Intramuscular Diclofenac Research Articles

Magnesium Sulfate Versus Lidocaine as an Adjunct for Renal Colic in the Emergency Department: A Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled Trial

ObjectiveWe wished to determine whether the addition of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) or lidocaine to diclofenac could improve the analgesic efficacy in emergency department (ED) patients with acute renal colic. MethodsIn this prospective, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial of patients aged 18-65 years with suspected acute renal colic, we randomized them to receive 75 mg intramuscular (IM) diclofenac and then either intravenous (IV) MgSO4, lidocaine, or saline control. Subjects reported their pain using a Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) before drug administration and then 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, and 90 minutes afterwards. Our primary outcome was the proportion of participants achieving at least a 50% reduction in NRS 30 min after drug administration. ResultsWe enrolled 280 patients in each group. A 50% or greater reduction in NRS at 30 minutes occurred in 227 (81.7%) patients in MgSO4 group, 204 (72.9%) in lidocaine group, and 201 (71.8%) in control group, with significant differences between MgSO4 and lidocaine (8.8%; 95% CI [1.89-15.7]; p=0.013) and between MgSO4 and control (9.9%; 95% CI [2.95-16.84]; p=0.004). Despite this, differences between all groups at every time point were below the accepted 1.3 threshold for clinical importance. There were no observed differences between groups in the frequency of rescue analgesics and return visits to the ED for renal colic. There were more adverse events, although minor, in the MgSO4 group. ConclusionAdding intravenous MgSO4, but not lidocaine, to IM diclofenac offered superior pain relief, but at levels below accepted thresholds for clinical importance.

Prospective comparative study of use of diclofenac suppository (150 mg) and intramuscular diclofenac (75 mg) for pain management of patients in post-operative laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Prospective comparative study of use of diclofenac suppository (150 mg) and intramuscular diclofenac (75 mg) for pain management of patients in post-operative laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Effectiveness of transdermal diclofenac patch versus intramuscular diclofenac injection in management of pain among patients with rib fracture in a tertiary care hospital

Most common injuries in trauma are rib fractures which leads to increase rick of mortality and morbidity. In India alone, there is are about 10 million cases per year for incidence of rib fractures more commonly due to vehicle accidents whereas 6% are of global accidents in India, itself. The current modality of treatment is with NSAID’s for relief of pain in rib fractures. A prospective study of 203 patients with rib fractures found a prevalence of chronic pain 22% and disability of 53%. Thereby, adequate pain management is crucial for improving the recovery and quality of life. The preferred route of administration of analgesics is either oral or intramuscular. This study entails in determining the effectiveness of transdermal Diclofenac patch versus intramuscular administration of Diclofenac.

Pain after laparoscopic endometriosis-specific vs. hysterectomy surgeries: A retrospective cohort analysis.

To evaluate pain perception and analgesic use between patients who underwent endometriosis-specific laparoscopic surgery compared to laparoscopic hysterectomy. This retrospective cohort study included women diagnosed with endometriosis who underwent laparoscopic surgery from 1/2019 to 11/2022. The control group consisted of premenopausal women who underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy, which was considered a similarly extensive surgery. Demographics, preoperative and post-operative data were compared between groups. Post-operative pain scores on a visual analogue scale (VAS) between 0 (no pain) and 10 (worst pain) were compared between groups for each post-operative day (POD). Standard pain relief analgesia on POD 0-1 included fixed intravenous treatment with paracetamol and intramuscular diclofenac. The need for additional analgesics (morphine or dipyrone) beyond the standard pain relief protocol was compared between groups. Among 200 patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery, 100 (50%) were in the endometriosis group and 100 (50%) in the hysterectomy group. The endometriosis group was characterized by younger age and lower parity (both, p<0.001). There was no significant difference between the groups in mean VAS scores for each post-operative day. However, among patients who needed additional analgesics beyond the standard protocol on POD 1, a higher percentage of women in the endometriosis group used opioids rather than milder analgesics, as compared to controls (1% vs. 0.2%, respectively, p = 0.03). Increased post-operative morphine use was observed in patients with endometriosis following laparoscopic surgery, despite no significant difference in mean VAS scores during the post-operative days. These findings suggest that personalized pain relief protocols should be adjusted for women with endometriosis.

