Intrapartum Caesarean Section Research Articles

Prediction of intrapartum caesarean section in vaginal breech birth: development of models for nulliparous and multiparous women.

To develop prediction models for intrapartum caesarean section in vaginal breech birth. This single-center cohort-study included 262 nulliparous and 230 multiparous women attempting vaginalbreech birth. For both groups, we developed and (internally) validated three models for the prediction of intrapartum cesarean section. The prediction model for nulliparous women (AUC:0.67) included epidural analgesia (aOR 2.14; p=0.01), maternal height (aOR 0.64 per 10 cm; p=0.08), birthweight≥3.8 kg (aOR 2.45; p=0.03) and an interaction term describing the effect of OC if birthweight is≥3.8 kg (aOR0.24; p=0.04). An alternative model for nulliparous women which, instead of birthweight, included fetal abdominal circumference with a cut-off at 34 cm (aOR 1.93; p=0.04), showed similar performance (AUC: 0.68). The prediction model for multiparous women (AUC: 0.77) included prelabor rupture of membranes (aOR 0.31; p=0.03), epidural analgesia (aOR 2.42; p=0.07), maternal BMI (aOR 2.92 per 10 kg/m2; p=0.01) and maternal age (aOR 3.17 per decade; p=0.06). Our prediction models show the most relevant risk factors associated with intrapartum cesarean section in vaginal breech birth for both nulliparous and multiparous women. Importantly, this study clarifies the role of the OC byshowing that this parameter is only associated with intrapartum cesarean section if birthweight is above 3.8 kg (or abdominal circumference is above 34 cm). Conversely, knowing the OC when the birthweight is less than 3.8 kg (orabdominal circumference is less than 34 cm) did not improve prediction of this surgical outcome.

Establishing a risk score for prediction of intrapartum cesarean delivery among older women: A retrospective cohort study

ObjectiveTo determine risk factors and to develop a risk prediction score for intrapartum cesarean delivery (CD) in women over 40 years old. Study designA retrospective cohort study, in a single university-affiliated tertiary medical center. All women aged 40 years or more who planned a trial of labor between 2012 and 2022. Women who opted for an elective CD and those with non-viable fetuses were excluded. Maternal and neonatal characteristics of women who delivered vaginally were compared to those who underwent an intrapartum CD. Risk factors were examined using univariate and multivariate analysis. A score was developed to predict the need for intrapartum CD. We assessed a receiver operating characteristic curve to evaluate the performance of our model. Main outcome measureAn unplanned intrapartum cesarean section. ResultsDuring the study period, 122,583 women delivered at our center, of whom 6122 (4.9 %) aged 40 years or more attempted a trial of labor. Of them, 428 (7 %) underwent intrapartum CD. Several independent risk factors were identified, including nulliparity, regional anesthesia, induction of labor, use of antibiotics during labor, multiple gestation, previous cesarean delivery, and the presence of gestational diabetes or preeclampsia. A risk score model, employing a cut-off of 7, demonstrated successful prediction of intrapartum CD, with an area under the curve of 0.86. ConclusionThe score model for intrapartum CD can be used by caregivers to offer a more informed consultation to women aged 40 years or more deciding on the mode of delivery.

How does hospital organisation influence the use of caesarean sections in low- and middle-income countries? A cross-sectional survey in Argentina, Burkina Faso, Thailand and Vietnam for the QUALI-DEC project

