Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Research Articles

Experience with Mandatory Reporting of Intimate Partner Violence: An Explorative Qualitative Study of Service Providers and Help-Seeking IPV Victims and IPV Perpetrators

Abstract Purpose This study explored service providers’ and help-seeking intimate partner violence (IPV) victims’ and IPV perpetrators’ experiences with mandatory reporting of intimate partner violence (MR-IPV) in Norway. We examined the following research questions: How do service providers experience work within the context of MR-IPV? How do help-seeking IPV victims and IPV perpetrators experience MR-IPV? Methods This qualitative study used reflexive thematic analysis to identify, analyze and report themes and patterns uncovered in semi-structured interviews with 42 service providers and 6 help-seeking IPV victims and IPV perpetrators, following Braun and Clark’s Qualitative Research in Psychology six phases of reflexive thematic analysis. Results The service providers in this study aimed to establish collaboration with help-seeking IPV victims and IPV perpetrators to avert IPV rather than immediately reporting IPV to the police, thus working within the discretionary space allowed in the Norwegian legislation. Stories concerning breaches of trust related to MR-IPV were prominent in the interviews with both groups of help-seekers. The IPV perpetrators expressed having experienced a breach of trust when the IPV was reported to the police, while most of the IPV victims expressed a breach of trust due to a lack of MR-IPV. Conclusions IPV victims expressed ambivalence linked to a desire for interventions and a fear of not receiving adequate help. These findings highlight the challenges of certain requirements placed on service providers when working within the MR-IPV context; distinguishing between situations in which collaboration is appropriate and situations in which immediate reporting to the police is required.

The role of objectification in young men's perpetration of intimate partner violence.

Theorists have argued that objectification is implicated in men's violence against women. Growing correlational and experimental evidence supports this claim. However, little research has studied the link between objectification and violence perpetrated by intimate partners. Three studies examined this link in relation to several forms of violent behavior. Study 1 (N = 215) found that men who implicitly associated women with objects were more likely to perpetrate sexual and physical violence against their female romantic partner, independent of their levels of hostile sexism. Study 2 (N = 325) replicated this finding but examined automatic associations with men's intimate partners rather than women as a class. Greater implicit objectification was again associated with self-reported physical violence and with a behavioral proxy measure of aggression among participants who responded most strongly to an experimental provocation. Study 3 (N = 192) manipulated objectification by inducing a physical appearance-focus mindset and found that the manipulation increased men's tendency to respond violently toward their partner. By implication, objectification appears to play a significant role in facilitating men's violence in romantic relationships.

The Association Between Victimization and Perpetration of Physical Intimate Partner Violence and Unmet Healthcare Needs Among Married Women in South Korea.

This study assessed physical intimate partner violence (IPV) experiences and examined their association with unmet healthcare needs among married women in South Korea. We analyzed data from a nationally representative longitudinal survey of 6,533 women at baseline. Participants were asked yes/no questions about their experiences of physical IPV victimization and perpetration over the past year. The responses were classified into four categories of IPV experience: "none," "victimization only," "perpetration only," and "both victimization and perpetration." At baseline, 0.9% reported being victimized only, and 25.9% reported both victimization and perpetration. The prevalence of unmet healthcare needs over the past year at baseline was 0.8%. Compared to women without any IPV experience, women in the IPV "victimization only" category had greater unmet healthcare needs (OR: 5.49, 95% CI [2.30, 13.12]) after adjusting for sociodemographic variables. Experiencing IPV perpetration only and both IPV victimization and perpetration were not statistically significantly associated with unmet healthcare needs. These results imply that physical IPV victims face difficulties accessing healthcare services which could exacerbate health inequalities over time. Moreover, this study suggests that it is necessary to distinguish IPV victims from those who experience IPV victimization only and those who experience both IPV victimization and perpetration.

