Intraperitoneal Contamination Research Articles

Isolated Gastric Perforation following Blunt Trauma Abdomen not to be Missed: A Case Series

Abdominal trauma is a commonly encountered emergency which may be because of roadside accidents, assaults, or falls from height. Blunt injury to the abdomen is far more common than penetrating injury. Gastric perforation commonly occurs following penetrating abdominal trauma. However, gastric rupture is an uncommon entity following blunt trauma abdomen (BTA). Here, we are presenting three cases of isolated gastric perforation after BTA, two were due to a roadside accident, and one was a result of a fall from height. History suggests of a full stomach is usually found in traumatic gastric rupture. This condition usually presents with insignificant clinical or radiological signs. Isolated gastric rupture due to trauma is rare as it is usually associated with other injuries such as splenic and liver injuries. Early suspicion plays an important role in diagnosing this entity which carries higher morbidity and mortality if not managed timely. As isolated gastric perforation because of trauma leads to high morbidity and mortality, hence thorough lavage of the peritoneal cavity followed by double-layer closure after adequate debridement will reduce chances of intraperitoneal contamination thus improving outcome. Presentation after the last meal, the severity of gastric rupture, and other associated injuries play an important role in the prognosis of the patient.

O133: Development and Validation of HAS (Hajibandeh Index, ASA Status, Sarcopenia) - A Novel Model for Predicting Mortality after Emergency Laparotomy

Abstract Introduction Current predictive models for mortality following an emergency laparotomy (EL) have a discrimination power of adequate to strong with none showing excellent discrimination. We aim to develop and validate a predictive model to predict the risk of postoperative mortality after EL considering the following variables: age, age ≥ 80, American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) status, clinical frailty score, sarcopenia, Hajibandeh Index (HI), bowel resection, and intraperitoneal contamination. Methods A retrospective cohort study of adult patients who underwent EL due to non-traumatic acute abdominal pathology between 2017 and 2022 was conducted. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to develop and validate the model via two protocols (Protocol A and B). The model performance was evaluated in terms of ROC curve discrimination, calibration (calibration diagram and Hosmer-Lemeshow test), and classification. Results 1043 patients were included (statistical power = 94%). Multivariable analysis kept HI (Protocol-A: P=0.0004; Protocol-B: P=0.0017), ASA status (Protocol-A: P=0.0068; Protocol-B: P=0.0007), and sarcopenia (Protocol-A: P<0.0001; Protocol-B: P<0.0001) as final predictors of 30-day mortality in both protocols; hence the model was called HAS (HI, ASA status, sarcopenia). The HAS demonstrated excellent discrimination (AUC: 0.96, P<0.0001), excellent calibration (P<0.0001), and excellent classification (95%) via both protocols. The performance of HAS was significantly better than NELA score (AUC: 0.96 vs 0.86, P<0.0001). Conclusions The HAS is the first model demonstrating excellent discrimination, calibration, and classification in predicting the risk of 30-day mortality following EL. The HAS model seems promising and is worth attention for external validation using HAS Emergency Laparotomy calculator.

Predictive value of Hajibandeh index in determining peritoneal contamination in acute abdomen: A cohort study and meta-analysis.