Comparison of severity of pancreatitis with and without diclofenac sodium in post ERCP patients.

Objective: To compare the diclofenac sodium intramuscular prophylaxis given with standard treatment in patients having ERCP was compared with standard treatment alone with respect to frequency and severity of pancreatitis within 48 hours after the procedure. Study Design: Randomized Controlled Trial. Setting: Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and GI Endoscopy, SZABMU, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. Period: August 2021 and April 2022. Material &amp; Methods: The study enrolled 160 patients with obstructive jaundice with or without pruritus (20-70 years). Each group consisted of 80 patients. A prophylactic dose of 75 mg of diclofenac sodium was administered intramuscularly to Group A in addition to standard treatment, while standard treatment was given to Group B alone. The standard treatment for PEP was antibiotics (Cefoperazone/Sulbactam 2g IV) for both groups. IV dormicum (midazolam) was given to both groups as sedation. All patients were tested for lipase and amylase after the procedure to detect any complications. They were also monitored for abdominal pain at 4 and 24 hours after the procedure. Results: In patients of Group A (n=80), the mean age was 47.1 years ± 8.4 SD, whereas in patients in Group B (n=80), the mean age was 47.5 years ± 7.4 SD. In Group A, 3.8% of patients (n=3/80) developed PEP, while 11% (n=11/80) developed PEP (p=0.025). Intramuscular diclofenac sodium was more efficient at preventing PEP when compared to the control group on standard treatment alone, on all of the following parameters: (1) the proportion of patients that did not develop PEP, (2) the rate of patients that developed PEP, and (3) the average quantity of days that patients were sick. In both groups A and B, the PEP diagnosis was mild and the patients were discharged within 2-3 days of diagnosis. PEP efficacy was not significantly different across age groups or genders in both treatment groups (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion: Diclofenac sodium is significantly more effective than standard treatment alone for intramuscular pancreatitis prophylaxis after ERCP.

Safety and Efficacy of Oral Nalbuphine on Postoperative Pain in Hemorrhoidectomy Patients: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Pivotal Trial.

Severe postoperative pain requiring opioid treatment has been reported in 20-40% of hemorrhoidectomy patients. Compared to morphine, nalbuphine offers better hemodynamic stability, a lower risk of respiratory depression, and a lower potential for addiction. Nalbuphine was developed from intravenous form into an oral form (PHN131) to alleviate moderate-to-severe pain. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose, parallel-design trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of PHN131 in patients undergoing hemorrhoidectomy. Eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive either PHN131 soft capsules containing nalbuphine hydrochloride 60mg or placebo capsules. Intramuscular diclofenac was the rescue analgesic. Pain was measured by the area under the curve of mean Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain intensity scores. VAS results in patients receiving PHN131 were significantly lower than placebo group scores through 48 hours postoperatively (149.2±75.52 vs. 179.6±65.97; P=0.0301). According to Brief Pain Inventory Short Form scores, the impact of pain on quality of life was significantly smaller for the PHN131 group than for the placebo group. Time to the first use of diclofenac postoperatively was significantly longer in the PHN131 group than in the placebo group. The cumulative dosage of diclofenac in the PHN131 group was only around half of that in the placebo group (P<0.0001). Drug-related adverse events were mild-to-moderate and resolved by treatment end. No drug-related severe adverse events were observed. Our findings demonstrate that PHN131 is effective and well-tolerated in the treatment of moderate-to-severe pain and may provide another option for patients to control their pain.

A randomized controlled trial of rectal versus intramuscular diclofenac for post-operative analgesia after open myomectomy