BackgroundImproving the understanding of non-clinical factors that lead to the increasing caesarean section (CS) rates in many low- and middle-income countries is currently necessary to meet the challenge of implementing effective interventions in hospitals to reverse the trend. The objective of this study was to study the influence of organizational factors on the CS use in Argentina, Vietnam, Thailand and Burkina Faso.MethodsA cross-sectional hospital-based postpartum survey was conducted in 32 hospitals (8 per country). We selected women with no potential medical need for CS among a random sample of women who delivered at each of the participating facilities during the data collection period. We used multilevel multivariable logistic regression to analyse the association between CS use and organizational factors, adjusted on women’s characteristics.ResultsA total of 2,092 low-risk women who had given birth in the participating hospitals were included. The overall CS rate was 24.1%, including 4.9% of pre-labour CS and 19.3% of intra-partum CS. Pre-labour CS was significantly associated with a 24-hour anaesthetist dedicated to the delivery ward (ORa = 3.70 [1.41; 9.72]) and with the possibility to have an individual room during labour and delivery (ORa = 0.28 [0.09; 0.87]). Intra-partum CS was significantly associated with a higher bed occupancy level (ORa = 1.45 [1.09; 1.93]): intrapartum CS rate would increase of 6.3% points if the average number of births per delivery bed per day increased by 10%.ConclusionOur results suggest that organisational norms and convenience associated with inadequate use of favourable resources, as well as the lack of privacy favouring women’s preference for CS, and the excessive workload of healthcare providers drive the CS overuse in these hospitals. It is also crucial to enhance human and physical resources in delivery rooms and the organisation of intrapartum care to improve the birth experience and the working environment for those providing care.Trial registrationThe QUALI-DEC trial is registered on the Current Controlled Trials website (https://www.isrctn.com/) under the number ISRCTN67214403.

Development and Validation of a Nomogram for the Failed Conversion of Labor Analgesia to Cesarean Section Anesthesia.

The conversion of epidural labor analgesia (ELA) to epidural surgical anesthesia (ESA) for intrapartum cesarean section (CS) often encounters failures. This study aimed to develop a nomogram for predicting the failure rate of this conversion. A retrospective analysis was conducted on data from the Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital. Pregnant women (n=214) who underwent cesarean section after receiving labor analgesia. We performed correlation heat map and Lasso regression in terms of exclusion confounding factors and screening independent variables. A nomogram was developed to predict the occurrence. The developed nomogram incorporated variables such as pregnant history, weight, premature rupture of membranes (PROM), dural puncture epidural (DPE), anesthesiologist level of cesarean section (ALOCS), and Anesthesiologist level of labor analgesia (ALOLA). The model demonstrated good predictive performance, providing a practical tool for assessing the risk of failure in converting labor analgesia to cesarean section anesthesia. The nomogram can aid anesthesiologists in making informed decisions and optimizing patient care. By utilizing the nomogram, clinicians can estimate the probability of conversion failure based on individual patient characteristics and clinical factors.

Using a birth ball to reduce pain perception in the latent phase of labour: a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundAdmission in the latent phase of labour is associated with higher rates of obstetric intervention. Women are frequently admitted due to pain. This study aimed to determine whether using a birth ball at home in the latent phase of labour reduces pain perception on admission. MethodA prospective, pragmatic randomised controlled trial of 294 low risk pregnant women aged 18 and over planning a hospital birth. An animated educational video was offered at 36 weeks’ gestation along with a birth ball. The primary outcome was pain on a Visual Analogue Scale on admission in labour. Participants who experienced a spontaneous labour were invited to respond to an online questionnaire 6 weeks’ postpartum. ResultsThere were no differences in the mean pain scores; (6.3 versus 6.5; 90%CI −0.72 to 0.37 p = 0.6) or mean cervical dilatation on admission (4.7 cm versus 5.0 cm; 95% CI −1.1 to 0.5 p = 0.58). More Intervention participants were admitted in active labour (63.6% versus 55.7%; p = 0.28) and experienced an unassisted vaginal birth (70.3% v. 65.8%; p = 0.07) with fewer intrapartum caesarean sections (7.5% v. 17.9%; p = 0.07) although the trial was not powered to detect these differences in secondary outcomes. Most participants found the birth ball helpful (89.2%) and would use it in a future labour (92.5%). ConclusionUsing the birth ball at home in the latent phase is a safe and acceptable strategy for labouring women to manage their labour, potentially postpone admission and reduce caesarean section. Further research is warranted.

