Intimate Partner Violence Training Research Articles

The Relationship Between Gender, Training, Experience and Acceptance of Myths About Intimate Partner Violence Against Women and Willingness to Intervene Among University Students in Spain

ABSTRACT The aim was to explore potential explanatory factors for the three dimensions of willingness to intervene in cases of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women: police or personal involvement and noninvolvement. N = 280 students at a Spanish university (78.20% women) from the fields of educational, community, and interventions responded to a survey including the Willingness to Intervene in cases of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women and the Acceptance of Myths About Intimate partner Violence Against Women scales. Bivariate analyses and multiple linear regressions demonstrated that IPV experience implied greater personal involvement, while the higher the myth acceptance, the lower the probability of calling law enforcement. The likelihood of not intervening decreased with some IPV experience and training and lower myth acceptance. Results are discussed in terms of their relevance in developing bystander interventions.

Health providers readiness in managing intimate partner violence in public health institutions, Ethiopia.

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a worldwide public health problem and major human and legal rights abuses of women. It affects the physical, sexual, and psychological aspects of the victims therefore, it requires complex and multifaceted interventions. Health providers are responsible for providing essential healthcare services for IPV victims. However, there is a lack of detailed information on whether or not health providers are ready to identify and manage IPV. Therefore, this study aimed to assess health providers' readiness and associated factors in managing IPV in public health institutions at Hawassa, Ethiopia. Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted through a simple random sample of 424 health providers. Data was collected with an anonymous questioners using physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PREMIS) tool. Linear regression analysis was used to examine relationships among variables. The strength of association was assessed by using unstandardized β with 95% CI. The mean score of perceived provider's readiness in managing IPV was 26.18± 6.69. Higher providers age and providers perceived knowledge had positive association with provider perceived readiness in managing IPV. Whereas not had IPV training, absence of a protocol for dealing with IPV management, and provider attitude had a negative association with provider perceived readiness in managing IPV. This study reviled that health providers had limited perceived readiness to manage IPV. Provision of training for providers and develop protocol for IPV managements have an important role to improve providers readiness in the managements of IPV.

Assessment of Emergency Department Health Care Providers’ Readiness for Managing Intimate Partner Violence and Correlation With Perceived Cultural Competence

IntroductionIntimate partner violence is a public health problem, and emergency departments are often a victim’s only contact with health care providers. Despite this, recognition of intimate partner violence within emergency departments remains low owing, in part, to barriers experienced by providers. To better understand these barriers, this study examined relationships between readiness for managing intimate partner violence and cultural competence among emergency department health care providers. MethodsA cross-sectional, correlational study was conducted in 3 emergency departments. Eligible participants included registered nurses, physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and residents. Data were collected through an anonymous online self-report survey. Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were conducted to answer study aims. ResultsOur sample included 67 respondents. More than one-third (38.8%) reported no previous intimate partner violence training. Those with previous training had higher readiness scores. Physicians were found to have higher intimate partner violence knowledge scores than registered nurses. Cultural competence scores were generally positive across domains. Aspects of intimate partner violence readiness were associated with culturally competent behaviors, communication, and practices. DiscussionOverall, participants were found to have low perceived readiness scores. Those with previous intimate partner violence training were found to have greater readiness in practice, suggesting that standardization of screening practices and intimate partner violence-related training should be the standard of care. Our data also suggest that perception of culturally competent behaviors and communication are learned skills that can increase screening rates within the emergency department.

Intimate Partner Violence; Are Saudi Physicians in Primary Health Care Setting Ready to Identify, Screening, and Respond?

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a growing hot topic in Saudi Arabia and primary health care (PHC) physicians play a significant role in preventing it. Our objective was to assess the PHC Physicians' readiness and barriers to identify, screen, and respond to IPV in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study recruited physicians working in PHC centers in Saudi Arabia. Data was collected using a modified online self-administered questionnaire based on the PREMIS "The Physician Readiness to Identify and Manage IPV." The questionnaire consisted of respondent profile, perceived preparedness and knowledge, actual knowledge, practice issues, and opinion regarding barriers. Among 169 PHC physicians, 60.9% had never experienced any formal IPV training. Around one-fifth of participants have a good perceived and actual knowledge, whereas one-third have a good perceived preparedness. Nearly half of the participants (46.7%) do not screen for IPV and two-thirds of them (66.3%) have never identified an IPV case during the previous 6 months. The logistic regression model showed that family physicians were 2.27 times more likely to have a good knowledge than a general practitioner, and participants with IPV training were more likely to have a good level of perceived preparedness, perceived knowledge, and more likely to perform screening of IPV. The low level of PHC physicians' readiness to identify and respond to IPV is worrisome. Findings emphasize the urgent need for an IPV training program, a supportive work environment, and a clear referral system in order to help the practitioner to provide comprehensive services and ensure safety plans for abused women.

