Intraperitoneal Injection Group Research Articles

Three different routes of EHEC O157:H7 infection were used to establish EHEC broiler model

In order to study the prevention and control EHEC disease measures in poultry, the infection process and development of this disease and the pathological changes of various organs were to be observed. In this study, chickens were infected with different doses of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 using different routes of administration to establish EHEC broiler model. A total of 195 14-day-old broilers were randomly divided into 13 groups: including control group, Enema-drip groups (1010, 1011, 1012, 1013 CFUs E. coli O157:H7), gavage groups (P.O) (1011, 1012, 1013, 1014 CFUs E. coli O157:H7), and intraperitoneal injection group (I.P.) (108, 109, 1010, 1011 CFUs E. coli O157:H7). Escherichia coli (E. coli) was given using enema-drip, gavage or intraperitoneal infection. Then the feed intake, weight changes, stool and clinical symptoms of the chicks were recorded during the experiment. 7 d after E. coli infection, blood was collected from the jugular vein and serological tests were carried out. The liver, spleen, and colon of the chicks were extracted to get the organ index, bacteria load, and their histopathological changes. After infection with E. coli, some chicks feces were green or red watery stool, sometimes accompanied by foam, and the material to weight ratio of broilers in I.P. group increased significantly (P < 0.05), the 108 CFUs group were 1.3 times as large as control group. Three modeling methods can result in abnormal serum lipid metabolism and liver function indexes (increase of AST, TBA, T-Bil and TC level; decrease of ALB, TG, and TP level). Infection of chicks with O157:H7 by all 3 methods resulted in its detection in the liver, spleen, and colon. Three modeling methods significantly decreased liver index, and inflammatory cell infiltration and hyperemia were observed in liver. The spleen index in E. coli broilers by gavage and enema-drip was significantly decreased, splenic hyperemia and periarteriolar hyalinosis were observed. The spleen was enlarged with purplish-black spheroids in I.P. group broilers, and the spleen histological changes was more serious. The colon villi of broilers in gavage and enema-drip groups were thinner, more prone to rupture, intestinal lamina propria hyperemia, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Moreover, the number of goblet cells in the mucosal epithelium increased. E. coli O157:H7 can induce liver, spleen and intestinal damage and reduce growth performance of chicks. By comparing these 3 methods, we found that chicks infected with O157:H7 by gavage had more severe liver and intestinal damage, the enema-drip method caused most serious intestinal damage, and I.P. method significantly damaged the liver and spleen of chickens.

P53 Alleviates the Progression of Periodontitis by Reducing M1-type Macrophage Differentiation.

Our objective is to explore the effect of P53 on the progression of periodontitis by regulating macrophages differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. Eighteen normal and periodontitis gingival tissues were collected for detecting P53 expression and macrophages infiltration by immunofluorescence, real-time PCR (qPCR) and western-blot. The differentiation and the inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) expression of THP-1, RAW264.7 and bone marrow derived macrophage (BMDM) cells, treating with Pifithrin-α (P53 inhibitor) or Nutlin-3a (P53 activator) under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, were observed by flow cytometry, qPCR and ELISA. The severity of periodontitis, inflammatory cytokines expression and macrophages infiltration were measured in experimental periodontitis wild-type mice and p53 gene conditional knocked-out (p53-CKO) mice, which were established by ligation and LPS injection. A higher number of P53-positive macrophages was found infiltrated in periodontitis tissues. In vitro experiments showed that compared with Nutlin-3a, the proportion of M1-type macrophages and the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 were higher in Pifithrin-α treated cells under LPS stimulation. In vivo experimental periodontitis mice, the Pifithrin-α intraperitoneal injection group showed greater alveolar bone loss, higher levels of TNF-α and IL-6 secretion and more M1-type macrophages infiltration, while the Nutlin-3a intraperitoneal injection group were observed mild symptoms compared with mice in the periodontitis group. P53-CKO mice exhibited more severe periodontitis and more M1-type macrophages infiltrated in local tissues compared with wild-type mice. The activation of p53 gene could alleviate periodontitis by reducing M1-type macrophage polarization. P53 may serve as keeper in the progression of periodontitis, providing new insights into periodontitis treatment.

Digestion-Resistant Linear Epitopes as Dominant Contributors to Strong Allergenicity of Tropomyosin in Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba).