Análisis de la tasa de cesáreas en el Hospital Universitario Materno-Infantil La Paz de Madrid (2010-2018) a través de la clasificación de Robson

IntroductionThe need to rationalise and optimise the use of caesarean sections is an international public health challenge. To this end, the WHO recommends the use of the Robson classification, which allows comparison of caesarean section rates according to the maternal-fetal profile. The aim of this study is to evaluate the rate of caesarean section in the Hospital Universitario Materno-Infantil La Paz in Madrid between 2010 and 2018 using the Robson classification. Material and methodsThe population analysed corresponds to data from the 41,037 deliveries registered in the Obstetrics programme of the Hospital Universitario Materno-Infantil La Paz of Madrid from 2010 to 2018. Using SPSS software, the temporal change in (a) the percentage of deliveries (vaginal and caesarean) with respect to total births, (b) the caesarean rate with respect to vaginal deliveries and (c) the relative contribution to the overall caesarean rate is evaluated. ResultsThe highest partial contributions to the overall caesarean section rate were made by nulliparous women with induced labour, previous caesarean section, nulliparous women with spontaneous labour and multiple gestations. The group of nulliparous with induced labour was the only one with a significant increase in its contribution to the overall caesarean section rate (30.4% in 2018). ConclusionsThe results of this work indicate that the challenge in public health is to further assess the relationship between induction of labour and risk of intrapartum caesarean section, particularly in nulliparous women, the group with the highest and significantly increasing relative caesarean section rate.

Achievement of appropriate cesarean rates using Robson’s 10-Group classification system in Brazilian private practice

BackgroundIncreasing cesarean section (CS) rates are a global concern because they are related to higher maternal and neonatal complication rates and do not provide positive childbirth experiences. In 2019, Brazil ranked second globally, given its overall CS rate of 57%. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), populational CS rates of 10–15% are associated with decreased maternal, neonatal, and infant mortality rates. This study aimed to investigate whether multidisciplinary care following evidence-based protocols associated with a high motivation of both women and professionals for a vaginal birth leads to less overuse of CS in a Brazilian private practice (PP).MethodsThis cross-sectional study evaluated CS rates by Robson group for women who sought vaginal birth in a private practice in Brazil comparing with Swedish data. Collaborative care of midwives and obstetricians who adopted evidence-based guidelines was offered. CS rates, overall and by Robson group, contribution of each Robson group to the overall CS rate, clinical and nonclinical interventions, vaginal birth, pre-labor CS, and intrapartum CS proportions were estimated. The expected CS rate was calculated using the World Health Organization C-model tool. The analysis used Microsoft Excel and R Studio (version 1.2.1335. 2009–2019).ResultsThe PP overall CS rate was 15.1% (95%CI, 13.4–17.1%) versus the 19.8% (95%CI, 14.8–24.7%) rate expected by the WHO C-model tool. The population included 43.7% women in Robson Group 1 (nulliparous, single, cephalic, at term, spontaneous labor), 11.4% in Group 2 (nulliparous, single, cephalic, at term, induced labor or CS before labor), and 14.9% in Group 5 (multiparous women with previous CS), the greatest contributors to higher CS rates (75.4% of them). The Swedish overall CS rate was 17.9% (95%CI, 17.6–18.1%) in a population of 27% women in Robson Group 1, 10.7% in Group 2, and 9.2% in Group 5.ConclusionsMultidisciplinary care following evidence-based protocols, associated with high motivation of both women and professionals for vaginal birth, may lead to a significant and safe reduction of CS rates even in contexts such as Brazil, with high medicalization of obstetric care and excess CS.

Uterine atony prophylaxis with carbetocin versus oxytocin and the risk of major haemorrhage during caesarean section: A retrospective cohort study.

Carbetocin and oxytocin are commonly recommended agents for active management of the third stage of labour. Evidence is inconclusive whether either one more effectively reduces the occurrence of important postpartum haemorrhage outcomes at caesarean section. We examined whether carbetocin is associated with a lower risk of severe postpartum haemorrhage (blood loss ≥ 1000 ml) in comparison with oxytocin for the third stage of labour in women undergoing caesarean section. This was a retrospective cohort study among women undergoing scheduled or intrapartum caesarean section between 1 January 2010 and 2 July 2015 who received carbetocin or oxytocin for the third stage of labour. The primary outcome was severe postpartum haemorrhage. Secondary outcomes included blood transfusion, interventions, third stage complications and estimated blood loss. Outcomes were examined overall and by timing of birth, scheduled versus intrapartum, using propensity score-matched analysis. Among 21,027 eligible participants, 10,564 women who received carbetocin and 3836 women who received oxytocin at caesarean section were included in the analysis. Carbetocin was associated with a lower risk of severe postpartum haemorrhage overall (2.1% versus 3.3%; odds ratio, 0.62; 95% confidence interval 0.48 to 0.79; P < 0.001). This reduction was apparent irrespective of timing of birth. Secondary outcomes also favoured carbetocin over oxytocin. In this retrospective cohort study, the risk of severe postpartum haemorrhage associated with carbetocin was lower than that associated with oxytocin in women undergoing caesarean section. Randomised clinical trials are needed to further investigate these findings.