A cross-sectional study of Australian chiropractors' and students' readiness to identify and support patients experiencing intimate partner violence.

To explore Australian chiropractors' and final year students' readiness to identify and support patient's experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV). This cross-sectional study used the Chiro-PREMIS, an adaptation of the Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PREMIS) to explore chiropractors' and final year students' readiness. Survey responses were analyzed through a lens of Miller's framework for developing clinical competence and chiropractic graduate competencies. One hundred forty participants completed the online survey (n = 99 chiropractors and n = 41 students). Reports of practice over the 4 weeks prior to completing the survey showed 21% of chiropractors and 20% of students consulted with patients who had disclosed they were involved in IPV. Thirty-three percent of chiropractors and 27% of students suspected a patient was involved, but that patient did not disclose. Participants report meager training in IPV. Many are unclear about appropriate questioning techniques, documentation, referrals, identifying available resources, and legal literacy. Overall, participants do not "know" about IPV, they do not "know how" to and may not be able to "show how" or "do" when it comes to managing IPV-related clinical scenarios. Further studies are needed to confirm if chiropractors have the appropriate clinical capabilities. With proper preparation, chiropractors have an opportunity to make a positive contribution to this social problem. We anticipate chiropractic-specific discourse surrounding these escalating growing social concerns will highlight the intent of the chiropractic profession to make a substantial contribution to the health care of the Australian public. More studies are needed.

Attitudes and behaviours of family physicians towards clinical practice around intimate partner violence: a view from the Çankaya district of Ankara, Turkey.

Although family physicians (FPs) often encounter patients who have been subjected to intimate partner violence (IPV), the data on FPs' response to IPV is limited. This study aimed to determine FPs' attitudes towards IPV survivors in the Çankaya district of Ankara, Turkey. An online questionnaire designed to elicit sociodemographic information and FPs' attitudes towards IPV was distributed between 20 August 2021 and 20 October 2021. Eighty-nine FPs participated in the study. Of the participants, 71.9% had a patient diagnosed with IPV during their practice. Of these physicians, 100% diagnosed physical, 56.3% sexual, 71.9% psychological, 53.1% economic, and 10.9% cyber violence. Among these physicians, sexual, psychological, and economic violence were determined at higher rates by family medicine specialists (FMSs) compared to general practitioners (GPs), by FPs who had received IPV training compared to those who were untrained, and by female physicians compared to males (P<0.05). Despite diagnosing IPV, some physicians did not intervene/guide their patients, and some only consoled their patients because they thought the situation was inevitable. The reasons for not taking official action included insufficient time, feeling uncomfortable talking about violence, lack of information about the detection and reporting, and the thought that the woman would not leave her abusive partner. The results showed that among the physicians who encountered IPV, female sex, family medicine speciality training, and IPV training resulted in acting more consciously in diagnosing violence, implementing referral and notification systems, and approaching IPV survivors. The prevention of IPV could be made possible by supporting FPs with ongoing training, breaking down stereotypes and prejudices about gender roles, and changing the structures that maintain unequal power relationships.

Predicting intention of intimate partner violence screening among Thai nursing students: A cross-sectional study.