Although tropomyosin has been identified as a major allergen in Antarctic krill, the digestive fate of Antarctic krill tropomyosin and its relationship with allergenicity are unknown. In this study, Antarctic krill tropomyosin was administered to BALB/c mice via both gavage and intraperitoneal injection to explore its sensitizing and eliciting capacity, and its digestion products were analyzed for structural changes and digestion-resistant linear epitopes. Mice gavaged with tropomyosin exhibited lower levels of specific IgE and IgG1, mast cell degranulation, vascular permeability, and anaphylaxis symptoms than those in the intraperitoneal injection group. This may be due to the destruction of macromolecular aggregates, loose expansion of the tertiary structure, complete disappearance of α-helix, and significant changes in molecular force upon the digestion of tropomyosin. Nevertheless, the intragastric administration of Antarctic krill tropomyosin still triggered strong allergic reactions, which was attributed to the existence of seven digestion-resistant linear epitopes (Glu26-His44, Thr111-Arg125, Glu157-Glu164, Glu177-Gly186, Val209-Ile225, Arg244-Arg255, and Val261-Ile270).

Heixiaoyao Powder interferes with microglia polarization in AD model mice by regulating NOX2/ROS/NF-κB signaling pathway

The effect and mechanism of Heixiaoyao Powder on the polarization of microglia(MG) in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice were explored based on NADPH oxidase 2(NOX2)/reactive oxygen species(ROS)/nuclear factor kappaB(NF-κB) signaling pathway. Fifty 4-month-old male APP/PS1 mice were randomly divided into a model group, an MCC950 group(10 mg·kg~(-1)), and low-, medium-, and high-dose Heixiaoyao Powder groups(6.45, 12.89, and 25.78 g·kg~(-1)). Thirty male C57BL/6J mice of the same age and strain were randomly divided into a blank group, a blank + intragastric intervention group, and a blank + intraperitoneal injection group. Drug intervention lasted 90 days. Morris water maze test was used to detect learning and cognitive ability. Nissl staining and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the pathological morphology and ultrastructure of hippocampal neurons. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the positive expression of M1-type marker CD16/32~+/Iba-1~+, M2-type marker CD206~+/Iba-1~+ of MG and the expression of hippocampal ROS. The colorimetric method was used to detect the content of malondialdehyde(MDA) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) in the hippocampus. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to detect the levels of inflammatory factors, including interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-8(IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), in the hippocampus. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of β-amyloid protein(Aβ), Iba-1, CD16/32, CD206, NOX2, NF-κB, p-NF-κB, NF-κB inhibitor alpha(IκBα), and p-IKBα in the hippocampus. The results showed that as compared with the blank group, the model group showed prolonged target quadrant movement distance and escape latency(P&lt;0.01), shortened target quadrant retention time and percentage(P&lt;0.01), disorganized neuronal cells with swelling, nuclear disappearance or bias, reduced number of cells, dissolved or absent Nissl bodies, and a clear area in the cytoplasm, damaged and shrunk cell membrane with abnormal cell morphology, few organelles in the cytoplasm, reduced and swollen mitochondria, increased MG M1-type marker CD16/32~+/Iba-1~+(P&lt;0.01), decreased M2-type marker CD206~+/Iba-1~+(P&lt;0.01), increased ROS activity and MDA content(P&lt;0.01), decreased SOD level(P&lt;0.01), elevated inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α(P&lt;0.01), up-regulated protein expression and phosphorylation of Aβ, CD16/32, Iba-1, NOX2, NF-κB, and IKBα(P&lt;0.01), and down-regulated CD206(P&lt;0.01). There was no statistically significant difference between the blank group, the blank + intragastric intervention group, and the blank + intraperitoneal injection group. After the intervention of Heixiaoyao Powder, the Heixiaoyao Powder groups showed shortened target quadrant movement distance and escape latency(P&lt;0.01), prolonged target quadrant retention time and percentage(P&lt;0.01), increased and neatly arranged cells with relieved swelling, increased Nissl bodies, regular cell morphology, and intact cell membrane, relieved swelling of mitochondria, slightly expanded endoplasmic reticulum, decreased CD16/32~+/Iba-1~+(P&lt;0.05 or P&lt;0.01), increased CD206~+/Iba-1~+(P&lt;0.01), decreased ROS activity and MDA content(P&lt;0.01), increased SOD level(P&lt;0.01), decreased content of inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α(P&lt;0.01), down-regulated protein expression and phosphorylation of Aβ, CD16/32, Iba-1, NOX2, NF-κB, and IKBα(P&lt;0.01), and up-regulated CD206(P&lt;0.01). In conclusion, Heixiaoyao Powder can alleviate neuronal damage and improve the learning and memory abilities of APP/PS1 mice. The mechanism of action may be related to the inhibition of NOX2/ROS/NF-κB signaling pathway, regulating the polarization of MG, increasing the expression of M2 type, inhibiting the expression of M1 type, and reducing the release of inflammatory factor.

