Intoxicating Drugs Research Articles

Internet Addiction As Correlates To Depression and Life Satisfaction

Common behavioral problem described as an impulse control disorder which doesn’t include the use of an intoxicating drug very similar to pathological, is known as Internet Addiction, a rampant disorder during the digital age. This study looked into the relationship of internet addiction towards depression and life satisfaction. Two hundred respondents from various courses of a State University were chosen using fishbowl sampling. The Philippine Student Health Questionnaire was administered and 100% test results were retrieved. Results showed that most of the respondents are average users. There are also significant numbers who are problematic and the least were excessive users. Most respondents were suffering from mild depression and worryingly there were respondents having moderately severe and severe depression. For life satisfaction, results shows that most respondents are satisfied while some reported that they are slightly satisfied and least reported are dissatisfied. Statistics showed that there is no significant correlation between internet addiction and life satisfaction; however, there is a positive correlation between internet addiction and depression. Results highly suggests exerting efforts for awareness in regulating proper usage of internet such as time management. For Life Satisfaction, it is suggested to continue and share lifestyle practices which contribute to satisfaction and work on areas that need improvement promoting better life satisfaction.

Comparative evaluation of internet addiction amongst arts, commerce, engineering and medical students

Background: With the advancement of technology across the world web and information have been interlinked. Internet is one of the channels for communication at a large platform just with a click and scrolling by fingertip. It is an impulsive disorder, which does not involve use of an intoxicating drug. When need get converted to demand we get addicted. Addiction causes depression, anger, loneliness and other medical problems too. Considering its variable use among different professionals, present study has been conducted to assess the level of addiction among young professional students of Raipur Chhattisgarh.Methods: Ethical approval for this study (N– ADMIN/261-B/2019) was provided by the institutional ethical committee Raipur institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS) Raipur on 11/07/2019. This was a cross-sectional observational study done in Raipur which included 160 (Purposive samples) students of 18-30 years from arts, commerce, engineering and medical colleges. The study duration was of two months (15 July 2019- 15 September 2019). Predesigned pretested structured questionnaire (Young’s internet addiction test) was done using multistage simple random sampling.Results: Prevalence of addiction is 65% (104/160). Mild, moderate and severe are 38% (62/160), 21.9% (35/160), 4.4% (07/160) respectively. Among severely addicted maximum 12.5% (05/160) belong to engineering stream.Conclusions: Male are more addicted than female and engineering streams are affected more severely.

Study of the Psychological Aspect of Children with Internet Addiction

Back ground: Internet addiction is defined as an impulse control disorder that does not involve the use of an intoxicating drug and is very similar to pathological gambling. Internet addiction is defined as a maladaptive use of the Internet that can lead to social and functional impairment. Objective: To determine the risk factors of internet addiction & the relation between internet addiction & the effects on the psychological aspects of the internet-addicted children. Subject and methods: This study included 80 students, 40 cases aged 6-16 years. Another 40 of matched children regarding age (6-16 years) and sex were included in the study as control group. Results: As regards the score results of the Hamilton depression rating scale: of the patient group 32.5% (n=13) showed mild depression, 50% (n=20) showed moderate depression and 17% (n=7) showed severe depression, while 100% (n=40) of the control group showed no depression symptoms. As regards the score results of the Hamilton anxiety rating scale: of the patient group 37.5% (n=15) showed mild anxiety, 60% (n=24) showed moderate anxiety and 2.5% (n=1) showed severe anxiety, while 100% (n=40) of the control group show no anxiety symptoms Conclusions: No doubt that the internet is very important in our life. Our study showed strong association between positive family history of excessive internet use and the internet addiction among children of those families. Our study showed a significant association between internet addiction and depression and anxiety. Often there was a vicious cycle of depression or anxiety resulting from internet addiction which further begets depression or anxiety

Factors associated with non-adherence and misuse of opioid maintenance treatment medications and intoxicating drugs among Finnish maintenance treatment patients