Using the theory of planned behaviour, the aim of this study was to examine predictors of intention to screen patients for intimate partner violence among Thai nursing students. We employed a cross-sectional, anonymous online survey study with convenience sampling of senior nursing students from across Thailand in April 2019. We administered the Intimate Partner Violence Screening Intention, Nursing Students, a 36-item tool, and analysed relationships between students' intentions and attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control towards intimate partner violence screening. PROCESS was used to test mediation analyses. Of N=639 respondents. Most (90%) reported intention to screen patients for intimate partner violence. Approximately 41% reported having no intimate partner violence training in their nursing school. Results of the multiple logistic analysis showed that attitudes (OR: 8.5; 95% CI 1.2-4.6) and subjective norms (OR: 4.4; 95% CI 1.4-4.6) significantly predicted intention, whereas perceived behavioural control (OR: 1.7; 95% CI 0.5-4.9) did not. Moreover, attitudes and subjective norm significantly mediated the association between providing a screening tool at clinical sites, and intention. Attitudes and subjective norms were significant predictors of intention of intimate partner violence screening. However, participants lacked adequate role models and training. Future research should improve the predictive power of the framework by integrating additional constructs such as the availability of screening tools, the presence of role models, to design and evaluate effective training and support for future nurses to address intimate partner violence in practice. It is time to seriously consider integrating intimate partner violence content and training into the Thai nursing curriculum, and address the policies, guidelines, and practice culture. The study was designed to examine predictors of intention to screen patients for intimate partner violence. Thai senior nursing students were contributed in the design and conduct of the study. However, the study did not include input from the public or the intended participants.

Measuring Nurses' and Physicians' Attitudes and Perceptions of the Appropriate Interventions towards Intimate Partner Violence in Saudi Arabia.

Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is considered the most common form of violence against women worldwide, concerning public health, safety, and human rights. However, little to no studies in Saudi Arabia have explored the attitude and perception of health care providers working in emergency departments toward IPV. This study aimed to measure the attitude and perception of Emergency Room (ER) health care providers towards the appropriate intervention for IPV. Methods: This is a cross-sectional quantitative study. Data was collected from a convenient sample of nurses (n = 88) and physicians (n = 18) working in ER, using Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PREMIS). Data was collected from two hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and descriptive analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: The majority of the respondents were aged 18–40 (n = 106, 78%), while 22% were 41–60 years old, 69% were female, and 31% were male. Eighty-five percent were nurses and 15% were physicians. The majority of the respondents did not have any training on IPV and had gained knowledge or skills mostly during their medical/nursing classroom and clinical training. The analysis revealed that the participants had moderate levels of overall preparedness, knowledge about IPV, and perceived knowledge, with a mean score of 2.30, 18.62, and 2.18, respectively. The respondents had low scores in practice issues in new diagnosis (0.91), current screening (1.69), and actions when IPV is identified (0.91). The perceived preparedness and knowledge have a significant positive correlation, as shown by an r value of 0.8476 and a p-value of <0.05. Conclusion: The study shows that participants stated minimal previous IPV knowledge and training. It is necessary to put in place adequate resources and specific training programs to overcome this issue for both ER nurses and physicians.

Intimate Partner Violence Training and Readiness to Respond among Students, Staff, and Faculty in Three Institutions in the United States.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health concern; however, limited studies have explored perceptions and experiences towards IPV among students, staff, administrators, and faculty across diverse disciplines at institutions of higher education. The purposes of this study were to (1) assess experiences of IPV among a sample of students, staff/administrators, and faculty and (2) examine the relationship among attitudes, actual and perceived knowledge, awareness, training, readiness, and personal experiences with IPV in this sample. Participants were recruited from an urban university and two university-affiliated medical institutions to participate in an online survey. Bivariate and multivariate associations were assessed. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to examine direct and indirect effects of perceived and actual knowledge and personal experiences with IPV. Of the 216 respondents, 42.6% reported personally experiencing IPV and 34.3% reported having witnessed IPV. Over 34% of participants never received training on IPV. The sub-sample with training received between one and more than 15 hours of training. Standardized total effect of training on attitudes and awareness was β = 0.42 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.30-0.51), the combined indirect effects was β = 0.18 (95% CI = 0.10-0.27) and the direct effects of β=0.23 (95% CI = 0.12-0.34), indicating that hours of training was highly associated with the participants' perceived knowledge and actual knowledge, which improved their attitudes and awareness towards IPV survivors. Our findings suggest the need for campus-wide formal training on IPV to better prepare members in higher education to accurately identify, assess, and intervene to protect victims of abuse. Interprofessional approaches are needed that focus on the multiple and intersecting needs of victims of violence and should also enhance professional self-efficacy and increase readiness to respond to IPV survivors.

IPV nurse education: Scoping things out to see who's doing what?