Intrapartum Cesarean Section and Perinatal Outcomes after Epidural Analgesia or Remifentanil-PCA in Breech and Twin Deliveries.

Comparative data on the potential impact of various forms of labor analgesia on the mode of delivery and neonatal complications in vaginal deliveries of singleton breech and twin fetuses are lacking. The present study aimed to determine the associations between type of labor analgesia (epidural analgesia (EA) vs. remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)) and intrapartum cesarean sections (CS), and maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes in breech and twin vaginal births. A retrospective analysis of planned vaginal breech and twin deliveries at the Department of Perinatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, was performed for the period 2013-2021, using data obtained from the Slovenian National Perinatal Information System. The pre-specified outcomes studied were the rates of CS in labor, postpartum hemorrhage, obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI), an Apgar score of <7 at 5 min after birth, birth asphyxia, and neonatal intensive care admission. A total of 371 deliveries were analyzed, including 127 term breech and 244 twin births. There were no statistically significant nor clinically relevant differences between the EA and remifentanil-PCA groups in any of the outcomes studied. Our findings suggest that both EA and remifentanil-PCA are safe and comparable in terms of labor outcomes in singleton breech and twin deliveries.

Association of oxytocin augmentation and duration of labour with postpartum haemorrhage: A cohort study of nulliparous women

ObjectiveBoth duration of labour and use of oxytocin for augmentation are known risk factors for postpartum haemorrhage but distinguishing between the significance of these factors is complex. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between both labour duration and oxytocin augmentation, for postpartum haemorrhage. DesignA cohort study based on a secondary analysis of a cluster-randomised trial. Participants and settingTerm nulliparous women with a single foetus in cephalic presentation, spontaneous onset of active labour and a vaginal birth. The participants were originally included in cluster-randomised trial conducted in Norway from December 1, 2014, to January 31, 2017, that aimed to compare the frequency of intrapartum caesarean sections when adhering to the WHO partograph versus Zhang's guideline. MeasurementsThe data were analysed through four statistical models. Model 1 investigated the effect of oxytocin augmentation as a dichotomous variable (yes/no); Model 2 investigated the effect of the duration of oxytocin augmentation; Model 3 investigated the effect of the maximum dose of oxytocin; and Model 4 investigated the effect of both the duration of augmentation and the maximum dose of oxytocin. All four models included duration of labour divided into five time-intervals. We used binary logistic regression to estimate the odds ratios of postpartum haemorrhage, defined as blood loss of ≥ 1000 ml, including a random intercept for hospital and mutually adjusting for oxytocin augmentation and labour duration in addition to maternal age, maternal marital status, maternal higher education level, maternal smoking habits in the first trimester, maternal body mass index and birth weight. FindingsModel 1 found a significant association between the use of oxytocin and postpartum haemorrhage. In Model 2, oxytocin augmentation of ≥ 4.5 h was associated with postpartum haemorrhage. In Model 3, we found an association between a maximum dose of oxytocin of ≥ 20 mU/min and postpartum haemorrhage. Model 4 showed that a maximum dose of oxytocin ≥ 20 mU/min was associated with postpartum haemorrhage both for those augmented < 4.5 h and for those augmented ≥ 4.5 h. Duration of labour was associated with postpartum haemorrhage in all models if lasting ≥ 16 h. Key conclusionsWe found both oxytocin augmentation and labour duration to be associated with postpartum haemorrhage. Oxytocin doses of ≥ 20 mU/min and a labour duration of ≥ 16 h showed an independent association. Implication for practiceThe potent drug oxytocin should be carefully administered, as doses of ≥ 20 mU/min were associated with an increased risk of PPH, regardless of the duration of oxytocin augmentation.

