, respectively, above the control group. The dose 1.0 mg/ml/kg, showed an enhanced number and volume of gonadotrophic cells of 704% and 152%, respectively. With the dose 1.5 mg/ml/kg increase in number (171%) and volume (106%) of gonadotrophic cells was lower. The gonads of the experimental groups had an abundance of advanced states of spermatogenesis. Our results show that eight intraperitoneal injections of reserpine were responsible for an increase in gonadodrophic cell, number and volume.

Establishment of Disease-syndrome Combination Rat Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis with Spleen Deficiency

Abstract This study was aimed at establishing a disease-syndrome combination rat model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with spleen deficiency. A group of 60 six-week-old SpragueDawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group and reserpine (RSP) group. Spleen deficiency model rat groups were made by an intraperitoneal injection of RSP. After 14 days, rats of RSP groups were subcutaneously injected with collagen type II protein to induce arthritis. The incidence of the model was observed, and the mechanism was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that compared with the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) group, the degree of joint swelling and joint damage was significantly increased in the RSP CIA model. The RSP CIA model rats were observed as exhibiting spleen deficiency syndrome that was similar to clinical symptoms, such as appearing apathetic, squinting, a sparse dry dull coat, a bowed back, a swollen ankle, fatigue, lazy movement, getting together, eating less, weight loss, and loose stools. Compared with the CIA control rats, spleen deficiency impaired the function of intestinal mucosa by disordering the intestinal villi, covering a large amount of goblet cells in the epithelium, and inducing exfoliation, degeneration, and necrosis fluff pieces. The content of anti-type II collagen antibody, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ was increased. It was concluded that the rat model of rheumatoid arthritis with spleen deficiency syndrome by an intraperitoneal injection of reserpine has both obvious spleen deficiency syndrome and characteristics of RA. It can provide successful experiences for the rat model of rheumatoid arthritis with spleen deficiency syndrome. Spleen deficiency plays a vital role in RA.

A study on the aetiology of reserpine ulceration and the antiulcer action of solcoseryl in rat stomach

The aetiology of reserpine-induced gastric ulcer formation and the antiulcer effects of solcoseryl were studied in rats. Intraperitoneal injection of reserpine produced severe ulceration, as well as mast cell and histamine depletion, in the gastric glandular mucosa. Mepyramine and cimetidine markedly antagonized the gastric lesions, but did not influence the reduced mast cell count; atropine pretreatment significantly inhibited both parameters. Intramuscular injection of solcoseryl lessened ulcer severity and prevented the decreased mast cell counts and histamine levels in reserpine-treated rats. However, the same dose of solcoseryl injected intraperitoneally was ineffective. Solcoseryl, irrespective of the route of administration, did not influence the gastric secretory activities of reserpine. It is concluded that reserpine ulceration is both cholinergic- and histamine-mediated, and that the antiulcer effects of solcoseryl appear to be due to prevention of histamine depletion in the gastric mucosa.

Effects on neuroendocrinoimmune network of Lizhong Pill in the reserpine induced rats with spleen deficiency in traditional Chinese medicine.

Lizhong Pill, composed of radix Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), rhizoma Zingiberis (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.) and radix Glycytthizae (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.), is a classical herbal product for curing spleen deficiency in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and reserpine treated rats show similar signs to TCM spleen deficiency pattern. This paper is aimed to explore the regulatory effect on neuroendocrinoimmune network by Lizhong Pill in reserpine induced TCM spleen deficiency rats. 100 healthy adult male SD rats, with a mean weight of 200 g, were randomly divided into five groups in average: control group, reserpine treated group, atropine treated group, treatment groups with Lizhong Pill at high dose and low dose (equal to the dosage of crude drugs for 4 g/kg/d and 8 g/kg/d). Rats in reserpine treated group were induced by intraperitoneal injection of reserpine at 0.5 mg/kgd for 4 weeks. The levels of IL-1, IL-6 and gastrin were measured with radioimmunoassay, TNF-α and IFN-γ in serum were measured with ELISA, the level of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P (SP) in small intestine were determined with radioimmunoassay, and the TNF-α and TGF-β positive cells in small intestine were detected by immunohistological staining. Data were analyzed with SAS 9.1 software package. The rats in reserpine treated group, body weight, concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-1 and TNF-α in serum, expression of TGF-β in small intestine, VIP in small intestine decreased (P<0.05), and the level of IL-6 in serum, expression of TNF-α, SP in small intestine and gastrin were increased (P<0.05). Administration of Lizhong Pill at high dose could increase the body weights at day 21, and the weights of rats in Lizhong Pill groups were much higher compared to reserpine treated group. At high dose of Lizhong Pill could increase the level of TNF-α in serum. Lizhong Pill at high dose and low dose could reverse the changes of IL-1, IL-6 and IFN-γ, gastrin, expression of TGF-β and TNF-α, VIP and SP in small intestine. The rats treated with reserpine, with similar signs to TCM spleen deficiency, show neuroendocrinoimmune disorders, and the restoration of the neuroendocrinoimmune disorders might be the part of mechanism of Lizhong Pill for reinforcing TCM spleen deficiency.