AimTo determine the efficacy and safety of rectal versus intramuscularly administered Diclofenac in reducing post-operative pain in the first 24 h after open-myomectomy. MethodsA single blind, placebo controlled randomized trial consisting of 90 consenting women that had open-abdominal-myomectomy. They were randomized into two-groups (rectal-group and intramuscular-group) of 45 women (1:1 ratio). Rectal-group received 75 mg of Diclofenac suppository 12 hourly for 24 h and placebo (3 ml of intramuscular injection-water) 12hourly for 24 h while intramuscular-group received intramuscular Diclofenac 75 mg 12 hourly for 24 h and placebo (Anusol suppository) 12 hourly for 24 h. Both groups received intramuscular Pentazocine 30 mg 6 hourly for 24 h as primary analgesic after myomectomy. Pain was assessed using a Ten-Point Visual-Analogue-Scale. Participants’ satisfaction of the mode of the pain relief was assessed using the Likert-scale after 24 h. The primary outcome was the pain score using the visual-analogue-scale. The secondary outcome-measures were participants’ satisfaction after 24 h of administration of the drugs, the need and frequency of rescue-analgesia and maternal-side-effects. ResultThe baseline socio-demographic characteristics were similar in both groups. There was no statistically significant difference between both groups in pain assessment at 1 h post-myomectomy (p-value > 0.05). However, the pain assessments at 6, 12, 18 and 24 h post-myomectomy were statistically significant with more pain in intramuscular-group when compared to rectal-group. Majority of participants in rectal-group were both very satisfied (35.6 %) and satisfied (55.6 %) when compared to intramuscular-group (11.1 %) and (31,1%) respectively (p-value < 0.05). Also majority of the participants in intramuscular-group were dissatisfied (17.8 %) with none of the participant showing any form of dissatisfaction (p-value < 0.05). Majority of the participant in rectal-group had no drug side effects when compared with intramuscular-group. Epigastric discomfort was commoner in rectal-group while drowsiness was commoner in intramuscular-group. ConclusionRectal Diclofenac with intramuscular Pentazocine is significantly associated with better effectiveness in pain reduction and maternal satisfaction when compared with intramuscular Diclofenac and intramuscular Pentazocine following open-myomectomy. While epigastric discomfort was the commonest side-effect in rectal-group, drowsiness was commoner in intramuscular-group. Trial RegistrationPan-African-clinical-trial-registry (PACTR); PACTR202206556144219.

Intradermal Sterile Water Injection: Safe and Effective Alternative for Relief of Acute Renal Colic in the Emergency Department

BackgroundThe optimal pain relief method for acute renal colic in the emergency department remains controversial. ObjectiveWe compared the safety and efficacy of intradermal sterile water injection (ISWI) to treatment with intramuscular (IM) diclofenac, intravenous (IV) opioids, and IV paracetamol in patients with acute renal colic. MethodsThis randomized, single-blind study included 320 patients with renal colic to one of four treatment groups. The first group received ISWI at four different points around the most painful flank area. Patients in the DI, PARA, and TRAM groups received 75 mg IM diclofenac, 1 g IV paracetamol, and 100 mg IV tramadol, respectively. Pain intensity was measured using a visual analog scale (VAS) before treatment and 15, 30, and 60 min after treatment. ResultsVAS scores 15 and 30 min after treatment were significantly lower in group ISWI than in groups DI, PARA, and TRAM. However, there were no significant differences in the decrease in the pain score at baseline and at 60 min after treatment. In addition, fewer patients required rescue analgesia in group ISWI than in group TRAM. However, no significant differences were observed between group ISWI and group DI or PARA in terms of the need for rescue analgesia. Finally, there were significantly fewer adverse events in group ISWI than in groups DI and TRAM. ConclusionsISWI had similar efficacy, faster pain relief, and lower need for rescue analgesia compared with diclofenac, paracetamol, and tramadol for the management of acute renal colic. In addition, ISWI was well-tolerated and had no adverse effects.

The efficacy of intradermal sterile water application in severe renal colic: a randomised clinical trial.

It is important to do a fast and effective treatment for patients with renal colic pain in emergency departments for both patients' comfort and clinicians' patient management. In this study, we aimed primarily to test the efficacy of intradermal sterile water application as a rapid and effective treatment in severe renal colic. This is a single-centre, prospective, randomised controlled trial. Study group consists of patients with severe renal colic related to urolithiasis. Patients were randomly divided into three groups. The first group received only intramuscular diclofenac sodium, the second group received intramuscular diclofenac sodium and intradermal sterile water, and the third group received intramuscular diclofenac sodium together with intravenous fentanyl. Numerical Rating Scale was used to determine the level of pain before and after the treatment at the 1st, 5th, 15th, 30th, 60th and 120th minutes. 95 out of 201 patients with severe renal colic pain randomly divided into 3 groups. The pre-treatment pain severity of the groups was similar (p = 0.228). We found thatthe decrease in pain intensity was significantly faster in the intradermal sterile water group than the other groups even in the first minute. Percentages of patients who had 50% pain reduction, which is considered as successful treatment, was higher in the intradermal sterile water group (which had 75.9% success rate) in the first 5min compared to the IM diclofenac sodium group (which had 7.1% success rate) and IV fentanyl group (which had 25% success rate) (p < 0.001). According to the results, pain control was achieved much faster than the other methods with intradermal sterile water injection. All methods were found to be effective in relieving the pain of the patients.