Effect of Prior Cesarean Section Delivery on Intrapartum Cesarean Section Outcomes [ID: 1372249

INTRODUCTION: Intrapartum cesarean deliveries (CDs) are associated with higher rates of maternal and neonatal morbidity than scheduled CDs. In patients undergoing trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC), perceived added difficulty of intrapartum CD may influence provider decisions on labor management. We sought to evaluate the effect of prior CD on operative times and maternal/neonatal outcomes among those undergoing intrapartum CD. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of all singleton, nonanomalous fetuses delivered by intrapartum CD at a tertiary care center from June 2018 to April 2019. CD was categorized as intrapartum if it occurred after the patient was admitted in spontaneous labor or received an induction agent. The primary outcome was time from skin incision to delivery. Secondary outcomes were composite measures of maternal (postpartum hemorrhage, bowel or bladder injury, transfusion, endomyometritis, intensive care unit admission, readmission, wound complications) and neonatal (neonatal intensive care unit admission, respiratory support, therapeutic hypothermia, neonatal mortality, and fetal acidemia) morbidity. We compared these outcomes between women with and without history of prior CD. Multivariable logistic regression was used to control for potential confounders. RESULTS: Of 374 intrapartum CDs, 270 (72%) were in patients without prior cesarean section and 104 (28%) were in patients undergoing TOLAC. Operative times were significantly longer in women with a prior CD including time from skin incision to delivery (9 [interquartile range (IQR) 7–13] versus 6 minutes [IQR 3–8], P&lt;.001) and total procedure time (63 [IQR 52–79] versus 55 minutes [IQR 45–65], P&lt;.001). Composite maternal (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 1.04, 95% CI 0.62–1.74) and neonatal (aRR 1.01, 95% CI 0.63–1.64) morbidity did not differ between groups. CONCLUSION: Although associated with longer operative times, history of a prior CD does not significantly increase maternal or neonatal morbidity among women undergoing intrapartum CD. Therefore, the threshold to perform an intrapartum CD in those undergoing TOLAC should be similar to those without a prior CD.

The duration of labor in spontaneous preterm deliveries: A retrospective observational study in a tertiary Irish maternity hospital

BackgroundPreterm deliveries account for 10% of all births, and are the most important cause of neonatal mortality globally. Despite their frequency, there is a paucity of information known about usual patterns of preterm labor, as previous studies which critically defined the normal progression of labor excluded preterm gestations. ObjectiveTo compare the durations of the first, second and third stages of spontaneous preterm labor in nulliparous and multiparous women at varying preterm gestations. MethodsA retrospective observational study was undertaken of women admitted in spontaneous preterm labor from January 2017 to December 2020 with viable singleton gestations between 24 and 36 + 6 weeks’ gestation who then proceeded to have a vaginal delivery. There were 512 cases following exclusion of preterm inductions of labor, instrumental vaginal deliveries, provider-initiated pre-labor Caesarean sections and emergency intrapartum Caesarean sections. The data was then examined to determine our outcomes of interest including the durations of the first, second and third stages of preterm labor, analyzing results by parity and gestation. For comparison, we reviewed data of term spontaneous labors and spontaneous vaginal deliveries during the same study period, identifying 8339 cases. Findings97.6% of participants achieved a spontaneous cephalic vaginal delivery with the remainder undergoing an assisted breech birth. 5.7% of gestations delivered spontaneously between 24 + 0 and 27 + 6 weeks, with most births at gestations greater than 34 weeks (74%). The second stage duration (mean 15 vs 32 vs 32 mins respectively) was significantly different across the three gestation periods (p < 0.05), but was notably much quicker in extremely preterm labors. The first and third stage durations were similar between all gestational age groups with no statistically significant differences in results. There was a significant influence of parity on the first and second stages of labor, with multiparous women progressing more quickly than nulliparae (p < 0.001). ConclusionThe duration of spontaneous preterm labor is described. Multiparous women progress more quickly in the first and second stages of preterm labor than nulliparous women.