BackgroundThe intravenous (IV) use of opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) medications and other intoxicating drugs among OMT patients is a challenge for many OMT units and affects treatment outcomes. The aim of this study is to examine factors associated with IV use of OMT medications and other intoxicating drugs among Finnish OMT patients. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among all Finnish OMT patients of whom 60% (n=1508) participated. The data were collected by anonymous questionnaire. Binominal regression analysis with unadjusted and adjusted ORs was conducted to evaluate predictors for IV use. FindingsFactors associated with the injection of a patient’s own OMT medication were: being treated with buprenorphine-naloxone (BNX) (OR 2.60, p=0.005) with a low dose (<9.0mg/day; OR 5.70, p<0.001) and being treated in a health-care centre (OR 2.03, p=0.029). Factors associated with the injection of illicit OMT medications were: being treated with BNX (OR 5.25, p<0.001) with a low dose (<9.0mg/day; OR 2.89, p=0.017), lack of psychosocial support (OR 2.62, p<0.001) and concurrent use of psychotropic medications from illicit sources (OR 4.28, p<0.001). Associated factors for the injection of other intoxicating drugs were: concurrent use of illicit drugs (OR 1.72, p=0.015), psychotropic medications from illicit sources (OR 4.78, p<0.001) and from a doctor (OR 1.93, p=0.004). ConclusionsMore effort should be made to reduce concurrent injecting use during OMT. This may be done by addressing concurrent substance use orders more effectively, by ensuring that patients receive an optimal BNX dose and by providing more psychosocial support.

Delirium Induced by a New Synthetic Legal Intoxicating Drug: Phenazepam

Phenazepam is a long-acting benzodiazepine that is not currently a controlled substance in theUnited States. It is marketed as an air freshener that is labeled “not for human consumption” in an attempt to avoid scrutiny by legal authorities. Such drugs of abuse have been termed synthetic legal intoxicating drugs or “SLIDs.” In this article, we report the first case of phenazepaminduced delirium in the United States. This adds to the limited published data on SLIDs and provides consultation-liaison psychiatrists with new information on the necessity of screening for such drugs in cases of suspected substance-induced delirium.

The Relationship between Rhabdomyolysis and Alcohol Ingestion in Doxylamine Intoxicated Patients

Doxylamine is commonly used to relieve insomnia, and it's also an intoxicating drug frequently used in Korea. This drug is relatively safe, but is known to induce rhabdomyolysis on occasion. We saw many cases of alcohol ingestions in doxylamine intoxications, but few previous studies have documented the effects of alcohol on rhabdomyolysis. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of alcohol on rhabdomyolysis in doxylamine-intoxicated patients.

Synthetic legal intoxicating drugs

Readers comment on synthetic legal intoxicating drugs (April 2012) and on the geriatric patient-centered medical home (May 2012).

In reply: Synthetic legal intoxicating drugs

Readers comment on synthetic legal intoxicating drugs (April 2012) and on the geriatric patient-centered medical home (May 2012).

In reply: Geriatric patient-centered medical home

Readers comment on synthetic legal intoxicating drugs (April 2012) and on the geriatric patient-centered medical home (May 2012).

Geriatric patient-centered medical home

Readers comment on synthetic legal intoxicating drugs (April 2012) and on the geriatric patient-centered medical home (May 2012).

Synthetic legal intoxicating drugs: The emerging ‘incense’ and ‘bath salt’ phenomenon

Synthetic legal intoxicating drugs (SLIDs), such as those commonly contained in products sold over the counter as "bath salts" and "incense," have risen tremendously in popularity in the past few years. These drugs can have powerful adverse effects, including acute psychosis with delusions, hallucinations, and potentially dangerous, bizarre behavior.

Misbruk av gammahydroksybutyrat

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is naturally present in the human body, but may also be used as an intoxicating drug. Information from several sources has suggested its increased availability and use in Norway. There have also been reports of an increasing use of the chemical precursor gamma-butyrolactone (GBL).There is currently a need for knowledge on symptoms, addictiveness and overdoses, as well as targeted preventive measures.The article is based on a discretionary selection of articles resulting from a literature search in PubMed, as well as reports from Norwegian and European authorities and research institutions.An intake of small amounts of GHB produces an intoxicating effect, whereas higher doses can result in poisoning. Deaths have been reported. The effect may be variable, due to a steep dose-response curve and interaction with alcohol and other intoxicants. Treatment of poisoning is symptomatic and supportive. Treatment of abstinence is also supportive, while delirium may be treated as delirium tremens.Preventive measures should be tailored specifically to potential user-groups.

Issues for DSM-V: Clarifying the Diagnostic Criteria for Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Dependence