Efficacy of analgesia using ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric (IIIH) nerve block, transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and diclofenac after caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia: A non-randomised clinical trial.

Our aim was to assess the efficacy of analgesia using ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric (IIIH) nerve block, transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and diclofenac after caesarean delivery (CD) under spinal anaesthesia (SA).]. A total of 457 healthy parturients undergoing CD under SA were included in this prospective, observational study. Groups differed in the postoperative analgesic strategies received by the parturient at the end of surgery: group D (n = 148) received intramuscular diclofenac sodium, group I (n = 153) received bilateral IIIH block with bupivacaine plus clonidine and group T (n = 156) received bilateral TAP block with bupivacaine plus clonidine. Total duration of postoperative analgesia, numerical pain rating scale (NRS) scores, patient satisfaction score, rescue analgesics in the first 48 h postoperatively and adverse effects were observed. A value of P < 0.05 was taken as significant. Total duration of analgesia was longest (18.2 ± 1.3 h) in group T and shortest in group D (6.3 ± 0.8 h) compared to group I (13.1 ± 1.2 h) (P < 0.001). Total analgesic requirement in postoperative 48 h was lowest in group T (152.1 ± 34.9 mg), highest in group D (355.0 ± 25.6 mg) and intermediate in group I (221.0 ± 30.0 mg) (P < 0.001). Mean NRS scores were lower in group T compared to those in groups D and I. The patients in group T were extremely satisfied, in group I were satisfied and in group D were dissatisfied (P < 0.001). Bilateral TAP block with bupivacaine and clonidine after CD under SA increases the duration of postoperative analgesia.

Post Tonsillectomy Pain Relief: Comparative Study between Peritonsillar Infiltration of Bupivicain and Intramuscular Diclofenac

Hospital based study carried out on (40) patients from both sexes, aged (4-26) years,underwent Tonsillectomy by dissection method during the period extend from (June2012 to September 2012). The Patients were divided into two groups- Group A (18)patients: include those with pre-incisional – infiltration of bupivicain with subsequent(spray) post operatively on Tonsils bed at evening and next morning. Group B (22)patients: include those patients with diclofenac intramuscular injection, half hourbefore operation with subsequent doses at evening and next morning. (Result): nodifference in history of post- operative nausea and vomiting regarding the two groups.The mean operative time for group (A) was (28.9) minutes, while the mean operativetime for group (B) was (29.5) minutes. Both groups showed no difference regardingreactionary bleeding (bleeding occurs within 24 hours) or secondary bleeding(Bleeding occurs after 6-8 days due to infection). Group (A) showed low score of painin immediate post-operative time but it was not significant, while group (B) showedlow score of pain in most of the cases at evening, it was significant. No difference inboth groups in the next morning both showed low score of pain. Conclusion:intramuscular diclofenac is more potent as pain relief if compare with Bupivicaininfiltration. Aim of study: To identify the effect of infiltration of bupivicain for posttonsillectomy pain-relief and in compare to intramuscular injection of diclofenac.

Erector spinae plane block prior to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy decreases fluoroscopy time and promise a comfortable procedure for renal stones: A prospective randomized study