Protective effects of glutathione administration on ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat ovaries

We aimed to examine the biochemical and histopathological potential beneficial effects of glutathione administration on the ovarian ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) model. Thirty Wistar Albino female rats were used in this experimental study and were divided into five groups. Group 1 (sham) underwent observational laparotomy. Group 2 (torsion) had their left ovaries torsioned. Group 3 (torsion + detorsion) was detorsioned after torsion. Groups 4 and 5 received the same procedure as group 3. 0,2 ml glutathione was applied to the left ovaries of group 4 (torsion + detorsion + intraovarian glutathione injection) after detorsion. Group 5 (torsion + detorsion + intraperitoneal glutathione injection) was administered 1 ml glutathione intraperitoneally five times. Fifteenth-day blood samples were taken to examine total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, oxidative stress index, anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) values. Besides, the left ovaries were resected for histopathological examination. Total antioxidant status was significantly higher in the intraperitoneal injection group (p&lt;0.05). The AMH values of the sham and intraovarian groups were similar (p&gt;0.05). MDA value did not differ significantly between the sham, intraovarian, and intraperitoneal injection groups (p&gt;0.05). In histopathological examination, no significant benefit of glutathione application on follicle numbers was shown. The main limitations of our study were the relatively small size of our series, the absence of serial blood measurement, the absence of a group in which intraovarian and intraperitoneal injections were administered together, and the absence of a sham + drug group. Glutathione administration reduces the detrimental effects of ovarian IRI.

Aeromonas hydrophila induction method in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) as animal infection models.

Zebrafish are frequently used as model organisms in scientific research as their genes mirror those of humans. Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria can infect humans and animals, mainly fish. This study aimed to identify the concentration and route of A. hydrophila infection in adult zebrafish. Zebrafish had been used as a challenge test by analyzing their hematological profiles, blood glucose levels, and survival rates. Induction of cell supernatant free (CSF) from A. hydrophila bacteria in adult zebrafish was carried out via bath immersion (BI), intraperitoneal injection (IPI), intramuscular injection (IMI), and healthy zebrafish as a control (C). The bacterial concentrations were 107, 109, and 1011 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. At 24 h post-infection, the outcomes of infection were evaluated based on survival rates, hematological profiles, and blood glucose levels. A one-way analysis of variance with a confidence level of 95% was employed to examine the data. In the BI, IPI, and IMI treatment groups, the survival rate of the fish reached a peak of 100%, 22%-100%, and 16%-63%, respectively, compared with the injection technique. In the IMI2 group, a 109 CFU/mL bacterial concentration was determined to correspond to the lethal dosage 50. All infection groups had lower erythrocyte and hemoglobin counts but higher leukocyte counts than the control group. The blood sugar levels of the healthy and infected groups were not significantly different. The route of A. hydrophila infection through Intramuscular injection with a concentration of 109 CFU/mL indicated a high performance compared to other techniques. This method could be developed as a reproducible challenge test.

Efficacy of suspended moxibustion stimulating Shenshu (BL23) and Guanyuan (CV4) on the amygdala-HPA axis in rats with kidney-deficiency symptom pattern induced by hydrocortisone.