Illicit anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use represents a growing worldwide public health problem (1, 2). Some AAS users consume only a few courses of these drugs in a lifetime, but others progress from discrete courses of use to a maladaptive pattern of almost continuous use, despite adverse medical, psychological, and social effects (3, 4). In the last 20 years, accumulating animal and human studies have documented and characterized this syndrome of AAS dependence. For example, rats and mice will select AAS in conditioned place preference models (5), and hamsters will self-administer testosterone even to the point of death (6). Unlike rodents, humans may initially develop a pattern of AAS dependence as a result of “muscle dysmorphia” – a form of body dysmorphic disorder where they become preoccupied that they do not look adequately muscular (7). In later stages, however, AAS dependence comes to resemble “classical” drug dependence, with a well-defined withdrawal syndrome mediated both by neuroendocrine factors and by a variety of cortical neurotransmitter systems, especially the opioidergic system (5, 8). AAS dependence may be associated with substantial medical and psychiatric morbidity, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiomyopathy, persistent hypogonadism, major mood disorders, and progression to other forms of substance abuse and dependence, especially opioid dependence (2). The full magnitude of these risks is still unknown, because widespread AAS abuse did not spread from the athletic world to the general population until the 1980s (2), and only now are many AAS users becoming old enough to have established a dependence pattern and to have entered the age of risk for some of these adverse outcomes. Although AAS users historically have been reluctant to seek treatment (1, 9), these adverse outcomes may bring increasing numbers to clinical attention. Importantly, unlike classical drugs of abuse, AAS are not ingested to achieve an immediate “high” of acute intoxication, but instead are consumed over a preplanned course of many weeks to achieve a delayed reward of increased muscularity. Therefore, the existing DSM-IV criteria for substance dependence, which were designed primarily for acutely intoxicating drugs, do not apply precisely to AAS. For example, criteria such as “using the substance in larger amounts than was intended, ” or “giving up or reducing important activities because of substance use, ” apply more easily to alcohol or cocaine than to AAS. But these considerations should not obscure the fact that AAS have definite psychoactive effects, including a potential for addiction, that is likely underestimated because attention has focused on the drugs’ muscle-building properties (1). On the basis of the available literature (2–4, 10) and clinical experience with AAS-dependent individuals, we would suggest that the existing DSM criteria could be adapted for diagnosing AAS dependence with only small interpretive changes (Table 1). AAS are presently the only major class of drugs scheduled by the Drug Enforcement Administration for which DSM-IV does not explicitly recognize a dependence syndrome (11); this omission could be rectified in DSM-V by offering these proposed interpretations for AAS dependence in a small table or in the accompanying text of the substance dependence section. Alternatively, DSM-V could initially propose these criteria only for research purposes, pending further evidence of their reliability and validity. In either case, clarified criteria for AAS dependence will likely improve recognition of this diagnosis among clinicians and researchers encountering the syndrome, and stimulate increased attention to this emerging public health problem. TABLE 1 DSM Substance Dependence Criteria (Shown in Bold), Interpreted for Diagnosing AAS Dependence (Shown in Plain Text)

Incidence and patterns of polydrug use and craving for ecstasy in regular ecstasy users: An ecological momentary assessment study

Background Previous studies employing retrospective assessments methods found that regular ecstasy users frequently use alcohol, marihuana and other drugs in combination with ecstasy. Methods Twenty-two participants (13 males, 9 females) wore a wrist actigraph/data recorder to record real-time drug use and ecstasy craving for 6 weeks. Rates of alcohol and drug use on ecstasy use versus non-use nights, and before, during, and after ecstasy use were analyzed with generalized estimation equations (GEE). Craving was modeled with GEE and linear mixed models. Results Approximately 70% of ecstasy uses occurred on Friday or Saturday nights. No drug was significantly more likely to be used on ecstasy use nights than comparison Friday and Saturday nights. On nights ecstasy was used, in general across all drugs assessed, use was more likely before and during than after ecstasy intoxication, while alcohol use was also more likely before than during ecstasy intoxication. Though low overall, craving for ecstasy increased over 24 h before use and was higher on Friday nights of weeks ecstasy was used on weekends than weeks it was not used. Conclusions Use of ecstasy on a particular night may not be associated with any greater likelihood of using any other intoxicating drug, and use of other drugs on nights involving ecstasy use may simply reflect a “natural history” of drug-use nights that begins with alcohol, progresses to more intoxicating drugs, and ends with little drug use. Confirmation of these findings awaits further advances in the application of ecological momentary assessment methodologies.

Determination of dihydrocodeine in hair of opiate addicts by GC/MS.

After the examination of more than 300 hair samples of suspected heroin abusers, a large number of which proved positive, we can say that high concentrations of dihydrocodeine can be determined either in addition to, or in the place of, morphine and also frequently in combination with codeine. The opiates were extracted after dissolving the hair samples in NaOH and hydrolysis with HCl. The quantitative determination of dihydrocodeine was achieved by derivatisation with HFBA using GC/MS at m/u = 497. Dihydrocodeine is used in antitussive drugs. After the examination of individual hair samples, it was obvious that some heroin consumers had switched to dihydrocodeine. This may lead to the conclusion that dihydrocodeine itself is used either as an intoxicating drug or to reduce withdrawal symptoms. The increasing number of positive samples should be noted by the legal authorities.