Hajibandeh index (HI), derived from combined levels of C-reactive protein, lactate, neutrophils, lymphocytes and albumin, is a modern predictor of peritoneal contamination and mortality in patients with acute abdominal pathology. To validate the performance of HI in predicting the presence and nature of peritoneal contamination in patients with acute abdominal pathology in a larger cohort study and to synthesis evidence in a systematic review and meta-analysis. The STROBE guidelines and the PRISMA statement standards were followed to conduct a cohort study (ChiCTR2200056183) and a meta-analysis (CRD42022306018), respectively. All adult patients undergoing emergency laparotomy for acute abdominal pathology were eligible. The accuracy of the HI was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis in the cohort study and using weighted summary area under the curve (AUC) under the fixed and random effects modelling in the meta-analysis. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 criteria were used for methodological quality assessment of the included studies. A total of 1437 patients were included (700 from the cohort study and 737 from the literature search). ROC curve analysis of the cohort study showed that the AUC of HI for presence of contamination, purulent contamination and feculent contamination were 0.79 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.76-0.82, P < 0.0001], 0.76 (95%CI: 0.72-0.80, P < 0.0001), and 0.83 (95%CI: 0.79-0.86, P < 0.0001), respectively. The meta-analysis showed that the pooled AUC of HI for presence of contamination, purulent contamination and feculent contamination were 0.79 (95%CI: 0.75-0.83), 0.78 (95%CI: 0.74-0.81), and 0.80 (95%CI: 0.77-0.83), respectively. The HI is a strong and accurate predictor of intraperitoneal contamination. Although the available evidence is robust, it is limited to the studies conducted by our evidence synthesis group. We encourage other researchers to validate performance of HI in predicting the presence of intraperitoneal contamination and more importantly in predicting mortality following emergency laparotomy.

The unrestricted global effort to complete the COOL trial

BackgroundSevere complicated intra-abdominal sepsis (SCIAS) has an increasing incidence with mortality rates over 80% in some settings. Mortality typically results from disruption of the gastrointestinal tract, progressive and self-perpetuating bio-mediator generation, systemic inflammation, and multiple organ failure. A further therapeutic option may be open abdomen (OA) management with negative peritoneal pressure therapy (NPPT) to remove inflammatory ascites and attenuate the systemic damage from SCIAS, although there are definite risks of leaving the abdomen open whenever it might possibly be closed. This potential therapeutic paradigm is the rationale being assessed in the Closed Or Open after Laparotomy (COOL trial) (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03163095). Initially, the COOL trial received Industry sponsorship; however, this funding mandated the use of a specific trademarked and expensive NPPT device in half of the patients allocated to the intervention (open) arm. In August 2022, the 3 M/Acelity Corporation without consultation but within the terms of the contract canceled the financial support of the trial. Although creating financial difficulty, there is now no restriction on specific NPPT devices and removing a cost-prohibitive intervention creates an opportunity to expand the COOL trial to a truly global basis. This document describes the evolution of the COOL trial, with a focus on future opportunities for global growth of the study.MethodsThe COOL trial is the largest prospective randomized controlled trial examining the random allocation of SCIAS patients intra-operatively to either formal closure of the fascia or the use of the OA with an application of an NPPT dressing. Patients are eligible if they have free uncontained intraperitoneal contamination and physiologic derangements exemplified by septic shock OR severely adverse predicted clinical outcomes. The primary outcome is intended to definitively inform global practice by conclusively evaluating 90-day survival. Initial recruitment has been lower than hoped but satisfactory, and the COOL steering committee and trial investigators intend with increased global support to continue enrollment until recruitment ensures a definitive answer.DiscussionOA is mandated in many cases of SCIAS such as the risk of abdominal compartment syndrome associated with closure, or a planned second look as for example part of “damage control”; however, improved source control (locally and systemically) is the most uncertain indication for an OA. The COOL trial seeks to expand potential sites and proceed with the evaluation of NPPT agnostic to device, to properly examine the hypothesis that this treatment attenuates systemic damage and improves survival. This approach will not affect internal validity and should improve the external validity of any observed results of the intervention.Trial registration: National Institutes of Health (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03163095).

Development and Validation of HAS (Hajibandeh Index, ASA Status, Sarcopenia) - A Novel Model for Predicting Mortality After Emergency Laparotomy.

