Intralesional Corticosteroids Research Articles

Carpal Tunnel Corticosteroid Injection Treatment of Nail Lichen Planus

Treatment for nail lichen planus (NLP) typically involves the use of intralesional or systemic corticosteroids. However, both modalities have distinct considerations. Systemic options are typically reserved for severe cases due to potential adverse effects while intralesional injections are limited due to patient discomfort. Here we present a case in which a corticosteroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome led to incidental bilateral improvement in a patient’s nail lichen planus. Carpal tunnel injection may be an alternative to more traditional treatments and is a potential area for further research.

Comparing Intraoperative and In-Office Steroid Injections for Management of Subglottic Stenosis.

Intralesional corticosteroid injection for management of subglottic stenosis (SGS) is thought to improve patients' surgery free interval (SFI). The objective of this study was to determine the difference in SFI between idiopathic SGS (iSGS) patients treated with endoscopic dilation alone, dilation with a single intraoperative intralesional corticosteroid injection, or dilation with intraoperative steroid injection followed by serial in-office serial intralesional steroid injection (SILSI) procedures. Retrospective review of patients with iSGS from 1/1/2012 to 12/1/2023. The SFI was calculated as the time between surgical interventions and independent samples median test was used to compare the difference in SFIs between treatment groups. This study identified 305 procedures, involving 104 patients. Fifty-five procedures involved endoscopic dilation alone (median SFI = 658, IQR: 595 days), 102 involved one injection of steroids intraoperatively (median SFI = 395, IQR: 296 days), 27 involved endoscopic dilation (ED) followed by a single postoperative ILSI (median SFI = 533, IQR: 351), and 15 involved postoperative SILSI (median SFI = 585, IQR: 338 days). Comparing SFI between groups found mean SFI was significantly longer among patients managed with only ED compared with a single intraoperative steroid injection (p = 0.001). Patients who were initially managed with ED and an intraoperative steroid injection has a statistically significant decrease in SFI (p = 0.032) when transitioned to management with ED and intraoperative steroid injection followed by a single ILSI postoperatively. Patients who received a single intraoperative steroid injection experienced shorter SFI when compared with those managed with dilation alone. SILSI did not result in a significant increase of SFI within this population. 3 Laryngoscope, 2024.

Multidisciplinary care in nonmalignant central airway obstruction.

The management of histologically benign central airway obstruction (CAO) is complex. Published studies have focused on the diagnostic approaches and therapeutic options provided by specific specialties, but there has been no focus on multidisciplinary management of this disease. Our objective is to review the current diagnostic and therapeutic modalities available for managing nonmalignant CAO from a multidisciplinary perspective involving otolaryngology, thoracic surgery and interventional bronchoscopists. For benign airway strictures, management is via medical and endoscopic therapy with surgical resection reserved for complex and recurrent stenoses. There is evidence and growing interest in intralesional corticosteroid injection in treating inflammation and potentially preventing recurrence. Airway specialists from distinct disciplines use different laser types, dilating balloons and anesthesia methods to manage benign CAO. Recent studies have demonstrated substantial improvements in patient breathlessness and quality of life following therapeutic airway interventions, highlighting the evolving landscape in this cross-disciplinary field. Nonmalignant CAO, arising from various mechanical, inflammatory, and infectious etiologies, poses significant morbidity and mortality risks. Current treatments include endoscopic resection, dilation, stent placement, and surgical resection which are selected based on lesion's complexity, extent, operability and patient's symptoms and goals. A multimodal and multidisciplinary approach to patient care could offer the best outcomes.

A case of severe folliculitis decalvans

Folliculitis decalvans is a difficult to treat rare neutrophilic dermatosis that affects the scalp and leads to permanent scarring. The pathogenesis is currently not well understood; the influence of S.aureus antigens, a disorder of the skin microbiome, a defect in cell-mediated immunity, and an imbalance of pro-inflammatory cytokines are assumed. This disease is often associated with a marked decrease in quality of life, because in addition to significant external manifestations, the patient may experience pain, itching and burning in the areas of the rash. The main problem is that there is currently no effective therapy for this disease. Treatment options include systemic antibiotics, topical and intralesional corticosteroids, dapsone, isotretinoin, biologics, and photodynamic therapy. We present a brief overview of the main methods of therapy and a clinical case of a long course of severe folliculitis decalvans, refractory to the main methods of treatment.