Protective effect of bovine milk whey protein concentrate on the ulcerative lesions caused by subcutaneous administration of indomethacin.

The protective effect of a whey protein concentrate (WPC) was studied in three models of stomach ulcerative lesions induction: subcutaneous injection of indomethacin, and stress induced by either intraperitoneal injection of reserpine, or immobilization and holding in the cold (4 degrees C, 2 hours). Adult Wistar rats (300-400 g) were used for acute (single-dose), repetitive, or subchronic (10 days) administration of WPC prior to treatment with the ulcerogenic factors. The best protection was achieved in the indomethacin model for repetitive and subchronic experiments, reaching 50.1% and 44%, respectively, inhibition of the ulcerative lesions, which was significant at 1% probability (P <.01). For the immobilization and cold model, maximum inhibition by WPC was 22.1%, and that for the reserpine model was 23.8%. In both models the inhibition was not significant (P >.05) compared with saline (negative control).

Protective Effect of Bovine Milk Whey Protein Concentrate on the Ulcerative Lesions Caused by Subcutaneous Administration of Indomethacin

The protective effect of a whey protein concentrate (WPC) was studied in three models of stomach ulcerative lesions induction: subcutaneous injection of indomethacin, and stress induced by either intraperitoneal injection of reserpine, or immobilization and holding in the cold (4°C, 2 hours). Adult Wistar rats (300–400 g) were used for acute (single-dose), repetitive, or subchronic (10 days) administration of WPC prior to treatment with the ulcerogenic factors. The best protection was achieved in the indomethacin model for repetitive and subchronic experiments, reaching 50.1% and 44%, respectively, inhibition of the ulcerative lesions, which was significant at 1% probability (P < .01). For the immobilization and cold model, maximum inhibition by WPC was 22.1%, and that for the reserpine model was 23.8%. In both models the inhibition was not significant (P > .05) compared with saline (negative control).

Possible explanations for the antagonism by nicotine against reserpine-induced depletion of monoamines in mouse brain.

The inhibitory effect of nicotine pretreatment on reserpine-induced depletion of monoamines in mouse brain was investigated. The depletion of brain monoamines by 24 h after intraperitoneal injection of reserpine (2 mg/kg) was dose-dependently inhibited by nicotine (0.3-10 mg/kg, s.c.) pretreatment 20 min before reserpine injection. This effect of nicotine was more marked on dopamine depletion than on noradrenaline or 5-hydroxytryptamine depletion. The nicotine pretreatment also inhibited the reserpine-induced hypothermia and decrease in the locomotor activity. When reserpine (2 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally, the inhibitory effect of nicotine (3 mg/kg, s.c.) on the reserpine-induced depletion of brain monoamines and heart noradrenaline was not antagonized by hexamethonium (8 mg/kg, s.c.) but rather potentiated by mecamylamine (2 mg/kg, s.c.). However, when reserpine (0.5 mg/kg) was injected intravenously, pretreatment with nicotine (3 mg/kg, s.c.) inhibited the reserpine-induced dopamine depletion only, and this effect of nicotine was completely blocked by mecamylamine but not by hexamethonium. These results suggest that inhibitory effect of nicotine on the intraperitoneal reserpine-induced depletion of brain monoamines is due to an inhibition of absorption of reserpine, and that central nicotinic action is also involved in the antagonism by nicotine of reserpine-induced dopamine depletion.