Introducing best practice approaches to help nursing students identify and respond to patients who are/have been exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) is instrumental to their professional development. The objectives of this study are to gather preliminary data from the American Association for the Colleges of Nursing (AACN) affiliated schools of nursing to determine 1) if they offer any training of students at the undergraduate or graduate level in identifying and responding to IPV; 2) if so, what are the components of that training, outcomes, and satisfaction with the existing approach; 3) if not, what are the individual and institutional level barriers to offering this training; and 4) if schools are interested in incorporating best practice, IPV training content into their curriculum. Design and Methods: A total of 836 AACN affiliated nursing schools across the US were surveyed using a 64-item electronic survey. Results: Of the 95 (11%) schools that completed at least 40% of the survey, approximately 60% offer IPV training once at the undergraduate level and only 30% offered such preparation at the graduate level. We found that most IPV education took place as embedded material within an existing course. Those nursing schools not providing any IPV education identified that they would like to at both levels and the 50% of nursing schools already providing this education said they wanted to provide more. The greatest barriers to offering IPV education were lack of faculty expertise and time constraints, yet about 70% of the participants stated that IPV education should be an essential part of undergraduate and graduate nursing school. Conclusion: This study provides useful insights to inform IPV curriculum development by identifying common gaps in IPV education experienced by participating schools and strategies for addressing them.

Intimate Partner Violence Knowledge and Preparation: Perspective of Health Care Profession Students

Introduction. Victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) access various health care services for diagnosis and treatment of their injuries. The primary aim of this study was to examine whether IPV attitudes, perceived knowledge, and preparation differ by the health care program in which the students are enrolled. The secondary aim was to determine whether demographic and clinical variables known to predict self-perceived IPV knowledge and preparation differ between health care professions. Review of Literature. Intimate partner violence is a global public health concern affecting approximately 25% of women and 10% of men. Persons with a history of IPV have elevated health care utilization rates compared with persons with no history of IPV. Health care providers without adequate IPV training may discount/minimize the abuse or blame the victim for the abuse. Subjects. Respondents included students enrolled in entry-level physical therapy/occupational therapy programs (n = 96), prelicensure nursing programs (n = 141), and medical school (n = 154). Methods. Respondents completed the Nursing Roles and Values Scale, Domestic Violence Myth Assessment Survey, and a modified Provider Readiness to Manage IPV Survey online. Results. Physical Therapy/Occupational Therapy (PT/OT) students had the lowest self-perceived IPV knowledge and preparation scores and were more likely to adhere to IPV myths. Self-perceived IPV knowledge and preparation were predicted by student's opinions about IPV and level of IPV training, regardless of health care profession. Lifetime IPV experience predicted medical student's level of IPV knowledge but did not predict PT/OT and nursing students' knowledge. Discussion and Conclusion. Intimate partner violence education was shown to significantly influence students' perceived knowledge and preparation to care for victims of IPV, supporting the need for inclusion of IPV content in health profession curricula. Academic programs provide an ideal opportunity to prepare future health care providers with the knowledge and preparation to appropriately respond to IPV in the clinical environment.

Intimate partner violence education in Australian medical schools: has anything changed?

ObjectivesTo describe current intimate partner violence (IPV) education delivery to Australian medical students, and the barriers influencing this delivery, including any changes in the quantity and nature of IPV education delivery since 2010. MethodsA cross‐sectional analysis of Australian medical schools providing primary medical degrees was conducted by identifying one staff member, from each of the disciplines of general practice, obstetrics and gynaecology, paediatrics, and where necessary, medical education, to complete an online survey. ResultsSixteen of the 17 medical schools provided IPV education, typically within the general practice or obstetrics and gynaecology curriculum. The median contact hour range was 3–6 hours. Key barriers included time constraints and resource shortages. The overall response rate was 89.5%. ConclusionMost Australian medical students receive limited IPV education and there is substantial variability in the depth and content of education. The proportion of medical schools providing education and the number of contact hours has only slightly increased. Implications for public healthEffective identification and management of IPV by healthcare providers can significantly improve health outcomes for victims and training in IPV may improve attitudes, knowledge and clinical skills. The need to provide more consistent and comprehensive IPV training for future doctors remains, and it is feasible to include integrated IPV education programs within a crowded medical curriculum.