Intralesional corticosteroid therapy for non-healing persistent radiation-induced oropharyngeal mucositis.

Oropharyngeal mucositis is a common complication of anticancer therapy. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness and safety of intralesional corticosteroid therapy (ICT) in the management of persistent mucositis. A retrospective chart review of patients who underwent ICT in the oral cavity to manage oral mucositis managed with basic oral care and preventive modalities and persisting at least 6 weeks after head and neck radiation or chemoradiation therapy completion between November 2017 and September 2023 was performed. Bio-demographic data, cancer and anticancer therapy characteristics, medical history, and mucositis-related variables were extracted from electronic medical records. Among the 34 participants, 22 (64.7%) were male. Twenty (58.8%) participants received radiotherapy; the rest received chemoradiation therapy. Before the ICT, the median mucositis lesion surface area was 225 mm2 (range 9-2025 mm2), and 22 (64.7%) patients had grade III mucositis. Post-intervention, the median size was reduced to 0 mm2 (range 0-1600 mm2). Clinically effective response (≥ 75% size and symptom reduction) was observed in 28 (82.4%) participants over a median of 26 days (7-60 days). Within this cohort, complete healing of the lesion was seen in 18 (64.3%) subjects. Overall, 25 (73.5%) participants experienced a downgradation in the mucositis stage. Local complications from injections were found in two (5.7%) participants. A correlation was found between clinically effective relief and absence of trismus (p = .03) and smaller pre-procedure surface area (p = .009). The ICT represents a viable option in managing non-healing, persistent radiation, and chemoradiation-induced oral mucositis. The modality was well tolerated and had no systemic complications.

Orofacial Granulomatosis and Crohn's Disease: A Case Series

ABSTRACT Orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) is a rare syndrome that can occur in association with Crohn's disease (CD). The electronic medical record was searched for “OFG” and “CD.” A total of 297 patients were identified, and relevant data were abstracted. Five patients met inclusion criteria. Most (80%) had ileocolonic CD with nonstricturing/nonpenetrating phenotype. The most common treatments included intralesional corticosteroids (4 patients), oral corticosteroids (3 patients), and anti-TNF agents, specifically infliximab (3 patients). Intralesional corticosteroid administration was followed by partial response in 3 patients, but recurrences were common following initial injection. One patient had no response to topical or oral corticosteroids, antihistamines, or oral antibiotics, but partial response to intralesional corticosteroids and infliximab. None of the patients had complete response to any therapies directed at this condition. OFG may be characterized by partial response, often requiring long-term therapy. Additional investigations into novel treatments may improve future clinical outcomes.

Effectiveness of Local Glucocorticoid Infiltration Versus Traditional Gauze Bandaging for the Treatment of Onychocryptosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Local intralesional corticosteroid injections into the periungual fold are used to treat patients with onychocryptosis, but their short- or medium-term effects are unknown. The goal was to compare the efficacy of this treatment in stages IIa, IIb, and III of the condition with a common conservative method such as gauze bandaging. A two-arm randomized trial with 40 patients with stage IIa, IIb, and III onychocryptosis equally assigned into two treatment groups-control (spiculotomy and application of gauze bandaging) and experimental group (spiculotomy and infiltration of corticosteroid)-was performed. Anthropometric data, initial clinical status, pain, and inflammatory measures were collected before and at least one month after the intervention. Pain reduction was higher in the experimental group (5.5 vs. 4.8 points) but with no significant differences (p = 0.306).Corticosteroids significantly reduced inflammation over gauze bandaging (1.9 vs. 1) with significant differences between them (p = 0.029). Corticosteroid infiltration was more effective than gauze bandaging application in reducing inflammation in patients with onychocryptosis, with similar effects on pain. These findings support the clinical importance of corticosteroid treatment for this condition, although a single infiltration may not be sufficient to prevent relapses.