To develop and validate a predictive model to predict the risk of postoperative mortality after emergency laparotomy taking into account the following variables: age, age ≥ 80, ASA status, clinical frailty score, sarcopenia, Hajibandeh Index (HI), bowel resection, and intraperitoneal contamination. The discriminative powers of the currently available predictive tools range between adequate and strong; none has demonstrated excellent discrimination yet. The TRIPOD and STROCSS statement standards were followed to protocol and conduct a retrospective cohort study of adult patients who underwent emergency laparotomy due to non-traumatic acute abdominal pathology between 2017 and 2022. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to develop and validate the model via two protocols (Protocol A and B). The model performance was evaluated in terms of discrimination (ROC curve analysis), calibration (calibration diagram and Hosmer-Lemeshow test), and classification (classification table). One thousand forty-three patients were included (statistical power = 94%). Multivariable analysis kept HI (Protocol-A: P =0.0004; Protocol-B: P =0.0017), ASA status (Protocol-A: P =0.0068; Protocol-B: P =0.0007), and sarcopenia (Protocol-A: P <0.0001; Protocol-B: P <0.0001) as final predictors of 30-day postoperative mortality in both protocols; hence the model was called HAS (HI, ASA status, sarcopenia). The HAS demonstrated excellent discrimination (AUC: 0.96, P <0.0001), excellent calibration ( P <0.0001), and excellent classification (95%) via both protocols. The HAS is the first model demonstrating excellent discrimination, calibration, and classification in predicting the risk of 30-day mortality following emergency laparotomy. The HAS model seems promising and is worth attention for external validation using the calculator provided. HAS mortality risk calculator https://app.airrange.io/#/element/xr3b_E6yLor9R2c8KXViSAeOSK .

Impact of large amount of intra-abdominal lavage on surveillance of surgical site infection after hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery: A prospective cohort study.

In hepatobiliary and pancreatic (HBP) surgery, the role and significance of intra-abdominal lavage (IAL) for surgical site infection (SSI) is controversial. This prospective study was performed between July 2020 and July 2022. A total of 150 patients, 10-L IAL was performed. The lavage fluid at 1-L, 5-L, and 10-L was subjected to bacterial culture examination. Risk factors for SSI were evaluated. Bacterial positivity rate significantly decreased as follows: 1-L, 36% (n=54); 5-L, 27% (n=41); 10-L, 23% (n=35) (36% vs 23%, p= .001). Patients with positive lavage fluid culture at 10-L had significantly higher incidence of both incisional (37% vs 6%, p< .01) and organ/space (54% vs 3%, p< .01) SSI. Multivariate analysis revealed positivity for bacterial culture at 10-L as the strongest independent risk factor for incisional SSI (OR 13.0, 95% CI: 3.86-43.6, p< .01), followed by postoperative pancreatic fistula (OR 11.7, 95% CI: 3.03-45.6, p< .01). Likewise, in organ/space SSI, positivity for bacterial culture at 10-L was the strongest independent risk factor (OR 48.9, 95% CI:12.1-197.7, p< .01), followed by digestive reconstruction (OR 5.20, 95% CI: 1.45-18.6, p= .01). IAL decreased the intraperitoneal contamination rate in a volume-dependent manner and can be useful in the surveillance of SSI development in HBP surgery.

Stercoral ulcer perforation mortality: A rare presentation

Stercoral ulcers resulting from damage to the intestinal lining due to chronic constipation are rarely presented as perforations. The incidence of these perforations is 3.2% of all colonic perforations. Poor diet, anatomic factors, and certain medications increase the risk of perforations. The presentation of stercoral ulcers varies widely among patients. Immediate surgical intervention is required for these patients because of the increased risk of mortality due to severe intraperitoneal contamination. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first case from our region of patient mortality due to stercoral ulcer perforation.

WE5.6 Hajibandeh index is more accurate than NELA score in predicting mortality following emergency laparotomy in patients aged over 80