To investigated the effects of suspended moxibustion stimulating Shenshu (BL23) and Guanyuan (CV4) acupoints on the amygdala and HPA axis in our rat model and elucidated the possible molecular mechanisms of moxibustion on kidney- deficiency symptom pattern (KYDS). Sixty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group ( 12) and an experimental group ( 48). Rats in the experimental group were given intramuscular injections of hydrocortisone to establish a KYDS model. The 48 rats successfully modeled were then randomly divided into a model group (model, 12), a carbenoxolone intraperitoneal injection group (CBX, 12), a moxibustion group (moxi, 12), and a moxi + CBX group ( 12). In the moxi, the Shenshu (BL23) and Guanyuan (CV 4) acupoints were treated with moxibustion for 14 d. After treatment, measures were taken of serum levels of corticosterone (CORT), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). The expression of mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs), glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), CRH, and ACTH in the rats' amygdala, hypothalamus, or pituitary (as appropriate) was detected. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. Compared with those of the control group, the serum levels of CRH, ACTH, and CORT; the mRNA and protein expressions of MR, GR, and 11β-HSD1 in the amygdala; the mRNA and protein expressions of 11β-HSD1 in the hypothalamus; the CRH mRNA expression in the amygdala and hypothalamus; and the ACTH mRNA expression in the pituitary of the rats in the model group were all significantly decreased (0.05 or 0.01). After treatment with moxibustion, all the aforementioned observation indices except for 11β-HSD1 mRNA expression were ameliorated compared with those in the model group (0.05 or 0.01). Suspended moxibustion can effectively improve the serum levels of ACTH, CRH, and CORT and can up-regulate the mRNA and protein expressions of MR, GR, 11β-HSD1, CRH, and ACTH in the amygdala and hypothalamus of KYDS rats. This may be one of the molecular mechanisms with which moxibustion alleviates KYDS.

Assessment of immune responses and intestinal flora in BALB/c mice model of wheat food allergy via different sensitization methods

Increasing incidences showed that food allergies have attracted more and more attention from researchers. BALB/c mice were sensitized with wheat gluten combined with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant via intraperitoneal injection, transdermal sensitization, and oral gavage sensitization route. Results showed that all the three sensitization methods could induce allergic symptoms; increase the serum antibody (total immunoglobulin E (IgE), specific IgE, IgG, IgA) and histamine content; promote the secretion of Th2 cytokines (interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13) and inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-17A, IL-10); and inhibit the production of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2). However, the allergic symptoms of mice sensitized by intraperitoneal injection were the most obvious among the three models. The level of serum antibodies in intraperitoneal injection group was significantly higher than control. Subsequently, 16S rRNA sequencing technology was used to analyze the intestinal flora of mice. The results showed that the abundance of Firmicutes in the wheat protein sensitized group was lower than that in the normal group, while the abundance of Bacteroidetes was higher, and Lactobacillus was the difference marker in normal group. Bacterial species diversity analysis showed that the species richness and diversity of intestinal flora in mice were decreased, the difference between mice induced by intraperitoneal injection and normal control group mice was the most significant. Taken together, these results show that among three sensitization methods used to build a mouse model with aluminum hydroxide as adjuvant, intraperitoneal injection is the comparably best way to build a mouse sensitization mode.

Effect and mechanism of acupoint injection on influenza A virus induced pneumonia in mice

To investigate the effect and mechanism of acupoint injection with 0.1% vitamin C+vitamin B complex solution (VC+VBCo) at "Tiantu" (CV 22), "Quchi" (LI 11) and "Zusanli" (ST 36) in mouse model of pneumonia induced by influenza A virus (A/PR/8/34 [H1N1], PR8). Sixty male ICR mice were randomized into 6 groups, i.e. control group, model group, acupoint injection group, intraperitoneal injection group, non-target point group and ribavirin group, 10 mice in each one. Except the control group, the pneumonia models were induced by slow nasal dripping PR8 virus in the other groups. On the 2nd day of experiment, VC+VBCo solution, 40 μL was injected at "Tiantu" (CV 22), "Quchi" (LI 11, left) and "Zusanli" (ST 36, left) in the acupoint injection group; VC+VBCo solution, 120 μL was injected intraperitoneally in the intraperitoneal injection group; VC+VBCo solution, 40 μL was injected at non-target acupoints (0.5 cm away from "Tiantu" [CV 22] to the left side, "Quchi" [LI 11, left] and "Zusanli" [ST 36, left]) in the non-target point group; and ribavirin solution, 120 μL was injected intraperitoneally in the ribavirin group. The intervention was delivered once daily, for consecutive 7 days. Three parallel experiments were undertaken. The mean death rate and survival time were assessed in each group, the body mass and lung index were compared among groups. Using HE staining, the morphology of lung tissue was observed; and with real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, viral load in lung tissue was detected. The concentrations of inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α], interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-10) were detected in lung tissue of each group using ELISA; and those of oxidative stress markers (superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GSH-Px], malondialdehyde [MDA]) were detected with chemiluminescence method. Compared with the control group, the body mass was decreased and lung index was increased in the model group (P<0.01). In comparison with the model group, body mass was increased in the acupoint injection group (P<0.05), lung index was reduced in the acupoint injection group the and ribavirin group (P<0.05); the mean death rate was decreased and the mean survival time prolonged in the mice of the acupoint injection group (P<0.01, P<0.05); and the mean death rate was reduced in the mice of the ribavirin group (P<0.05). In the model group, the alveolar structure was not integral, the alveolar septum was thickened, inflammatory cells were infiltrated and red blood cells exudated seriously (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, in the acupoint injection group and the ribavirin group, the alveolar structure was integral, the thickened alveolar septum was alleviated; and the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the exudation of red blood cells were reduced remarkably. The viral load was reduced in the mice of the ribavirin group when compared with the model group (P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β and MDA in lung tissue were increased and those of IL-10, SOD and GSH-Px were reduced in the model group (P<0.01). In the acupoint injection group and the ribavirin group, the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β and MDA were reduced in lung tissue and those of IL-10, SOD and GSH-Px were increased (P<0.05, P<0.01) when compared with the model group. Acupoint injection with VC+VBCo solution may alleviate inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in lung tissue of the PR8-induced pneumonia mice, improve survival rate and prolong the survival time in the case of no effect of the viral load.