Introduction and objectivesTo compare the efficacy of erector spinae plane block (ESPB) and intramuscular (i.m.) diclofenac sodium in regard to pain management and impact on stone-free status in patients undergoing SWL. Patients and materialsThe study included patients who underwent SWL for kidney stones in our institution. The patients were randomly assigned to the ESPB (Group 1: n = 31) and i.m. 75 mg diclofenac sodium (Group 2: n = 30) groups. The demographic data of the patients, fluoroscopy time during SWL, number of need of targeting, total shocks given, voltage, stone free rates (SFR), analgesy method, number of SWL sessions, VAS score, stone location, maximum stone size, stone volume and Hounsfield unit (HU) were also recorded. ResultsA total of 61 patients were included the study. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups according to stone size, volume and density, SWL duration, total shocks given, voltage, BMI, stone-free status and stone location. Fluoroscopy time and number of need for stone targeting were significantly lower in group 1 than group 2 (p = 0.002, p = 0.021, respectively). The VAS score was significantly lower for group 1 compared to group 2 (p < 0.001). ConclusionsWe observed that the VAS score was lower in the ESPB group compared to i.m. diclofenac sodium group and although it was not statistically significant, we achieved a higher rate of stone-free status in the first session in ESPB group. Most importantly, the patients in the ESPB group were exposed to less fluoroscopy and radiation.

Nicolau syndrome following Intramuscular Diclofenac Injection: a case report and review of the literature

Nicolau syndrome (NS), also referred as embolia cutis medicamentosa and livedo-like dermatitis, is an uncommon complication followed by drugs administered intramuscularly, intraarticularly or subcutaneously. In this case report we present a case of a 65-year-old lady who had a single dose of diclofenac sodium as an intramuscular injection in her left buttock due to back pain that led to developing what known as NS. She was treated with surgical debridement, drain insertion and skin approximation with antibiotics for 2weeks with daily sterile dressing. The wound healed completely with scarring. NS is a preventable outcome, thus, proper procedures and precautions should be taken during intramuscular medication administration. Healthcare providers should avoid unnecessary injections, be familiar with the complication and consider it as a potential diagnosis for severe localized pain after any injection.

El bloqueo del plano del músculo erector espinal antes de la litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque reduce el tiempo de fluoroscopia y facilita el tratamiento de la litiasis renal: estudio prospectivo aleatorizado

Introduction and ObjectivesTo compare the efficacy of erector spinae plane block (ESPB) and intramuscular (i.m.) diclofenac sodium in regard to pain management and impact on stone-free status in patients undergoing SWL. Patients or MaterialsThe study included patients who underwent SWL for kidney stones in our institution. The patients were randomly assigned to the ESPB (Group 1: n = 31) and i.m. 75 mg diclofenac sodium (Group 2: n = 30) groups. The demographic data of the patients, fluoroscopy time during SWL, number of need of targeting, total shocks given, voltage, stone free rates (SFR), analgesy method, number of SWL sessions, VAS score, stone location, maximum stone size, stone volume and Hounsfield unit (HU) were also recorded. ResultsA total of 61 patients were included the study. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups according to stone size, volume and density, SWL duration, total shocks given, voltage, BMI, stone-free status and stone location. Fluoroscopy time and number of need for stone targeting were significantly lower in group 1 than group 2 (p:0.002, p:0.021, respectively). The VAS score was significantly lower for group 1 compared to group 2 (p<0.001). ConclusionsWe observed that the VAS score was lower in the ESPB group compared to i.m. diclofenac sodium group and although it was not statistically significant, we achieved a higher rate of stone-free status in the first session in ESPB group. Most importantly, the patients in the ESPB group were exposed to less fluoroscopy and radiation.

The pharmacokinetics of diclofenac and its interaction with sulfadoxine-trimethoprim in sheep

ObjectiveIn this study, the pharmacokinetics of diclofenac was determined following a single intravenous and intramuscular administration of diclofenac alone and co-administration with sulfadoxine-trimethoprim in sheep. Study designA randomized, controlled, experimental study. AnimalsA total of 18 healthy male Ivesi sheep were used in the study (2–4 years old, with an average weight of 50 ± 5 kg). MethodsDiclofenac was administered alone in the 1st group intramuscular (1 mg/kg), intravenous (1 mg/kg) in the 2nd group, and together (intramuscular diclofenac (1 mg/kg) and intravenous sulfadoxine -trimethoprim (5 mg/kg)) in the 3rd group. Blood was collected at 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 45 min and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, and 24 h following the administration. The plasma concentration of diclofenac was determined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using a non-compartmental analysis pharmacokinetic model. ResultsThe elimination half-life (t½), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), mean residence time (MRT), volume of distribution at steady-state (Vd), total body clearance (ClT), and bioavailability (F) values following the diclofenac were evaluated IM alone 2.31 ± 0.01 h, 3.31 ± 0.06 h* µg/mL, 3.52 ± 0.02 h, 0.96 ± 0.02 L/kg, 0.28 ± 0.00 mL/h/kg, 93%, respectively. When co-administered with sulfadoxine-trimethoprim the same kinetic values of diclofenac were 3.62 ± 0.09 h, 3.52 ± 0.05 h* µg/mL, 5.54 ± 0.46 h, 1.45 ± 0.17 L/kg, 0.24 ± 0.00 mL/h/kg and 99%, respectively. Sulfadoxine-trimethoprim increased the t½, AUC, MRT, Vd, and F values of diclofenac at statistically significant levels, and decreased the ClT value. Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe results of the study indicate that the pharmacokinetics of diclofenac are altered when used with sulfadoxine-trimethoprim. Therefore, if the two drugs are used together, a new dose adjustment should be made for diclofenac.