Whether induction of labor ahead in low-risk women improves pregnancy outcomes?: A retrospective cohort, observational study.

The appropriate timing of delivery for pregnancies has always been a concern for medical staff, and the timing of elective labor induction at 41 weeks in low-risk pregnant women has always been controversial. We compared maternal and fetal outcomes between gestational age at 40 0/7 to 40 6/7 and 41 0/7 to 41 6/7 weeks. This retrospective cohort study was conducted at the obstetrics department of Jiangsu Province Hospital from January 1st to December 31st in 2020. Maternal medical records and neonatal delivery data were collected. One-way analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney U test, χ2 test, Fisher exact test and logistig regression analysis were performed. The study included 1569 pregnancies, with 1107 (70.6%) delivered at 40 0/7 to 40 6/7 weeks and 462 (29.4%) delivered at 41 0/7 to 41 6/7 weeks. Intrapartum cesarean section (8% vs 16%, P < .001), meconium-stained amniotic fluid (13% vs 19%, P = .004), episiotomy (41% vs 49%, P = .011), and macrosomia (13% vs 18%, P = .026) were significantly lower at 40 0/7 to 40 6/7 weeks. The premature rupture of membranes rate (22% vs 12%, P < .001), vaginal delivery rate of artificial rupture of membrane induction (83% vs 71%, P = .006) and balloon catheter combined with oxytocin induction (88% vs 79%, P = .049) were significantly higher at 40 0/7 to 40 6/7 weeks. Low-risk women who delivered at 40 0/7 to 40 6/7 weeks showed better outcomes in terms of the mother's and baby's health, such as decreased rates of intrapartum cesarean section, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, episiotomy, and macrosomia, compared with those who delivered at 41 0/7 to 41 6/7 weeks.

Time trends in caesarean section rates and associations with perinatal and neonatal health: a population-based cohort study of 1 153 789 births in Norway

ObjectivesTo study caesarean section (CS) rates and associations with perinatal and neonatal health in Norway during 1999–2018.DesignPopulation-based cohort study.SettingMedical Birth Registry of Norway.Participants1 153 789 births and 1 174 066...

Gestational weight gain adequacy and intrapartum oxytocin and cesarean section use: Observational population-based study in France.

Research on maternal prepregnancy weight suggests adiposity is associated with dysfunctional labor, but knowledge about how gestational weight gain (GWG) affects labor is sparse. Our objective was to evaluate associations between GWG adequacy and intrapartum obstetric interventions (oxytocin administration; cesarean section) necessitated by labor dysfunction. Using national, population-based French National Perinatal Survey 2016 data, we included term cephalic singleton pregnancies involving trial of labor (n=9724). For the intrapartum oxytocin administration analysis, we included only women with spontaneous labor (n=7352). GWG was calculated as the difference between end of pregnancy and prepregnancy weight (both self-reported) and categorized as insufficient, adequate (reference group), or excessive by prepregnancy body mass index (BMI; underweight <18.5, normal weight 18.5-24.9, overweight 25-29.9, obese ≥30 kg/m2 ) using the 2009 Institute of Medicine thresholds. Multilevel generalized estimating equation logistic regression models, unadjusted and adjusted for a priori confounders, evaluated intervention-GWG adequacy associations within BMI categories (under/normal weight combined), stratified by parity (primiparas; multiparas). GWG adequacy was associated with oxytocin use among under/normal weight women (primiparas: insufficient 57.3%, adequate 60.8%, excessive 65.0%, p=0.014; multiparas: insufficient 27.2%, adequate 29.1%, excessive 36.2%, p < 0.001) and overweight primiparas (insufficient 56.0%, adequate 58.7%, excessive 72.5%, p=0.002). In unadjusted and adjusted models, trends of increased odds of oxytocin administration among women with excessive GWG were found regardless of parity and prepregnancy BMI. Similarly, among under/normal weight women, GWG adequacy was associated with intrapartum cesarean section (primiparas: insufficient 10.7%, adequate 12.7%, excessive 15.3%, p=0.014; multiparas: insufficient 3.1%, adequate 3.5%, excessive 6.3%, p < 0.001) with increased cesarean section among multiparas with excessive GWG persisting in adjusted models (adjusted odds ratio 1.9, 95% confidence interval 1.3-2.7). However, intrapartum cesarean section was reduced among multiparas with overweight and obese prepregnancy BMI and excessive GWG. Excessive GWG was associated with intrapartum oxytocin administration, regardless of parity or prepregnancy BMI, and cesarean section among women with under/normal weight prepregnancy BMI, providing evidence for benefits of healthy GWG for normal labor progression. Additional research is needed to verify our findings and understand differences by BMI.