Comparison between Effects of Intralesional Platelet Rich Plasma and Corticosteroid Injection on Pain and Functional Outcome in Patients with Lateral Epicondylitis of Elbow

Background: A debilitating and painful elbow problem is lateral epicondylitis. Objective: In this study, pain and functional outcomes were examined in relation to intralesional platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and corticosteroid injections patients with lateral epicondylitis. Methodology: This randomized experimental study was done in the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) from March 2017 to February 2018. Thirty patients with diagnosed lateral epicondylitis, aged between 21- 60 years and had been ill for more than a month were enrolled and randomly assigned into two groups. In Group A received two doses of intralesional PRP injection, and Group B received two doses of intralesional corticosteroid injection. Pain and functional outcomes were evaluated by using a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and a patient-rated tennis elbow assessment (PRTEE) questionnaire, respectively. In the lateral epicondylar region, intralesional PRP or corticosteroids were administered during the first (week 1=W1) and fourth (week 7=W7) treatment visits. Results: The findings revealed a statistically significant decline in pain over time, as well as improvements of functional outcomes in both groups as evidenced by significantly lower VAS scores and lower PRTEE scores up to 11 weeks post-injection. There was no discernible difference in progress between the two groups up until W1 to W9 scores, however at the eleventh week, group A showed greater improvement than group B (p<00.5). Conclusions: Intralesional PRP injection is a promising therapy option for lateral epicondylitis, offering sustained pain relief and improved functional outcomes over time compared to corticosteroid injection. Journal of Monno Medical College June, 2024; 10 (1):30-35

Beyond rheumatoid nodules in rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease predominantly affecting synovial joints. Extra-articular manifestations, including skin involvement, can also occur. The most frequent cutaneous manifestation in RA patients is rheumatoid nodules, occurring in 20-30% of seropositive individuals. These nodules are typically firm, painless, and located on pressure points such as the hands and elbows. However, in a minority of cases, other skin conditions can complicate RA, notably palisaded neutrophilic granulomatous dermatitis (PNGD). PNGD presents as erythematous papules or plaques, often pruritic and distributed symmetrically over extensor surfaces, making it challenging to differentiate from rheumatoid nodules. Histopathological examination is crucial to establish the diagnosis. High clinical suspicion and appropriate referral to Dermatology are essential for accurate diagnosis and management. Treatment of PNGD is focused on underlying disease control. Other options include topical, intralesional or systemic corticosteroids, dapsone or hydroxychloroquine. Herein, we present the case of a 71-year-old woman with RA who developed PNGD, highlighting the importance of a multidisciplinary approach for achieving a favorable clinical outcome.

Endoscopic Guided Dilations without Intralesional Corticosteroid Injections: Pediatric Crohn’s Patients Case Series

Background: The treatment for pediatric Crohn’s disease (CD) has shifted over the years from steroids and immunomodulators to biologics with the goal of histological and clinical remission. Endoscopic balloon dilation (EBD) has been utilized for stricturing disease, even in the pediatric population. EBD has been shown to be effective and minimally invasive, though historically, has been performed on patients with persistent mucosal inflammation. As such, intralesional corticosteroid (ILC) injections have been traditionally utilized during EBD. However, intralesional corticosteroid efficacy among pediatrics patients in deep endoscopic remission is unknown. Case Presentation: We report four patients that demonstrated at least initial successful dilations without intralesional steroid injections. Conclusions: The use of ILC injections during routine EBDs in pediatric patients should be further explored in randomized control trials.

Intra-lesional Corticosteroids Versus Platelet-Rich Plasma Versus Platelet-Rich Fibrin for the Treatment of Oral Lichen Planus: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a potentially malignant disorder affecting the oral mucosa. Platelet concentrates, including platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), have emerged as promising alternative treatments to corticosteroids. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of PRP and PRF in the management of patients with OLP. We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving patients withOLPcomparing intralesional PRP or PRF with corticosteroidsup to August 2024. The primary outcomes assessed were changes in lesion size, pain scores, and Thongprasom scores. Network meta-analysis (NMA) was used. Data were pooled using summary effect sizes with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in a random-effects model based on the DerSimonian-Laird method. Eight studies comprising 157 patients and 250 lesions were included in the final analysis. Compared to corticosteroids, no significant differences were observed among PRF and PRP in terms of changes in lesion size, pain scores, clinical severity scores, and adverse events. NMA ranking showed that PRF was the best-ranking treatment in reducing lesion sizes (SUCRA values: 72.6%, 75.8%, 66.2%, 80.8%, and 77.5% at first, second, third, fourth, and eighth weeks of assessment), followed by corticosteroids, and PRP. Moreover, PRF was the best-ranking treatment in reducing pain score at the first, third, and eighthweeks of assessment (SUCRA values: 91.8%, 86%, and 85.9%), while PRP was the best intervention at the second and fourth weeks of assessment (SUCRA values: 61.3%, and 90.2%). Also, PRF was the best intervention in terms of Thongprasom scores at eightweeks of assessment (SUCRA value: 77.3%), while PRP was the best intervention at the fourth week of assessment with value of 78.1%. PRF and PRP showed comparable results with intralesional corticosteroids in all studied parameters. Considering treatments ranking, PRF was the best intervention. The optimal treatment modality for OLP varies on different clinical conditions.