Safety and Efficacy of Intratympanic Alpha-Lipoic Acid Injection in a Mouse Model of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss.

Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is an antioxidant with oto-protective effects. In the present study, the safety and effectiveness of ALA therapy after noise-induced hearing loss was confirmed based on the administration method. The safety of intratympanic ALA (IT-ALA) was evaluated with oto-endoscopy and middle ear mucosa morphologic study. Perilymph ALA concentrations according to the administration routes were compared, and the efficacy of ALA was investigated through hearing tests and cochlear histological studies. The middle ear mucosa was swollen 1 week after IT-ALA but completely recovered within 3 weeks. ALA concentration in the perilymph was significantly higher in the IT-ALA group. Recovery of organ of Corti morphology and hearing levels were predominant in the IT-ALA group compared with the intraperitoneal injection group (IP-ALA) and showed similar rescue effects in the IT-dexamethasone group (IT-DEX). Interleukin-1 beta and nuclear factor-kappa B expression was significantly downregulated in the IT-ALA group. IT-ALA showed better cochlear recovery from acoustic trauma with higher inner ear penetration rate than IP-ALA. The rescue effect of IT-ALA after noise-induced hearing loss was similar to IT-DEX; however, the ALA and DEX mechanisms are different. IT-ALA appears to be another safe and effective treatment modality after acoustic trauma and comparable to IT-DEX.

Evaluating Salmonella pullorum dissemination and shedding patterns and antibody production in infected chickens

BackgroundPullorum disease caused by Salmonella pullorum is one of the most important infectious diseases in the poultry industry, responsible for causing substantial economic losses globally. On farms, the traditional method to detect S. pullorum infection mainly involves the collection of feces and sera to test for antigens and antibodies, respectively, but the regularity of Salmonella pullorum dissemination in internal organs and shedding patterns and antibody production in infected chickens remains unclear. Herein we aimed to investigate the dissemination of S. pullorum to different organs and bacterial shedding patterns in the faeces as well as serum antibody production post-infection in chickens of different ages.ResultIn this study, the liver and heart of 2-day-old chickens showed the highest copy numbers of S. pullorum at 6.4 × 106 and 1.9 × 106 copies of DNA target sequences/30 mg, respectively. In case of 10-day-old chickens, the percentage of S. pullorum fecal shedding (0%–40%) and antibody production (0%–56.6%) markedly fluctuated during the entire experiment; furthermore, in case of 42-week-old chickens, the percentage of birds showing S. pullorum shedding in the faeces showed a downward trend (from 63.33% to 6.6% in the oral inoculation group and from 43.3% to 10% in the intraperitoneal injection group), while that of birds showing serum antibody production remained at a high level (38.3% and 80% in the oral inoculation and intraperitoneal injection groups, respectively). We also performed cohabitation experiments, showed that 15% 10-day-old and 3.33% 42-week-old chickens were infected via the horizontal transmission in cohabitation with S. pullorum infected chickens, and revealed a high risk of horizontal transmission of S. pullorum.ConclusionThis study systematically evaluated the dissemination of S. pullorum in internal organs and bacterial fecal shedding patterns, and antibody production in infected chickens. Collectively, our findings indicate how to effectively screen S. pullorum-negative chickens on livestock farms and should also help in the development of measures to control and eradicate S. pullorum.