Tissue Damage Caused by Diclofenac Intramuscular Injection: The Nicolau Syndrome

Abstract Introduction Nicolau syndrome is an extremely rare complication following intramuscular administration of drugs leading to tissue damage and necrosis. Case Report In this case, the patient received the injection from an untrained quack surgeon (Jarrah) due to an improper intramuscular injection technique. A 45-year-old female complained of pain and blackish discoloration of the skin over the left buttock after receiving an intramuscular diclofenac injection.4 The patient was managed by administering intravenous antibiotics and analgesics, followed by surgical debridement. Flap reconstruction was done after granulation tissue formation. Conclusion Healthcare should be sought from appropriately trained and licensed professionals. Patients should be well educated on this. Pain, erythema, and discoloration should be recognized as red flags of the Nicolau syndrome so that it can be addressed promptly to avoid complications.

Gluteal Diclofenac Injection Lesion Can Mimic an Abscess on MRI

Intramuscular diclofenac injection is commonly used for pain management. Case reports have shown that after injection of diclofenac, local complications can occur but still underestimated. Acute muscle trauma can be found at the injection site. Limited studies have dealt with muscular radiological findings after diclofenac injection. This is a case report of an incidental gluteal lesion that was suggestive of an abscess on MRI following diclofenac intramuscular injection.

The efficacy and safety of intramuscular aceclofenac and diclofenac for managing postoperative pain in patients undergoing composite resection for oral cancer

The efficacy and safety of intramuscular aceclofenac and diclofenac for managing postoperative pain in patients undergoing composite resection for oral cancer

Perioperative Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion for Postlaparoscopic Cholecystectomy Pain.

To compare intravenous lidocaine infusion adjunct to NSAID and Acetaminophen with regular analgesics for postoperative mean pain score and mean ambulation time after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Randomised controlled trial. Department of General Surgery, Islamabad Medical Complex, (IMC), from March 2020 to December 2021. Sixty (n=60) adult patients, both males and females between the ages of 18-60 years planned for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, were selected and randomly allocated to two groups of treatment (Lidocaine and Ringer Lactate). The control group did not receive any other placebo other than Ringer Lactate infusion. Both groups received Intramuscular Diclofenac 12 hourly and intravenous acetaminophen infusion 8 hourly. Postoperative pain 2, 6, 12 and 24 hours (h) and mean ambulation time were compared in both groups. Mean VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) of group 1 versus group 2 at 2 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h were 3.47 ± 0.82 vs. 6.27 ± 0.52 (p=<0.001), 2.7 ± 0.75 vs. 4.8 ± 0.8 (p<0.001), 2.0 ± 0.49 vs. 3.93 ± 0.94 (p<0.001), 0.73 ± 0.82 vs. 2.2 ± 0.61 (p<0.001). Time for spontaneous ambulation after surgery was 5.57 ± 1.55 hours for Group 1 versus 7.3 ± 1.9 hours for Group 2 (p<0.001). Pain scores at all-time intervals were lower, and ambulation time was shorter in patients who received intravenous infusion of lidocaine as compared to patients who received only regular analgesics for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Ambulation time, Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, Postoperative pain.

Comparison of analgesic efficacy of diclofenac suppository with intramuscular diclofenac sodium in post-operative pain relief after cesarean delivery in the first 24 hours

Comparison of analgesic efficacy of diclofenac suppository with intramuscular diclofenac sodium in post-operative pain relief after cesarean delivery in the first 24 hours