Abstract Aims To compare performance of the Hajibandeh Index (HI) and National Emergency Laparotomy Audit (NELA) score in predicting mortality following emergency laparotomy (EL). Methods In compliance with STROCSS guidelines for observational studies a cohort study was conducted. All patients who underwent EL between January 2014 and January 2021 in our centre were included. The performance of HI and NELA score in predicting 30-day and 90-day postoperative mortality were compared. The discrimination of each test was evaluated using ROC curve analysis, classification using classification table and calibration using a plotted diagram of the expected versus observed mortality rates. Results Analysis of 700 patients showed that the predictive performance of the HI and NELA models were comparable (AUC: 0.86 vs 0.87, P=0.557). HI was significantly better than the NELA model in predicting postoperative mortality in patients aged over 80 (AUC: 0.85 vs 0.72, P=0.0174). The performances of both tools were comparable in patients with ASA status above 3 (AUC: 0.82 vs 0.82, P=0.9775), patients with intraperitoneal contamination (AUC: 0.77 vs 0.85, P=0.0728) and patients who needed a bowel resection (AUC: 0.85 vs 0.88, P=0.2749). Both tools were comparable in terms of classification and calibration. Conclusions Hajibandeh index is better than the NELA score in predicting mortality following EL in patients aged over 80. Its performance is comparable to NELA for all patients, patients with ASA status above 3, patients with intraperitoneal contamination or patients who need a bowel resection. We encourage other researchers to validate HI in predicting mortality following EL.

WE7.10 Traumatic abdominal wall hernia and CT missed severe intra-abdominal injuries

Abstract Despite traumatic abdominal wall hernia (TAWH) being a rare entity, the incidence of associated intra-abdominal injuries is extremely common. With only few cases published, TAWH remains a diagnostic as well as a therapeutic challenge. We present an obese 47-year-old female, front seat passenger, that was transferred to our hospital from a neighbouring DGH with a diagnosis of TAWH after a 30mph road traffic collision. On arrival, she was haemodynamically stable, abdominal examination showed a large hernia, extensive bruising but the abdomen was otherwise unremarkable. The CT performed before transfer showed a large hernia but no obvious other injury, no free fluid or gas was identified. Hernia repair was planned for the following day. Overnight there was a transient period of hypotension responsive to transfusion of multiple RBC units. The surgical approach was over the hernia site. Within the sac a transected end of small bowel was found and so laparotomy was undertaken, which demonstrated a bucket handle mesenteric tear of terminal ileal mesentery with infarction of 20 cm of small bowel and a complete transverse tear of mid sigmoid colon and its mesentery. Remarkably there was no intraperitoneal contamination from either injury. Our clinical case highlights that although the CT scan is the gold standard for initial diagnosis of intra-abdominal injuries in TAWH, these can still be missed. To note that failure to make a timely diagnosis can result in delayed complications with significant morbidity and mortality. Therefore, a high clinical suspicion, despite of negative imaging, is crucial to provide appropriate management.

SP10.1.5 Hajibandeh Index and intraperitoneal contamination: A cohort study and meta-analysis

Abstract Aims To validate the performance of the Hajibandeh Index (HI) in predicting the presence and nature of intraperitoneal contamination in patients with acute abdominal pathology. Methods The STROCSS guidelines and the PRISMA statement standards were followed to conduct a cohort study and a meta-analysis, respectively. All adult patients undergoing emergency laparotomy for acute abdominal pathology were eligible. The accuracy of the HI was evaluated using ROC curve analysis in the cohort study and using weighted summary AUC under the fixed and random effects modelling in the meta-analysis. The QUADAS-2 criteria were used for methodological quality assessment of the included studies. Results A total of 1437 patients were included (700 from the cohort study and 737 from the literature search). ROC curve analysis of the cohort study showed that the AUC of HI for presence of contamination was 0.79 (P &amp;lt;0.0001) and meta-analysis showed that the pooled AUC of HI was 0.79 (0.75–0.83). In terms of nature of contamination, the cohort study showed that the AUC of HI for purulent and feculent contamination was 0.76 (P&amp;lt;0.0001) and 0.83 (P&amp;lt;0.0001), respectively. The pooled AUC of HI for purulent and feculent contamination was 0.78 (0.74–0.81) and 0.80 (0.77–0.83), respectively. Conclusions The HI is a strong and accurate predictor of the presence and nature of intraperitoneal contamination. We encourage other researchers to validate performance of HI in predicting the presence of intraperitoneal contamination and more importantly in predicting mortality following emergency laparotomy.