Facilitators and barriers to routine intimate partner violence screening in antenatal care settings in Uganda

BackgroundUganda clinical guidelines recommend routine screening of pregnant women for intimate partner violence (IPV) during antenatal care (ANC). Healthcare providers play a critical role in identifying IPV during pregnancy in ANC clinics. This study explored facilitators and barriers for IPV screening during pregnancy (perinatal IPV screening) by ANC-based healthcare workers in Uganda.MethodsWe conducted qualitative in-depth interviews among twenty-eight purposively selected healthcare providers in one rural and an urban-based ANC health center in Eastern and Central Uganda respectively. Barriers and facilitators to IPV screening during ANC were identified iteratively using inductive-deductive thematic analysis.ResultsParticipants had provided ANC services for a median (IQR) duration of 4.0 (0.1–19) years. Out of 28 healthcare providers, 11 routinely screened women attending ANC clinics for IPV and 10 had received IPV-related training. Barriers to routine IPV screening included limited staffing and space resources, lack of comprehensive gender-based violence (GBV) training and provider unawareness of the extent of IPV during pregnancy. Facilitators were availability of GBV protocols and providers who were aware of IPV (or GBV) tools tended to use them to routinely screen for IPV. Healthcare workers reported the need to establish patient trust and a safe ANC clinic environment for disclosure to occur. ANC clinicians suggested creation of opportunities for triage-level screening and modification of patients’ ANC cards used to document women’s medical history. Some providers expressed concerns of safety or retaliatory abuse if perpetrating partners were to see reported abuse.ConclusionsOur findings can inform efforts to strengthen GBV interventions focused on increasing routine perinatal IPV screening by ANC-based clinicians. Implementation of initiatives to increase routine perinatal IPV screening should focus on task sharing, increasing comprehensive IPV training opportunities, including raising awareness of IPV severity, trauma-informed care and building trusting patient-physician relationships.

Reproductive endocrinologists’ knowledge and attitudes in the identification of intimate partner violence

To assess reproductive endocrinologists' attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, and experiences with intimate partner violence (IPV). Cross-sectional survey of US reproductive endocrinologists. The survey was disseminated via both direct mail and e-mail to a voluntary, semirandomized US national sample of reproductive endocrinologists. We randomly selected a maximum of six clinics per state using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Fertility Clinic Success Rates Report. None. None. Clinician perceptions and knowledge regarding IPV and its relevance to the infertility setting. A total of 95 reproductive endocrinology and infertility physicians practicing in either academic or private clinics in the United States completed the survey with an overall response rate of 46% (95/200). General knowledge of IPV was good among respondents. Intimate partner violence assessment was very relevant among 39% (37/95) of respondents and possibly relevant among 56% (53/95) of respondents. A history of IPV awareness training was associated with a decreased frequency of reported barriers, including fewer perceived time constraints, decreased knowledge regarding IPV community resources, and less discomfort asking about IPV. Most respondents estimated the prevalence of IPV in their practice to be rare (≤1%). However, 33% (31/95) reported identifying between one and five active victims of IPV over the prior year, and 63% (60/95) reported identifying a victim of IPV throughout their careers. Only 17% (16/95) of respondents were certain that their clinic had guidelines for detection or management of IPV. Reproductive endocrinology and infertility physicians would benefit from education and training in IPV to enable them to better identify and assist patients who are victims of IPV.

Help-Seeking Behaviors for Intimate Partner Violence Among College Students: Implications for Intimate Partner Violence Prevention and Intervention.

This study applied Andersen's Model of Health Service Use to examine help-seeking behaviors for intimate partner violence (IPV) and predisposing, enabling, and need factors for help-seeking among college students. The sample (N = 2,719) consisted of those who experienced IPV and was recruited from six universities in the United States and one university in Canada through an online survey. Results showed that 45.4% of the sample had sought some form of help for IPV. The most utilized source of formal help was from medical services, and friends were the number one source of informal help. Gender, age, sexual orientation (predisposing factors), IPV training (enabling factor), experiencing psychological and technological violence, and IPV consequences (need factors) were associated with seeking help. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Perceptions of Australian paramedicine students on a novel multi-modal, skills-based intimate partner violence training: A qualitative, exploratory study