Evaluating Treatment Modalities for Reducing Recurrence in Central Giant Cell Granuloma: A Narrative Review.

Treating central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is challenging due to high recurrence rates and variable therapy responses. This study examines the efficacy of various treatments in reducing CGCG recurrence. A literature review explored outcomes of surgical excision, curettage, intralesional corticosteroid injection, and adjuvant therapy, considering factors like lesion location, size, and histological features. Aggressive surgical techniques such as en bloc resection were found to potentially lower recurrence rates compared to conservative approaches. However, treatment should be tailored to individual patient needs. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and improve treatment strategies. A concise literature review was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar, focusing on papers published from 1986 to 2024. Search terms included "central giant cell granuloma", "recurrence", "treatment modalities", and "surgical excision". Studies reporting recurrence rates and treatment outcomes for CGCG were analyzed. Twenty-nine studies were reviewed, including six studies on surgical excision and curettage, eight studies on intralesional corticosteroid injections, six studies on calcitonin therapy, five studies on interferon-alpha therapy, and four studies on the therapy with denosumab. Analysis indicated that aggressive surgical treatments like en bloc resection were associated with lower recurrence rates compared to conservative methods. Predictors of recurrence included lesion size (>3 cm), location (mandible), and aggressive histopathological features. Aggressive surgical excision combined with nonsurgical methods may lower recurrence rates, while conservative techniques remain viable in some cases. Further prospective research is needed to validate these findings and enhance CGCG treatment options.

KECORT Study: An International e-Delphi Study on the Treatment of KEloids Using Intralesional CORTicosteroids in Clinical Practice.

Intralesional corticosteroid administration (ICA) is a first-line keloid treatment. However, it faces significant variability in current clinical and scientific practice, which hinders comparability of treatment results. The aim of the study was to reach consensus on different aspects of ICA using hypodermic needles in keloids among an international group of dermatologists and plastic surgeons specialized in keloid treatment to provide consensus-based clinical treatment recommendations for all physicians treating keloids. The keloid expert panel of 12 dermatologists and 11 plastic surgeons rated 30 statements. Two online e-Delphi rounds were held, both with a response rate of 100%. Fifteen (65%) keloid experts participated in the final consensus meetings. Consensus was defined as ≥ 75% of the participants choosing agree or strongly agree on a 7-point Likert scale. Consensus was reached on treatment goals, indication for ICA, triamcinolone acetonide (TAC) 40 mg/mL as the preferred corticosteroid administered at a maximum of 80 mg per month and at intervals of 4 weeks, minimizing pain during ICA, the use of 1 mL syringes and 25 or 27 Gauge needles, blanching as endpoint of successful infiltration, caution of not injecting subcutaneously, and the option of making multiple passes in very firm keloids prior to infiltration. Consensus could not be reached on TAC dosing, methods of prior local anesthesia, and location of injection. This e-Delphi study provides important clinical treatment recommendations on essential aspects of ICA in keloids. By implementing these recommendations, uniformity of ICA in keloid treatment will increase and better treatment results may be achieved.

Impact of Previous Alopecia Areata Treatment on Efficacy Responses up to Week 48 Following Ritlecitinib Treatment: A Post Hoc Analysis.