Induction of Responsiveness of Rat Diaphragm to Ovine Growth Hormone after Administration of Reserpine

The diaphragm of the pituitary intact rat is insensitive to the insulin-like effects of growth hormone unless weanling animals are used, and even then these effects are not achieved reliably. We report here that an intraperitoneal injection of reserpine is able to induce consistent responsiveness to ovine growth horomone (oGH) in hemidiaphragms from 20-27 day old rats as assessed by stimulation of 3H-AIB transport and 14C-phenylalanine incorporation into protein. Maximal stimulation of 3H-AIB transport (approximately 40%) can be elicited by addition of oGH (5 micrograms/ml) to hemidiaphragms after a 2 mg/kg injection of reserpine given 5 h prior to sacrifice. The degree of stimulation does not alter significantly if the rats are sacrificed 3, 5 or 12 h after administration of reserpine, although it decreases by 24 h. Administration of reserpine 3 h before sacrifice also leads to a 50% increase in 14C-phenylalanine incorporation into protein in rat diaphragms in response to the addition of oGH (5 micrograms/ml). The induced sensitivity to oGH is not due to inhibition of GH secretion by reserpine as demonstrated by RIA of plasma GH. Addition of a monoclonal antibody to the GH receptor (MAb263) did not result in a stimulation or inhibition of 3H-AIB uptake or stimulation of protein synthesis in reserpinized rat hemidiaphragms. These results suggest that reserpine can induce tissue responsiveness in rats 20-27 d.o. independent of plasma GH levels. Our results also imply that the type 1 GH receptor of Barnard, Bundesen, Rylatt and Waters (1985) does not mediate the insulin like actions of GH on rat diaphragm.

Effects of lithium [formula omitted] on noradrenaline-induced cyclic AMP accumulation in rat cortical slices after reserpine-induced supersensitivity

Lithium in vitro at concentrations of 1–2 mM and above inhibited cyclic AMP accumulation due to noradrenaline in cerebral cortical slices prepared from both control rats and rats rendered supersensitive for the noradrenaline response by intraperitoneal injection of reserpine. There was no difference in the concentration-dependence of lithium inhibition between control and reserpine-treated rats.

Protective effect of adrenergic blocking agents against kidney hemorrhagic necrosis of choline deficiency.

A disturbed renal circulation due to an imbalance between vasoconstrictor catecholamines and a vasodilator such as acetylcholine, caused by a decrease in acetylcholine, has been postulated as the basic mechanism of hemorrhagic degeneration of the kidneys in choline deficiency. In previous works from our laboratory we have shown a marked increased in the levels of renal catecholamines in choline-deficient rats in comparison to choline supplemented animals, while the content of acetylcholine remained unchanged. Since the changes in tissue catecholamines occurred before there were kidney lesions, we have suggested that an autonomic imbalance, due to an excess of catecholamines, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of renal injury in choline-deficient rats. A series of experiments were then planned to explore this theory further by administering adrenergic blocking agents (alpha-methyldopa and reserpine) attempting to prevent the development of the renal injury in choline deficiency. Young male Wistar rats from our outbred colony were allocated into two experiments. In experiment I the animals were divided at random in 4 groups: group CS-I, was fed a cholinesupplemented diet; group CSD-I, was fed a choline-supplemented diet and treated with alpha-methyldopa; group CD-I, was fed a choline-deficient diet; and group CDD-I, was fed a choline deficient diet and treated with alpha-methyldopa. Groups CSD-I and CDD-I received daily intraperitoneal injections of alpha-methyldopa (300 mg/kg of body weight). In experiment II the animals were divided at random in 4 groups: group CS-II, was fed a choline-supplemented diet; group CSR-II, was fed a choline-supplemented diet and treated with reserpine; group CD-II, was fed a choline-deficient diet; and group CDR-II, was fed a choline-deficient diet and treated with reserpine. The appropriate groups received daily intraperitoneal injections of reserpine (0.4 mg/kg of body weight).