Effects of different injection methods of propofol anesthesia on the behavior and electroencephalography recording in mice.

Propofol is commonly used in mice studies on the mechanism of general anesthesia. The administration routes of propofol include intraperitoneal injection, single tail vein injection, and continuous tail vein pumping. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of the three injection methods on the behavior and electroencephalography (EEG) recording in mice. Mice were divided into an intraperitoneal injection group, a single tail vein injection group, and a continuous tail vein pumping group according to the propofol administration route. The indexes for observation were: time of loss of righting reflex (LORR), time of resumption of righting reflex (RORR), and change in the number of EEG spindle waves during anesthesia. The LORR and RORR were detected again after 1 week to determine the repeatability of the three administration routes. Death and behavioral change after anesthesia recovery in mice were recorded in the three groups. For propofol administration in mice, intraperitoneal injection induced long-duration anesthesia, but the depth of anesthesia was shallow and there was a risk of anesthesia accidents. A small dose of propofol administered through a single tail vein can induce loss of consciousnessbut the LORR time was not recorded, hencethe metrics during induction of anesthesia were not investigated. Continuous tail vein pumping produced stable behavior and EEG recording during anesthesia induction and recovery in mice, and the individual difference was small. Continuous tail vein pumping is an ideal administration route for studying the mechanism of loss of consciousness of propofol anesthesia in mice, which could provide reference data for future mice experiments using propofol.

Effects of GYDENPHY caspules on streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic in Swiss mouse model

Objective: Evaluation the hypoglycemic effect of Gydenphy capsules on Streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic in Swiss mouse model.&#x0D; Methods: The type 1 diabetic model was established by intraperitoneal injections of Streptozocin 150mg/kg in Swiss mouse. Then, the Gydenphy were orally administered daily at a dose of 576 mg/kg/day or 1152 mg/kg/day in 10 days. Blood glucose concentration in the Gydenphy oral groups with that of water control group and the intraperitoneal insulin injection group was compared.&#x0D; Results: Blood glucose concentration in the groups using Gydenphy (dose576 mg/kg/24h and dose 1152 mg/kg/24h) significal decreased compared to the distilled water group at (p &lt;0.05 at the time of 4 hours, 8 hours; p &lt;0.01 at the time of 3, 10 days). The hypoglycemic effect of Gydenphy at 576mg/kg/day and 1152 mg/kg/day at 4 hours, 8 hours and 3 days were inferior to insulin 0.1 UI/kg/day for glycemic control. However, the hypoglycemic effect ofGydenphy were equivalent to insulin after 10 consecutive days on treatment.&#x0D; Conclusion: Gydenphy capsules have hypoglycemic effects onStreptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes in Swiss mouse model.

Effects of GYDENPHY caspules on streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic in Swiss mouse model

Objective: Evaluation the hypoglycemic effect of Gydenphy capsules on Streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic in Swiss mouse model.&#x0D; Methods: The type 1 diabetic model was established by intraperitoneal injections of Streptozocin 150mg/kg in Swiss mouse. Then, the Gydenphy were orally administered daily at a dose of 576 mg/kg/day or 1152 mg/kg/day in 10 days. Blood glucose concentration in the Gydenphy oral groups with that of water control group and the intraperitoneal insulin injection group was compared.&#x0D; Results: Blood glucose concentration in the groups using Gydenphy (dose576 mg/kg/24h and dose 1152 mg/kg/24h) significal decreased compared to the distilled water group at (p &lt;0.05 at the time of 4 hours, 8 hours; p &lt;0.01 at the time of 3, 10 days). The hypoglycemic effect of Gydenphy at 576mg/kg/day and 1152 mg/kg/day at 4 hours, 8 hours and 3 days were inferior to insulin 0.1 UI/kg/day for glycemic control. However, the hypoglycemic effect ofGydenphy were equivalent to insulin after 10 consecutive days on treatment.&#x0D; Conclusion: Gydenphy capsules have hypoglycemic effects onStreptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes in Swiss mouse model.

Tryptophan Side-Chain Oxidase Enzyme Suppresses Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth through Degradation of Tryptophan.