BackgroundIntimate partner violence is a global problem with significant adverse sequelae. Healthcare education in this area is limited, and healthcare students and professionals generally lack the confidence to communicate with, and clinically manage patients experiencing intimate partner violence. ObjectivesThis study aimed to examine the perceptions of undergraduate paramedicine students about intimate partner violence and its management, and intimate partner violence education. DesignA qualitative, exploratory study. SettingAn Australian undergraduate paramedicine program. ParticipantsSecond- and third-year paramedicine students. MethodsSecond-year paramedicine students were provided with intimate partner violence information in the form of relevant literature, a lecture and an online educational package, and a group clinical scenario session. Third-year students were not offered this information or experience. Both 2nd and 3rd year students then participated in a one-on-one clinical scenario with a standardised patient. The students interviewed the patient regarding health concerns, with appropriate questioning eliciting intimate partner violence disclosure. Subsequently, focus groups examined students' views regarding intimate partner violence management and education. Focus group transcripts were thematically analysed. ResultsTwelve students participated in a standardised patient one-on-one clinical scenario and nine of these students took part in focus groups. Four major themes were identified from the focus groups: i) confidence, ii) uncertainty-what to do now? iii) value of intimate partner violence education, and iv) future of intimate partner violence education. The discourse around lack of confidence appeared to be more pronounced in the students who had not received the intimate partner violence educational package. ConclusionThe inclusion of a multi-modal intimate partner violence education package, including the utilisation of a standardised patient can be useful in improving paramedicine student confidence to interact with and manage patients impacted by intimate partner violence. Students value this education and are supportive of its incorporation in undergraduate paramedicine programs.

Community Health Worker Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is an important public health concern with higher prevalence among women. Community health workers (CHWs) are trusted frontline public health workers that bridge gaps between communities and healthcare services. Despite their effectiveness in delivering services and improving outcomes for different chronic conditions, there is a dearth of understanding regarding CHW management of IPV. The purpose of this study is to examine knowledge, attitudes, practices, and readiness to manage IPV among a sample of CHWs (n = 152). Participants completed an online version of the Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PREMIS), which was modified for CHW practice. Psychometrics of the newly adapted tool, along with empirical relationships between knowledge, attitudes, and readiness to manage IPV were examined. Most sub-scales yielded moderate to high reliability (0.70 < α’s < 0.97), some sub-scales had low reliability (0.57 < α’s < 0.64), and construct validity was established for several of the subscales. On average, many CHWs had low scores on objective knowledge of IPV (mean = 15.4 out of 26), perceived preparation to manage IPV (mean = 3.8 out of 7), and perceived knowledge of IPV (mean = 3.7 out of 7). About 56% of CHWs indicated having no previous IPV training, 34% did not screen for IPV, and 65% were in the contemplation stage of behavior change. Multiple regression models indicated that knowledge, staff capabilities and staff preparation were significant predictors of perceived preparedness to manage IPV (all p’s < 0.05). Results can inform future credentialing requirements and training programs for CHWs to better assist their clients who are victims of IPV.

Training healthcare providers to respond to intimate partner violence against women.

Training healthcare providers to respond to intimate partner violence against women.

Combating IPV With Community Leaders in Honduras: An Evaluation of an IPV Training Program Among Teachers and Health Professionals.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) among women in Latin America, including Honduras, is serious. To help IPV victims, a community-based educational program has been implemented. This study aims to examine the impact of IPV training among teachers and health care professionals (n = 160) on increases in IPV knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy when dealing with IPV victims using a pretest and posttest design. We found that the treatment group who received IPV training showed significantly lower justification for IPV, higher gender equality attitudes, and higher IPV knowledge as well as higher confidence levels in identifying IPV victims and safety planning for victims. We concluded that the IPV training program using the community-based approaches has the potential to help IPV victims in Honduras. More efforts should be made to increase the educational opportunities the community members can receive.

Social workers' perspectives on barriers and facilitators in responding to intimate partner violence in primary health care in Spain.

To identify the barriers and facilitators of managing intimate partner violence (IPV) cases, from the perspective of primary health care (PHC) social workers. Qualitative study through interviews with 14 social workers working in PHC centres in Spain. A thematic analysis approach was applied to identify barriers and facilitators according to the Tanahashi model. The barriers identified by social workers in providing effective coverage to women suffering from IPV included insufficient practical training, a lack of knowledge from women on social workers' roles, a lack of teamwork, and excess IPV case referrals from other professionals to social workers. The identified facilitators were the existence of electronic protocols and good practices including therapeutic support groups and holistic intervention approaches. An excess of referrals to social workers of identified IPV cases following consultation by other members of the PHC team, alongside the lack of interdisciplinary teamwork, does not enable a comprehensive and holistic approach to this problem. Compulsory, practical, and interdisciplinary training in IPV for all PHC professionals and students must be a priority for health agencies and universities in order to facilitate a comprehensive and quality approach for all women suffering from IPV.