“I beat my wife to correct her…” perpetration of intimate partner violence by men in low-income settings of Ibadan municipality: a qualitative exploration

BackgroundGlobally, intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major public health problem. Recent studies have focused on women’s experience of abuse. However, only few studies have documented men’s perpetration of abuse in low-income countries. This study describes male perpetrated IPV and triggers of IPV among men in low-income communities of Ibadan, Nigeria.MethodsThis qualitative study adopted a descriptive phenomenology method to understand the lived IPV experience of men in Ibadan, southwest, Nigeria. The study was conducted in five communities selected by simple random sampling from a list of low-income communities within Ibadan municipal. Fourteen In-Depth Interviews (IDI) were conducted among eligible men aged 26 to 50 years, selected by convenience sampling. Interviews were transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was done to generate themes and sub-themes using NVIVO software.ResultsThe forms of male perpetrated IPV included: physical, emotional, economic and controlling behaviour. Respondents also reported using money to control their wives. Sexual violence (marital rape) was not recognized as a form of IPV by the men interviewed. Participants disagreed that marital rape exist, because they believe that sex is an obligation of the wife to the husband. IPV was fostered by traditional marital expectations and ideals, norms that supported patriarchy, ‘wife’s disobedience’, domestic financial challenges.ConclusionMen perpetrated different forms of violence against their partners. IPV perpetration was encouraged by men’s beliefs as well as the social norms. Interventions to educate men on the consequences of IPV on individuals, families and communities are recommended.

Risk of death after type of intimate partner violence (IPV) involvement

Abstract Background Most studies have focused on women’s intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization but perpetration and bi-directional violence remain understudied. Methods Using linked criminal justice and population registers in Manitoba, Canada, we assessed the risk of death according to the role in IPV incidents (accused-only, victim-only, bidirectional, none). In this retrospective matched cohort study, we assembled a cohort of 212,068 adults who were followed from April 2004 to March 2023 to assess IPV incidents and subsequent death. Those involved in an IPV incident were 1:3 matched to persons with no history of IPV based on birth year, sex and marital status at the time of the incident. Results Men comprised 85% of accused-only, 21% of victim-only, and 50-51% in the other two groups. Overall, compared to those without IPV involvement, the adjusted Hazard Ratios for all-cause mortality were 1.38 [95% Confidence Intervals (CI): 1.28, 1.49] for accused-only, 1.39 (1.29, 1.50) for victim-only and 1.45 (1.19, 1.77) for bidirectional IPV. The associations were stronger among women, particularly that of bidirectional violence [1.24 (0.97, 1.60) among men and 1.92 (1.39, 2.66) among women]. Similar patterns were found for intentional mortality [0.96 (0.56, 1.64) among men and 2.43 (1.27, 4.65) among women]. Conclusions There are clear sex inequities in IPV involvement. Any type IPV involvement is associated with higher risk of death, particularly among women, who comprise most of the victims. Key messages • Any type IPV involvement is associated with higher risk of death, particularly among women, who comprise most of the victim. • Use of linked criminal justice data allows studying the consequences of IPV victimization, perpetration and bidirectional violence and monitor gender inequities over time.

Co-occurrence of Intimate Partner Violence and Suicide Mortality Among Adolescents and Young Adults in the United States

PurposeSuicide is the second leading cause of death among people ages 10–24 in the United States (US). Intimate partner violence (IPV) is also prevalent, and studies suggest that IPV is associated with youth suicide risk. However, limited research has investigated such associations. We conducted an in-depth analysis of youth suicides that were preceded by or coincided with IPV (i.e., IPV-related) to characterize how decedents were involved in IPV, IPV types experienced, and prior legal systems involvement. MethodsUsing US National Violent Death Reporting System (2014–2018) data for suicide decedents aged 7–24 (n = 15,430 deaths), we manually reviewed case narratives for IPV-related suicides (n = 882) and coded details concerning IPV circumstances. We conducted bivariate analyses to compare IPV-related suicides to other (non-IPV) youth suicides and examined differences in antecedent circumstances between IPV perpetrators (n = 651) and victims (n = 81) using multivariable logistic regression. ResultsAmong IPV-related suicides, most decedents were male and were described as IPV perpetrators. Physical IPV was most frequently reported. Compared to decedents with a history of IPV perpetration, decedents with a history of IPV victimization were more often female and younger. Narratives of IPV victim decedents had higher odds of reporting physical IPV; narratives of IPV perpetrator decedents had higher odds of reporting psychological IPV. DiscussionFuture research should explore the relationship between IPV perpetration and suicide and potential impacts on surviving partners. Research and practice should seek to develop effective assessments and interventions for young people that address IPV and suicide risk simultaneously.