Tryptophan metabolism plays a role in the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. By degrading certain amino acids, tumor growth can be limited while maintaining the body’s normal nutritional requirements. Tryptophan side-chain oxidase (TSO) enzyme can degrade tryptophan, and its inhibitory effect on hepatocellular carcinoma cells is worthy of further study. To investigate the degradation effect on tryptophan, TSO was isolated and purified from qq Pseudomonas. The reaction products were identified with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). De novo sequencing provided the complete amino acid sequence of TSO. The results of CCK-8, colony formation, transwell, and qPCR confirmed that TSO had inhibitory effects on the proliferation and migration of HCCLM3 (human hepatocarcinoma cell line) and HepG2 cells. The results of flow cytometry confirmed its apoptotic activity. In animal experiments, we found that the tumor-suppressive effect was better in the oncotherapy group than the intraperitoneal injection group. The results of immunohistochemistry also suggested that TSO could inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis. In conclusion, a specific enzyme that can degrade tryptophan and inhibit the growth of hepatoma cells was authenticated, and its basic information was obtained by extraction/purification and amino acid sequencing.

Comparison of Pancreatic Damage in Rats for Two Methods of Paraquat Administration.

It is noted that elevated serum amylase levels suggesting pancreatic damage has an association with prognosis in PQ patients. This study aimed to determine whether PQ can cause pancreatic damage. The two conventional models (intragastric infusion (iG) and intraperitoneal injection (iP)) may exhibit different effects on the pancreas depending on whether or not they pass through the digestive tract. In this study, the rats were divided into four groups: the intragastric infusion group (PQ-iG, n = 45), intraperitoneal injection group (PQ-iP, n = 53), normal control group 1 (NC-iG, n = 6) and normal control group 2 (NC-iP, n = 6). Pancreatic damage was compared between groups using serum amylase activity assay, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, TUNEL assay, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Serum amylase levels in group PQ-iG were significantly higher than in group PQ-iP (p < 0.05). Examination of the H&E sections showed damage to the pancreas. Both experimental groups were displayed inflammatory infiltration within 9 h of PQ treatment. After 9 h, patchy necrosis was observed in group PQ-iP, when inflammatory infiltration was still the dominant pathology. Necrosis appeared and gradually worsened in group PQ-iG, in which necrosis was the dominant pathology. The TUNEL assay showed significantly higher numbers of apoptotic cells in the pancreas of PQ-groups than in the control NC- groups (p < 0.05). TEM showed expansive endoplasmic reticulum lumens and mitochondria swelling in the pancreas of the PQ-groups. It is concluded that both methods of modeling could cause pancreatic damage and the type and degree of damage would change over time. Note that pancreatic damage in group PQ-iG was more severe than that in group PQ-iP. Therefore, clinical practitioners should pay close attention to pancreatic damage caused by PQ, especially when the route of PQ administration was oral.

Effects of UCMSCs Delivered through Different Transplantation Approaches on Acute Radiation Enteritis in Rats

Radiation enteritis is the most common and serious complication of abdominal or pelvic radiation therapy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as well as cell protection agents, inhibit apoptosis and promote the proliferation of injured tissues. 3 human umbilical cords MSCs (UCMSCs) were injected into the tail vein or peritoneal cavity of a rat model of radiation enteritis. The temporary protective effect was assessed by identification of donor cells, detection of cellular immune parameters and inflammatory cytokine levels, quantitation of jejunum mucosal preservation and examination of the rat remaining life. Only the rats in the intraperitoneal injection group exhibited a few positive donor cells 7 days after transplantation. CD4+/CD8+ T cells, a cellular immune parameter, decreased in the abdominal exudate of intraperitoneal injection group, compared with the model-only control and tail vein groups (both P < .05). Both serum and abdominal exudate TNF-α and IL-6 levels in the intraperitoneally injected rats rapidly decreased and were significantly different from those in the model-only control and tail vein injection groups (all P < .05). Mucosal surface area and survival time increased in the intraperitoneal injection group compared with the vehicle and tail vein injection groups (all P = .000). Therefore, the administration of UCMSCs with intraperitoneal injection approach postponed death in a rat model of radiation enteritis, which was associated with reduced serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6). However, UCMSCs injected via the tail vein triggered an intense cellular immune response in the serum that adversely affects their survival. This treatment failed to suppress circulating serum and abdominal exudate levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and could not provide a therapeutic benefit for prolonging life against acute radiation enteritis.