Intraperitoneal microbial contamination drives post-surgical peritoneal adhesions by mesothelial EGFR-signaling

Abstract Objective Abdominal surgeries are lifesaving procedures but can be complicated by the formation of peritoneal adhesions, intra-abdominal scars that cause intestinal obstruction, pain, infertility, and significant health costs. Despite this burden, the mechanisms underlying adhesion formation remain unclear and no cure exists. Here, ask how contamination of gut microbes influences post-surgical adhesion formation. Methods We make use of an experimental mouse model that allows to investigate how wound repair and adhesion formation differs between sterile injury vs. sterile injury in combination with microbial contamination. We use genetic lineage tracing, bulk- and single-cell RNA-Sequencing to identify potential mechanisms of the observed differences. Next, we use two human cohort studies to confirm the target identified by RNA-Sequencing. Finally, the identified targets are experimentally confirmed by going back to the mouse model. Results We show that adhesion myofibroblasts arise from the mesothelium. This transformation is driven by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. The EGFR ligands amphiregulin and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor, are sufficient to induce these changes. Correspondingly, EGFR inhibition leads to a significant reduction of adhesion formation in mice. Adhesions isolated from human patients are enriched in EGFR positive cells of mesothelial origin and human mesothelium shows an increase of mesothelial EGFR expression during bacterial peritonitis. Conclusion Bacterial contamination drives adhesion formation through mesothelial EGFR signaling. This mechanism may represent a therapeutic target for the prevention of adhesions after intra-abdominal surgery.

Hajibandeh Index versus NELA score in predicting mortality following emergency laparotomy: A retrospective Cohort Study

ObjectivesTo compare performance of the Hajibandeh Index (HI) and National Emergency Laparotomy Audit (NELA) score in predicting postoperative mortality in patients undergoing emergency laparotomy. MethodsIn compliance with STROCSS guidelines for observational studies a cohort study was conducted. All patients aged over 18 who underwent emergency laparotomy between January 2014 and January 2021 in our centre were considered eligible for inclusion. The HI and NELA indices in predicting 30-day and 90-day postoperative mortality were compared. The discrimination of each test was evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, classification using the classification table and calibration using a plotted diagram of the expected versus observed mortality rates. ResultsAnalysis of 700 patients showed that the predictive performance of the HI and NELA models were comparable (30-day mortality: AUC: 0.86 vs 0.87, P = 0.557; 90-day mortality: AUC: 0.81 vs 0.84, P = 0.0607). In terms of 30-day mortality, HI was significantly better than the NELA model in predicting postoperative mortality in patients aged over 80 (AUC: 0.85 vs 0.72, P = 0.0174); however, the performances of both tools were comparable in patients with ASA status above 3 (AUC: 0.82 vs 0.82, P = 0.9775), patients with intraperitoneal contamination (AUC: 0.77 vs 0.85, P = 0.0728) and patients who needed a bowel resection (AUC: 0.85 vs 0.88, P = 0.2749). In terms of 90-day mortality, HI was significantly better than the NELA model in predicting mortality in patients aged over 80 (AUC: 0.82 vs 0.71, P = 0.0214); however, NELA had better predictive value in patients with intraperitoneal contamination (AUC: 0.76 vs 0.85, P = 0.0268); the performances of both tools were comparable in patients with ASA status above 3 (AUC: 0.77 vs 0.80, P = 0.2582), and patients who needed a bowel resection (AUC: 0.81 vs 0.86, P = 0.05). Both tools were comparable in terms of classification and calibration. ConclusionsHajibandeh index was better than the NELA score in predicting postoperative 30-day and 90-day mortality in patients aged over 80 undergoing emergency laparotomy. Its performance in predicting 30-day and 90-day mortality was comparable with NELA score in other subgroups except 90-day mortality in patients with intraperitoneal contamination where the performance of NELA was better. We encourage other researchers to validate HI in predicting mortality following emergency laparotomy.