Reserpine and sympathetic denervation cause an increase of postsynaptic α2-adrenoceptors

The changes in α-adrenoceptors in rat vasa deferentia after injections of reserpine and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) were examined in binding studies with [ 3H]WB4101 and [ 3H]clonidine. On intraperitoneal injection of reserpine (0.5 mg/kg body weight per day, 2 days), [ 3H]clonidine binding sites increased by about 2.0 pmol/g wet weight; the binding sites were not detectable in vasa from control rats. [ 3H]WB4101 binding sites showed no apparent changes in amount. After a single injection of 6-OHDA (30 mg/kg body weight), [ 3H]clonidine binding sites amounted to about 1.1 pmol/g wet weight. The data suggest that both reserpine treatment and incomplete chemical denervation with 6-OHDA cause an increase of [ 3H]clonidine binding sites in the postsynaptic region of rat vasa deferentia. The possibility was tested by completely denervating rat vasa deferentia by chemical treatment and operation. The treatments increased the binding sites to about 0.9 and 1.0 pmol/g wet weight respectively over the control level. The results imply that the binding sites indeed also increased in the postsynaptic area.

Effects of reserpine on retention of escape reversal in mice: Absence of state-dependent learning.

A discriminated escape training paradigm was used to study the effects of reserpine on learning and memory in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of reserpine before reversal training had no effect on acquisition but did produced a time-and dose-dependent impairment of retention test performance 10 days later. These results suggested that reserpine may have interfered with some aspect of memory storage. Retention impairments observed when a 2.0 mg/kg reserpine injection was given 2 hr before reversal training were not attenuated by readministering the drug before testing, a finding that provides no support for a state-dependency interpretation. Furthermore, animals treated with reserpine exhibited inferior retention of previous training, regardless of the pharmacological state present during that learning. This was interpreted as a drug-induced impairment of memory retrieval. In addition, performance during the initial discriminated escape training session suggested that reserpine may also impair acquisition under some conditions. In the last experiment, it was found that when the catecholamine precursor L-dihydroxyphenylalamine (100 mg/kg) and the indole amine precursor D,L-5-hydroxytryptophan (125 mg/kg) were both given after reserpine treatment, subsequent retention performance was not significantly impaired. The results are discussed in terms of the possible roles of biogenic amines in arousal, learning, and memory.

Neurochemical changes following the administration of depleters of biogenic monoamines

A variety of drugs which were thought to selectively effect the synthesis, release or reuptake of the biogenic monoamines, and thereby deplete their stores in brain, were administered to rats. The animals were given intraperitoneal injections of reserpine, α-methyl-meta-tyrosine, α-methyl-para-tyrosine, para-cholorophenylalanine and tetrabenazine, and were killed at intervals known to cause maximum depletion of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. When compared to saline controls, the drugs depleted the respective monoamines, as expected, but changes in the levels of acetylcholine, alanine, glycine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and aspartate and glutamate were also observed.

The Pituitary Gland of the RoachLeuciscus rutilus

Three different endocrine cell types were identified by electron microscopy in the rostral pars distalis (RPD) of the roach, Leuciscus rutilus. The cells which are characterized by the morphology and sizes of their secretory granules are assumed to secrete prolactin, ACTH and TSH. Prolactin cells occur in two forms which could be separated on account of the sizes of their granules. Intra-peritoneal injections of reserpine had a strong and persistent effect 24 hours after the treatment. The prolactin cells with small granules reacted with a marked release of secretion. The border of the RPD is composed of a so-called double basement membrane in contact with the perivascular spaces and forms extensive ramifications into the rostral neurohypophysis (RNH). Nerve fibers of different categories terminate at the border and its network in the RNH. Substances released from these terminals may influence the endocrine cells of the RPD. The ACTH cells and the prolactin cells are innervated by axons with granules less than 100 nm. The nomenclature of type ‘A’ fibers and ‘B’ fibers is discussed because it was difficult to make a reliable discrimination of the fibers and their nature by the sizes of their granules. However, four types of nerve fibers were distinguished in connection with the RPD although the presence of more types was indicated. In all four types the size variations of the granules are great and overlapping. The average sizes of the granules in these fibers are 157, 114, 119 and 81 nm. The origin of the nerve fibers innervating the RPD is discussed. All morphological data indicate a complex hypothalamic control of the RPD of the roach.