Resveratrol (3,4ʹ,5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) or caffeic acid phenethyl ester supplementation prevents premature ovarian insufficiency due to chemotherapy

IntroductionThis study was planned to investigate the protective effect of resveratrol (RSV), caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on chemotherapy-induced premature ovarian insufficiency (POI).Material and methodsTwenty-eight female rats were divided into four groups with 7 rats in each group. The groups consisted of a vehicle-treated control group (group 1), rats treated with chemotherapy followed by intraperitoneal RSV injection (group 2) or rats treated with chemotherapy followed by CoQ10 (group 3), or rats treated with chemotherapy followed by intraperitoneal CAPE injection (group 4). Cisplatin was administered intraperitoneally once daily at doses of 2.0 mg/kg for 10 days. Rats in groups 2, 3, and 4 were given RSV (100 mg/kg, i.p.), CoQ10 (20 mg/kg, oral), and CAPE (10 mg/kg, i.p.) respectively. Five animals in the sham group underwent laparotomy for ovarian weight measurements on the first day of cisplatin injection. Animals in the treatment and control groups were sacrificed two weeks later, and their ovaries were excised for histopathological analysis. Serum levels of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) were also analyzed.ResultsRats in groups 2 and 4 showed vaginal smears under estrogenic effect. At the end of the second week, the total body weight and ovarian weight of the animals in group 1 increased. Significantly higher mean follicle count was detected in groups 2 and group 4 compared to group 3. The ovaries of the rats in the control group showed follicles in all stages of development. While the ovaries of the rats in the RSV or CAPE showed significantly decreased numbers of primordial follicles they showed increased numbers of early growing follicles.ConclusionsBoth RSV and CAPE administration might improve follicle survival and AMH production in rats with chemotherapy-induced POI but further research is necessary.

Differences of locomotor activities in the dementia rat model induced by oral d-galactose and intraperitoneal injection

Background: The aging process can increase the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia. Dementia is characterized by a gradual loss of cognitive performance for locomotor activity in exploring new environments. Research on dementia in mice was carried out by administering d-galactose to induce mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis of neurons.Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine differences in locomotor activity in rats induced by oral d-galactose and intraperitoneal injection.Methods: An experimental study with a posttest control group design. The subjects were male Wistar rats aged 12-14 weeks with weighing 200-300gram obtained from the Animal Laboratory of the Pharmacology Unit of the Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University. The study was conducted for 8 weeks, from June to August 2019. A total of 20 rats induced d-galactose dose of 100 mg/kg/day orally and intraperitoneal injection. The use of animals was carried out after obtaining ethical clearance from the ethical committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University. Y maze test is conducted for 5 minutes at the end of week 8.Results: There was a decrease in locomotor activity in both groups. The average locomotor activity in the oral group was 6.5+0.268, and the injection group was 5.5+0.341. Bivariate analysis with unpaired t-test showed significant differences in locomotor activity between groups given oral d-galactose compared to the intraperitoneal injection group with p=0.034 (&lt;0.05).Conclusion: Alzheimer's dementia induced d-galactose mice to have a different locomotor activity after administration by oral or intraperitoneal injection of d-galactose. This study supports the results of previous studies that the administration of d-galactose can cause impaired locomotor activity.

Effects of ethanolic extract of Artemisia persica on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment and anxiety in rats

Background: Artemisia persica is used as an antiseptic, carminative, appetizer, antiparasitic, and antipyretic agent as well as to relieve fascial pains, and in the past, was used to relieve neuropathic pain and facilitate uterine contractions during childbirth. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant potential and effects of A. persica on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments and anxiety. Methods: In this experimental study, 50 male rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 each, including control group, scopolamine (0.7 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) group, and three groups receiving scopolamine and ethanolic Artemisia persica extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg). After three weeks of treatment, behavioral tests including passive avoidance memory, plus maze test, and rotarod test were conducted. The level of malondialdehyde and the antioxidant capacity of the serum and brain in the rats were measured. Results: Treatment with A. persica extract at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg in rats receiving scopolamine caused a significant increase in secondary latency in shuttle Box test (P < 0.01). Treatment of rats receiving scopolamine with A. persica extract at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg significantly decreased the time elapsed in closed arms and significantly increased the time elapsed in the open arms in plus maze test (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that A. persica can act as a potent neuropharmacologic agent against cognitive impairment by modulating cholinergic activity and neuritis in the rat hippocampus