The combined effect of pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain on the risk of pre-labour and intrapartum caesarean section-The ICE-MCH study.

Women who are obese before pregnancy have a higher risk of caesarean section than normal weight women. We investigated the combined effect of pre-pregnancy weight and gestational weight gain on pre-labour and intrapartum caesarean section risk. We collected data on 22,763 singleton, term, live deliveries in 2003-2014 from the Icelandic Maternal and Child Health Study (ICE-MCH), based on Icelandic registries. These were the Icelandic Medical Birth Registry and the Saga Maternal and Child Health Database. Pre-pregnancy body mass index was categorised into underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese. Gestational weight gain was classified according to the Institute of Medicine´s recommendation into below, within and above the recommended range. Logistic regression models, adjusted for maternal and gestational characteristics, were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the risk of caesarean section. Obese women had a higher risk of pre-labour (AOR 1.56, 95% CI 1.34-1.81) and intrapartum caesarean section (AOR 1.92, 95% CI 1.70-2.17) than normal weight women in all categories of gestational weight gain. Gestational weight gain above the recommended range, compared to within the range, increased the risk of intrapartum caesarean section among normal weight (AOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.23-1.73) and overweight women (AOR 1.291, 95% CI 1.04-1.60). Gestational weight gain below the recommended range, compared to within the range, increased the risk of pre-labour caesarean section (AOR 1.64, 95% CI 1.20-2.25), but only among overweight women. Women who are obese before pregnancy have a high risk of caesarean section regardless of gestational weight gain. However, women who are normal weight or overweight before pregnancy and gain weight above the recommended range during pregnancy may also have an increased risk of caesarean section.

Effect of mode of birth on development of mental disorders in the offspring.

Increasing rates of caesarean sections has led to concerns about long-term effects on the offspring's health, and it has been hypothesised that caesarean section induced differences in the child's microbiota could potentially increase the risk of mental disorders. Nationwide Danish cohort study of 2,196,687 births was conducted between 1980 and 2015, with 38.5 million observation-years. Exposure was 'Caesarean Section' and outcome was the child's risk of any mental disorder. Absolute and relative risks (RRs) were estimated using inverse probability weighting to adjust for age, calendar time and confounding variables while accounting for the competing risk of death. Caesarean section (n = 364,908, 16.6%), compared to vaginal birth, was associated with a small RR increase of 8% (RR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04-1.13; n = 44,352) for the development of any in-patient psychiatric admission at age 36 for the offspring and with a small absolute risk difference of 0.47% (95% CI, 0.23-0.76). When looking at all in-patient, out-patient and emergency room psychiatric contacts among people born after 1995, the effect was diminished (RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.99-1.09; n = 15,211). The risk was comparable when comparing prelabour versus intrapartum caesarean section (RR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.90-1.08) and acute versus planned caesarean section (RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.80-1.29). Birth by caesarean section was associated with only a very slightly increased risk of any in-patient psychiatric admission for the offspring and diminished even further when including all psychiatric contacts. The very small associations observed may be explained by unmeasured confounding and is unlikely to be of substantial clinical relevance.

Clinical implications of uterine cultures obtained during urgent caesarean section.