Irrigation of peritoneal cavity with cold atmospheric plasma treated solution effectively reduces microbial load in rat acute peritonitis model

Accurate and timely diagnosis of appendicitis in children can be challenging, which leads to delayed admittance or misdiagnosis that may cause perforation. Surgical management involves the elimination of the focus (appendectomy) and the reduction of the contamination with peritoneal irrigation to prevent sepsis. However, the validity of conventional irrigation methods is being debated, and novel methods are needed. In the present study, the use of cold plasma treated saline solution as an intraperitoneal irrigation solution for the management of acute peritonitis was investigated. Chemical and in vitro microbiological assessments of the plasma-treated solution were performed to determine the appropriate plasma treatment time to be used in in-vivo experiments. To induce acute peritonitis in rats, the cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) model was used. Sixty rats were divided into six groups, namely, sham operation, plasma irrigation, CLP, dry cleaning after CLP, saline irrigation after CLP, and plasma-treated saline irrigation after CLP group. The total antioxidant and oxidant status, oxidative stress index, microbiological, and pathological evaluations were performed. Findings indicated that plasma-treated saline contains reactive species, and irrigation with plasma-treated saline can effectively inactivate intraperitoneal contamination and prevent sepsis with no short-term local and/or systemic toxicity.

Early post-operative morbidity and mortality predictors in peptic ulcer perforation.

Peptic ulcer perforation (PUP) is one of the cause of acute abdomen, incidence of this entity is 5% of all abdominal emergencies. Numerous prognostic factors have been reported for morbidity and mortality after PUP, this study attempts to analyze the factors affecting mortality and morbidity in patients with PUP. The medical record of patients who were operated for PUP in our clinic was retrospectively evaluated between January 2008 to January 2018. A total of 318 patients were included in this study. Patients were retrospectively analyzed in terms of age, gender, comorbidity, ASA score, biochemical, hematological parameters, complications, and mortality. The risk factors affected to morbidity and mortality were also evaluated. The study population consisted of 318 patients and the mean age of the patients was 41.30±19.37 (min-max: 16-89). In the study, 271 (85.22%) patients were male and 47 (14.78%) were female and male to female ratio was 5.76. In the analysis of the predictors of morbidity, age ≥60 years, (p<0.001); perforation-surgery interval >24 h (p<0.001); purulent intraperitoneal contamination (p<0.001); pre-operative renal failure (p<0.001); duodenal perforation (p<0.001); pre-operative shock (p<0.001); and ASA score > III (p<0.0001) were found statistically significant. Gender was not found statistically significant (p=0.672). Mortality developed in 15 (4.71%) of 318 patients in the post-operative period. In the multivariate analysis, age ≥60 years, (p<0.001); perforation-surgery interval >24 h (p<0.001); purulent intraperitoneal contamination (p<0.001); pre-operative renal failure (p<0.001); duodenal perforation (p<0.001); and pre-operative shock (p<0.001) were found to be independent predictors of post-operative mortality. In our study, age ≥60 years, perforation-surgery interval >24 h, purulent intraperitoneal contamination, pre-oper-ative renal failure, duodenal perforation, pre-operative shock, and intensive care unit in the post-operative period were found to be independent predictors of post-operative morbidity and mortality. A comprehensive clinical evaluation, adequate fluid resuscitation, initiation of appropriate antibiotic therapy, and early access to surgery can minimize the risk of morbidity and mortality in PUP.

Biliary peritonitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

Occurrence of a perforation after endoscopic CPRE sphincterotomy is a complication previously reported in the literature, with frequent repercussions on the duodenum and the periampullary region (Stapfer types 1 and 2); treatment modalities are strictly codified. During an endoscopic procedure, it may be associated with manipulation of a guide wire, generally leading to isolated pneumoretroperitoneum (Stapfer type 4), which is conservatively treated. Secondarily to endoscopic maneuvers, Stapfer type 3 may also occur, causing pancreatic or biliary ductal lesions. When perforation is highlighted following an endoscopic procedure, treatment depends on the presence of an intraperitoneal or retro-peritoneal liquid or aerial effusion. When perforation is contained and clinical tolerance remains satisfactory, conservative treatment is carried out. Conversely, in the event of poor tolerance or intraperitoneal contamination, emergency surgery is called for.