Effects of atropine, reserpine, 6-hydroxydopamine, and handling on seizure development in the rat

Repeated electrical stimulation in the limbic system causes permanent changes in the susceptibility to epileptiform afterdischarge and motor seizure; the present study examined the involvement of cholinergic and catecholaminergic neural circuits in the mechanism underlying these changes. The cholinergic blocking agent atropine retarded the rate of seizure development without altering the local afterdischarge threshold. Atropine appeared to suppress propagation of epileptiform afterdischarge to other structures within the limbic system. By contrast, attenuation of catecholaminergic activity by intraperitoneal injections of reserpine or intraventricular applications of 6-hydroxydopamine facilitated seizure development, while stress, which elevates catecholaminergic activity, retarded seizure development. These studies suggest that cholinergic circuits in the limbic system play an important role in propagating epileptiform discharge within the limbic system, and raise the possibility that noradrenergic or dopaminergic circuits act in antagonism to these cholinergic “seizure circuits”.

L-DOPA and reserpine: effects on evoked potentials in basal ganglia of freely moving rats

Intraperitoneal injection of reserpine in rats induces a syndrome which resembles the symptoms of parkinsonism, consisting of akinesia, rigidity, and occasionally, tremor4,6,7,11,15. The syndrome is correlated with a depletion of monoamines from the striatum, pallidum, and substantia nigraT, 11. Intraperitoneal administration of LDOPA, the metabolic precursor of dopamine, to reserpinized rats elevates the levels of dopamine in the basal ganglia a,4 and abolishes the 'reserpine syndrome '~,1°,15. Administration of L-DOPA without prior injection of reserpine has been reported to increase locomotor activity in rats 11. These observations indicate that a close relationship exists between mechanisms underlying the central integration of motor activity and intracerebral levels of dopamine 7,1°. Despite many pharmacological studies on monoamines and the striatum, there are few studies concerning the electrophysiological events induced in the striatum in animals treated with these agents 2,~6. The present study represents an initial attempt to elucidate the synaptic effects of dopamine in these cerebral structures. Responses evoked by click stimuli were recorded simultaneously from the caudate nucleus (CN), globus pallidus (GP), and substantia nigra (SN) in the awake freely moving animal. Responses to click stimulation have been recorded previously from the CN 1,s,14 but not from the remaining structures. The responses were recorded monopolarly with chronically implanted stainless steel semi-microelectrodes of 60 #m diameter and a reference electrode implanted in the frontal sinuses. Electrodes were placed using stereotaxic coordinates derived from the atlas of K(inig and Klippe112 and the placements were verified histologically in all animals. The evoked potentials were displayed on a storage oscilloscope, averaged on line with an FT 1070 computer, and recorded with an X-Y plotter. The experiments were carried out on 16 Holtzman rats weighing 250-350 g, divided into two groups: (1) those which received L-DOPA first and reserpine later; and (2) those which received reserpine first and L-DOPA later. Each animal served as its own control; that is, control recordings were taken prior to the

Increased depletion of catecholamines by reserpine in immature cats.

Catecholamine contents of heart and spleen of young cats were significantly less than those of adult cats 24 h after intraperitoneal injection of reserpine, 1 mg/kg, although the catecholamine contents of those organs in untreated cats were not significantly different between young and adult cats.

Changes in rna-content of sympathetic ganglion cells of reserpine-pretreated rats

The RNA content of rat lumbar sympathetic ganglion cells was determined at various intervals after intraperitoneal injection of reserpine (10 mg kg ). The RNA content was significantly increased 36,48 and 72 hr after reserpine treatment and returned close to control values after II days. Maximum values of about 130% of control were recorded 36 and 48 hr after the injection. The RNA changes seem to be well correlated to the changes in synthesis and axonal transport of amine storage granules in the rat lumbar sympathetic ganglion cells in reserpine-treated rats.