Postpartum endometritis (PPE) is 12-25 times more common following caesarean sections (CS) performed after labour onset than after vaginal delivery. Risk factors for PPE include prolonged rupture of membranes (ROM), chorioamnionitis, prolonged labour, multiple cervical examinations and Group B Streptococcus colonisation of the lower genital tract. We compared uterine culture results and microbial antibiotic susceptibility according to ROM duration in emergent intrapartum CS. Secondary outcomes included PPE incidence, and identification of clinical and microbiological predictors of infectious postpartum morbidity. In a retrospective case series of intrapartum CS in which uterine culture was performed, associations with postpartum outcomes including postpartum microbiology are reported. The results were stratified by the duration of ROM (treated as a categorical variable). Univariate analysis was performed. Positive uterine cultures were identified in 15% of emergent CS and correlated with prolonged ROM. Escherichia coli was the sole pathogen isolated in preterm CS; the ampicillin resistance rate was 75%. Among women with positive uterine cultures, rates were increased for postpartum fever, re-admission, PPE and surgical site infection. Cultures obtained from postpartum infections correlated with pathogens isolated from uterine cultures during CS in 46.1% of women. Positive uterine culture was related to umbilical cord pH < 7.1 (P= 0.017). Obtaining routine intrauterine culture during intrapartum CS is of low risk and low cost, and relatively easy to perform. Further research should investigate clinical and health economic impacts of obtaining intrauterine culture during CS, influences on postpartum antibiotic treatment, and maternal and neonatal morbidity.

Exploring the impact of indication on variation in rates of intrapartum caesarean section in six Palestinian hospitals: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundCaesarean section rates are rising globally. No specific caesarian section rate at either country-level or hospital-level was recommended. In Palestinian government hospitals, nearly one-fourth of all births were caesarean sections, ranging from 14.5 to 35.6%. Our aim was to assess whether variation in odds for intrapartum caesarean section in six Palestinian government hospitals can be explained by differences in indications.MethodsData on maternal and fetal health were collected prospectively for all women scheduled for vaginal delivery during the period from 1st March 2015 to 30th November 2016 in six government hospitals in Palestine. Comparisons of proportions in sociodemographic, antenatal obstetric characteristics and indications by the hospital were tested by χ2 test and differences in means by one-way ANOVA analysis. The odds for intrapartum caesarean section were estimated by logistic regression. The amount of explained variance was estimated by Nagelkerke R square.ResultsOut of 51,041 women, 4724 (9.3%) underwent intrapartum caesarean section. The prevalence of intrapartum caesarean section varied across hospitals; from 7.6 to 22.1% in nulliparous, and from 5.8 to 14.1% among parous women. The most common indications were fetal distress and failure to progress in nulliparous, and previous caesarean section with an additional obstetric indication among parous women. Adjusted ORs for intrapartum caesarean section among nulliparous women ranged from 0.42 (95% CI 0.31 to 0.57) to 2.41 (95% CI 1.70 to 3.40) compared to the reference hospital, and from 0.50 (95% CI 0.40–0.63) to 2.07 (95% CI 1.61 to 2.67) among parous women. Indications explained 58 and 66% of the variation in intrapartum caesarean section among nulliparous and parous women, respectively.ConclusionThe differences in odds for intrapartum caesarean section among hospitals could not be fully explained by differences in indications. Further investigations on provider related factors as well as maternal and fetal outcomes in different hospitals are necessary.

Twin birth: The maternal experience

ObjectiveTwin birth is a special setting for women giving birth, and the experience of childbirth can be different from singleton birth. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the childbirth experiences of twin mothers and singleton mothers. We also aimed to identify the risk factors of a negative childbirth experience in the whole study population. MethodsAll live diamniotic twin deliveries in the study hospital of at least 35+0 weeks of gestation with a plan of vaginal birth were included in this matched groups study from August 2015 to August 2019. For every twin birth, two singleton birth controls were selected and matched with parity, the actual mode of birth, and gestational weeks at birth. Six weeks after birth, a Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) was sent to mothers, and 72 twin mothers and 126 singleton mothers returned the questionnaire. ResultsThe twin mothers’ overall childbirth experience was positive. They reported a significantly lower opportunity to choose the birthing position (p < 0.001). Otherwise, there were no differences in the CEQ mean total scores between the study groups. Intrapartum cesarean section raised the risk of a negative childbirth experience and there was a high level of satisfaction with midwifery care among the whole study population. ConclusionThe overall maternal experience in planned vaginal twin birth was positive. Twin mothers felt less often able to choose their birthing position, otherwise the childbirth experience did not differ from that of singleton mothers.