EP.FRI.8 Hajibandeh index predicts nature of peritoneal contamination and risk of postoperative mortality in patients with acute abdominal pathology: A multicentre cohort study

Abstract Aims To develop and validate intraperitoneal contamination index, Hajibandeh Index (HI), derived from combined levels of CRP, lactate, neutrophils, lymphocytes and albumin in predicting the nature of peritoneal contamination and risk of postoperative mortality in patients with acute abdominal pathology. Methods A multicentre cohort study was conducted to develop and validate an index to predict presence of purulent and feculent contamination and risk of postoperative mortality in patients with acute abdominal pathology. All adult patients with acute abdominal pathology requiring emergency laparotomy between 2014 and 2020 were included. The index was developed in a primary cohort and was validated in retrospective and prospective validation cohorts. ROC curve analysis was performed to determine discrimination of the index and cut-off values of HI that could predict nature of peritoneal contamination and postoperative mortality. Results 737 patients were included (234 in primary cohort, 234 in retrospective validation cohort, and 269 in prospective validation cohort). The analyses identified HI of 24.76 as cut-off value for purulent contamination (AUC:0.78,P&amp;lt;0.0001;sensitivity:82.4%,specificity:60.9%); HI of 33.84 as cut-off value for feculent contamination (AUC:0.78, P&amp;lt;0.0001;sensitivity:82%,specificity:67.8%), and HI of 33.47 as cut-off value for postoperative mortality (AUC:0.70,P&amp;lt;0.0001;sensitivity:72.7%, specificity:58.47%). The results of the primary cohort and validation cohorts were comparable. Conclusions HI predicts presence of purulent and feculent contamination in patients with acute abdominal pathology and risk of postoperative mortality in patients undergoing emergency laparotomy. Future studies should investigate the effect of HI on accuracy of preoperative prognostic scoring tools and on patient selection for operative or non-operative management of underlying abdominal pathology.

Intraoperative bile culture helps choosing antibiotics in pancreaticoduodenectomy: Mechanistic profiling study of complex rink between bacterobilia and postoperative complications.

Postoperative complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is still a major concern. The aim of this study was to propose how to choose antibiotics, based on bacterial sensitivity profiling involved in postoperative complications after PD. Two hundred and thirty patients underwent PD between 2008 and 2018 at Kumamoto University Hospital. We enrolled 121 patients who had both intraoperative bile culture and drain culture on postoperative day (POD) 3. The clinical impact of the bacterial profile on postoperative outcome was retrospectively analyzed. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that intraperitoneal contamination on POD3 was independently associated with postoperative complications (odds ratio 2.62, P=.02). The bacteria in intraperitoneal drain on POD3 showed 94.9% similarity with those in bile collected during surgery. The major species were Enterococcus (44.6%) and Enterobacter (38.5%). Enterobacter species caused a higher rate of postoperative complications than others (83% vs 54%, P=.04). Three out of five Enterococcus faecium were resistant to carbapenems that were active against all Gram-negative rods. Intraperitoneal contamination on POD3, which had similar bacterial species as bile collected during surgery, was correlated with postoperative complications. The bacterial antibiotic sensitivity profile may help selecting optimal antibiotics against infectious postoperative complications in PD.