Patients with alopecia areata (AA) may have received several therapies for management of AA during their lives. In the ALLEGRO phase 2b/3 (NCT03732807) study, the oral JAK3/TEC family kinase inhibitor ritlecitinib demonstrated efficacy and an acceptable safety profile in patients aged ≥ 12years with AA and ≥ 50% scalp hair loss. This post hoc analysis investigated associations between prior use of AA therapies and Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) responses in patients receiving ritlecitinib for AA. Patients receiving ritlecitinib 30mg or 50mg once daily with or without an initial 4-week 200-mg daily loading dose were grouped by previous exposure to AA treatments, including topicals, intralesional corticosteroids (ILCS), topical immunotherapy, and systemic immunosuppressants or any prior AA treatment. Multivariable logistic regression analyses evaluated the association between response based on a SALT score of ≤ 20 and any prior treatment for AA at weeks 24 and 48. Of 522 patients, 360 (69.0%) had previous exposure to any AA treatment. At Week 24, SALT ≤ 20 response was positively associated with prior use of ILCS (odds ratio [OR], 2.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-3.65; P < 0.05) and negatively associated with prior use of systemic immunosuppressants (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.28-0.88; P < 0.05). Prior use of topicals or topical immunotherapy was not associated with SALT ≤ 20 response at Week 24. By Week 48, no association was identified between SALT ≤ 20 response and prior use of topicals, ILCS, topical immunosuppressants, or systemic immunosuppressants (all P > 0.05). Previous exposure to any AA therapy was not associated with SALT ≤ 20 response at weeks 24 or 48 (all P > 0.05). Prior AA treatment history had no effect on longer-term treatment response to ritlecitinib. NCT03732807.

Granulomatous cheilitis: a rare case report

Granulomatous cheilitis is a rare granulomatous disorder characterized by a recurrent firm swelling of one or both lips. This is called the cheilitis granulomatosa of Miescher (CGM) when it occurs in isolation. It is called Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) if the classical triad of recurrent or persistent orofacial edema, plicated or fissured tongue (lingua plicata), and relapsing peripheral facial nerve paralysis is present. A 40-year-old female patient came to the Dermatology Department with persistent painless swelling of both lips and perioral area for the last one year. On histopathological examination there was a nodular tuberculoid granulomatous inflammation in patchy pattern present throughout the submucosa. The granuloma consists of lymphocytes, histiocytes and occasional plasma cells. AFB stain and PAS stain were negative. Diagnosis of granulomatous cheilitis was made and patient was put on tab clofazimine and intralesional corticosteroids. The case is being reported due to its rarity and the role of dermatopathologist to make a diagnosis.

A Comparative Analysis of the Advances in Scar Reduction: Techniques, Technologies, and Efficacy in Plastic Surgery.

The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the latest methodologies and treatments aimed at improving scar management. Scar formation results from the replacement of normal skin with fibroblasts, leading to a structured unidirectional collagen bundle, as opposed to the collagen sheet matrix found in healthy skin. This review categorizes scars into hypertrophic scars and keloids, each with distinct pathophysiological characteristics. It highlights the importance of consistent scar assessment using scales such as the Vancouver Scar Scale and the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale, emphasizing the need for standardized evaluation methods. The study systematically reviews various scar management techniques, ranging from traditional surgical methods to innovative treatments. Conventional approaches such as pressure garments and silicone gel sheeting are explored, noting their roles in maintaining hydration and occlusion. The efficacy of intralesional corticosteroid injections and laser therapies is discussed, with particular attention given to their combined use for optimal outcomes. The review also covers advanced techniques such as microneedling, platelet-rich plasma therapy, and stem cell-based treatments, detailing their mechanisms and potential benefits in scar remodelling. Additionally, the study underscores the emerging role of botulinum toxin A in both preventive and corrective scar treatments, offering promising results in reducing movement-induced scar exaggeration. The systematic review includes a thorough examination of existing literature, clinical trials, and meta-analyses to evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions. It concludes by calling for further research to refine these techniques and enhance their application in clinical practice, aiming to achieve better aesthetic and functional outcomes for patients with scars.

Ear lobule reduction using a sub-antitragal groove technique in patients with angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia on the earlobe: a case report and literature review.

Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) is a rare condition characterized by nodular lesions predominantly in the head and neck region, often causing discomfort or pain. Treatment remains challenging because of its rarity and the lack of established guidelines. This report presents a case of ALHE affecting the earlobes that was successfully managed using ear lobule reduction surgery and subsequent intralesional steroid injections. A 31-year-old woman with a history of recurrent earlobe masses underwent a partial excision to avoid the loss of the earlobe. Histopathological examination confirmed Kimura disease, a variant of ALHE. Subsequent local methylprednisolone injections effectively controlled the remaining lesions, resulting in significant size reduction without notching. Various treatment modalities have been attempted for this condition; however, recurrence rates remain high. Surgical resection combined with intralesional corticosteroid injections is the preferred approach. In this case, a sub-antitragal groove technique for earlobe reduction was employed to preserve the lateral edge of the ear lobule, minimize the risk of deformity, and achieve a predictable outcome. The sub-antitragal groove technique offers an approach to reduce earlobe size without compromising aesthetics. Further research is required to elucidate the pathogenesis of ALHE and establish standardized treatment protocols for this rare condition.

The Efficacy of Intralesional Pentoxifylline Injection versus the Standard Intralesional Corticosteroid Injection in The Treatment of Alopecia Areata

Abstract Background Alopecia areata is a nonscarring skin disease affecting the scalp or other body parts. The etiology of AA is still controversial and various pathogenic causes are under investigation. Several treatment modalities are used in managing AA. Objective to evaluate the efficacy and safety of (PTX) injection in treatment of localized AA compared to intralesional corticosteroids TRA on 30 patients with multiple patches of AA. Patients and Methods The current study was a prospective intra-patient comparative controlled clinical trial. Patients were recruited form outpatient clinic of Dermatology, Ain Shams University Hospital in the period from November 2019 to May 2020. 30 Egyptian patients (11 males &amp;19 females) with at least three patches were enrolled to the study. The diagnosis of AA patients enrolled in the study based on clinical signs. Results To sum up, both PTX and ILCS has good results in treatment of AA, as each of them has its own advantages. Corticosteroids are rapidly acting while PTX effects are delayed but increased progressively throughout consecutive sessions. So using corticosteroids in combination with PTX can augment each other and give better results. Conclusion Treatment of AA with intralesional PTX exerted significant increase in hair density, total hair count, terminal hair count and percentage of terminal hair which is evident after completion of the sessions. Treatment with ILCS exerted significant increase hair density, total hair count, terminal hair count and percentage of terminal hair after treatment. Comparison of both treatment modalities revealed slight better response with PTX compared to ILCS. In conclusion, the current study revealed that Intralesional combined administration of PTX and TRA can be beneficial for patients suffering from AA. Steroid showed a rapid response that could be maintained by adding PTX.

Lichen sclerosus of the oral mucosa: a hidden phenomenon.

Oral lichen sclerosus (OLS) represents a diagnostic challenge even for expert dermatologists due to its rarity and subtle clinical manifestations. Only few cases have been reported in literature to date. OLS typically presents with whitish macules in the oral cavity. Histopathological examination remains crucial for definitive diagnosis, with characteristic features including epithelial atrophy, subepithelial hyalinization, loss of elastic fibers, and lymphocytic infiltration. Management strategies vary depending on lesion size and symptomatic presentation, with topical or intralesional corticosteroids being the most commonly used treatment modalities. Long-term monitoring is recommended due to the potential for malignant transformation, although no cases have been reported to date. Greater awareness and understanding of OLS are essential for accurate diagnosis and effective management. Based on these findings, we recommend performing an accurate evaluation of the oral mucosa, especially when dealing with patients affected by genital or extragenital lichen sclerosus (LS). Moreover, we emphasize the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration between dermatologists and other specialists of oral disorders, such as dentists. This short review briefly summarizes available data on OLS, highlighting its diverse clinical presentations and diagnostic challenges. Despite its infrequent occurrence, OLS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of white macules in the oral cavity.

Scabies and Nodules in Children: An Intriguing Entity

Nodular scabies (NS) is a relatively common variant of classical scabies whose pathogenesis is unclear. It is clinically characterized by pruritic, firm nodules most commonly involving the genitalia followed by axilla and groin region. A clinical diagnosis of NS is often straightforward. NS may persist despite the administration of antiscabicidal drugs such as permethrin and ivermectin. Topical and intralesional corticosteroids form the mainstay of treatment. Postscabietic nodule is a complication that primarily occurs in patients with previous history of scabies that had been successfully treated.