Unusual foreign body in rectum: a surgical curiosity

Rectal foreign bodies represent a unique and challenging field of surgical management which includes a careful history, physical examination and a high index of suspicion for complications. Foreign bodies are rarely seen in lower GI or rectum, inserted either accidently or for sexual satisfaction or to inflict harm. We have 3 case scenarios of unusual foreign body in rectum with varied clinical presentation, findings and three different methods of management/extraction done in our Institution. Patients present with common complaints of rectal or abdominal pain, constipation or obstipation, bright red blood per rectum, or incontinence. Initial step is to assess for peritonitis which is suggestive a perforation with intraperitoneal contamination and requires emergency exploratory. Erect Xray abdomen can reveal the presence of free air and the location of the object relative to the pelvic floor. A careful digital rectal examination is the most informative component of the evaluation process. Impacted foreign bodies may result in complications like intestinal obstruction, perforation of gut and peritonitis. Rectal foreign body is a diagnostic and management dilemma due to the delayed presentation owing to associated social stigma. Patients require a detailed examination and radiographic evaluation with resuscitation. Surgical intervention should be planned based on hemodynamic stability and presence/absence of perforation. Patient has to be referred to the psychiatrist for his perversion disorder, which is also mandatory for preventing recurrences.

Intraperitoneal contamination index (Hajibandeh index) predicts nature of peritoneal contamination and risk of postoperative mortality in patients with acute abdominal pathology: a prospective multicentre cohort study.

To assess whether intraperitoneal contamination index (ICI) (Hajibandeh index) derived from combined levels of CRP, lactate, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and albumin can predict the nature of intraperitoneal contamination in patients with acute abdominal pathology and to assess whether ICI can predict postoperative mortality in patients undergoing emergency laparotomy. In order to prospectively validate the ICI, developed and validated retrospectively in our previous study, a multicentre prospective cohort study was conducted between January 2019 and June 2020 including all adult patients who presented with acute abdominal pathology requiring emergency laparotomy. ROC curve analysis was performed to determine discrimination and cut-off values of preoperative ICI that could predict the nature of intraperitoneal contamination and postoperative mortality. Overall, 269 patients were included in the prospective validation cohort which were compared with 234 patients in the primary cohort and 234 patients in the retrospective validation cohort. The analyses identified ICI of 24.76 as cut-off value for purulent contamination (AUC: 0.78, P < 0.0001; sensitivity: 82.4%, specificity: 60.9%); ICI of 33.84 as cut-off value for feculent contamination (AUC: 0.78, P < 0.0001; sensitivity: 82%, specificity: 67.8%), and ICI of 33.47 as cut-off value for postoperative mortality (AUC: 0.70, P < 0.0001; sensitivity: 72.7%, specificity: 58.47%). The results of the prospective validation cohort were comparable with the results of the primary and retrospective validation cohorts. Hajibandeh index predicts the presence of purulent and feculent intraperitoneal contamination in patients with acute abdominal pathology and postoperative mortality in patients undergoing emergency laparotomy. Future studies should investigate the effect of ICI use on the accuracy of preoperative prognostic scoring tools and on patient selection for operative or non-operative management of underlying abdominal pathology.

Endoscopic Full Thickness Resection for Gastrointestinal Tumors - Challenges and Solutions.

Standard polypectomy, endoscopic mucosal resection, and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) are established techniques for the treatment of gastrointestinal tumors. However, resection of submucosal tumors via ESD often results in low rates of microscopically margin-negative (R0) resection and high rates of perforation. Endoscopic full thickness resection (EFTR) overcomes this adverse event and aids in the therapeutic management of complex tumors.Multiple techniques for EFTR have been developed, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Submucosal tunneling and non-exposed techniques are generally preferable, because the layer of overlying intact mucosa reduces the incidence of intraperitoneal contamination by the gastric fluid and dissemination of the tumor cells. However, adoption of EFTR by endoscopists in clinical practice remains low. The major challenge seems to be the technical difficulty in performing laparoscopic and/or endoscopic suturing using the currently available instruments.We developed a novel robotic endoscopic platform with suturing capabilities to overcome the technical challenges of suturing. This platform allows easy maneuvering and triangulation of the instruments, thus facilitating endoscopic suturing using robotic arms. Our studies have demonstrated that this robotic endoscopic platform with suturing capabilities is an effective and safe method for performing EFTR with endoscopic suturing.