The feasibility of ecological momentary assessment for assessing intimate partner violence in college students with a history of intimate partner violence perpetration.

The feasibility of ecological momentary assessment for assessing intimate partner violence in college students with a history of intimate partner violence perpetration.

College Students' Coercive Sexting and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration in Shorter- and Longer-Term Relationships.

This study examines the moderating role of relationship length on the association between coercive sexting and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration. Research has supported a positive association between coercive sexting and IPV perpetration (Drouin et al., 2015), though no prior research has examined how relationship length moderates this association. To test this relationship, we administered a multipart questionnaire online to 798 undergraduate participants (79% White, 77% female, MAge = 19.1 years) currently in a relationship. We assessed physical, psychological, and sexual IPV perpetration. Relationship length moderated the link between coercive sexting and sexual IPV perpetration. More specifically, the association was stronger in longer-term compared to shorter-term relationships. These results carry implications for future research and IPV education and intervention programs, suggesting that they should incorporate coercive sexting into their curriculums and target newer couples.

Psychological Predictors of Recidivism for Intimate Partner Violence Perpetrators: A Systematic Scoping Review.

Theoretical accounts of recidivistic intimate partner violence (IPV) continue to differ considerably in relation to the relative weight given to psychological risk factors. A systematic overview of studies that have established psychological predictors of reoffending is currently lacking. This study aimed to identify and provide an overview of studies examining various psychological factors associated with IPV perpetration patterns. A systematic search of research conducted from 1945 to 2024 was carried out on PsycINFO, PubMed, and PILOTS. The inclusion criteria were that studies must not use self-reported reoffending data only, must use a criminal justice sample, must be longitudinal, participants must be over 17 years of age, and that studies must be published in the English language and peer reviewed. A total of 25 longitudinal studies examining individual psychological factors, proposed as potential predictors of IPV reoffending, were eligible. The identified factors were grouped into five categories: personality, anger and hostility, beliefs, attitudes and motivation, neurocognitive deficits and trauma (i.e., family of origin abuse/post-traumatic stress disorder). The current systematic scoping review found that the most-researched psychological predictor of IPV recidivism was personality. While studies vary in relation to the personality traits or disorders that contribute most to the likelihood of reoffending, in general, personality assessment appears to be a promising tool in predicting reoffending. Anger, childhood maltreatment, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), implicit attitudes, and neurocognitive deficits were also identified as predictors of IPV recidivism. Methodological issues were found to be present across studies.

Applying tenets of code of the street to intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization

ABSTRACT While studies testing ‘code of the street’ have generally supported a relationship between it and various forms of violent and non-violent behaviors, including victimization, the theory has not been applied to explain intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration and victimization among college students. Recently, scholars have maintained that the code of the street may extend beyond the inner cities and may be applicable in explaining violent behavior by college students. Therefore, the main research question addressed in this study is how applicable, if at all, is tenets of code of the street in explaining intimate partner IPV perpetration and victimization among college students. Using a United States subsample of 4,162 college students contained in the cross-sectional International Dating Violence Study, results from logistic regression models showed that the tenets of code of the street is associated with IPV perpetration and victimization. More importantly, code of the street remains statistically significant even after controlling for well-documented risk markers of IPV. Implications of our findings suggest that intervention and prevention programs aimed at altering code of the street beliefs should reduce IPV perpetration and victimization. Further results, as well as the study’s limitations, are discussed.

The Proximal Association Between Cyber and In-Person IPV Among College Students.

Although some evidence suggests that cyber intimate partner violence (IPV) may increase the risk of in-person IPV, some have suggested that cyber IPV may circumvent in-person IPV. To address these mixed hypotheses, the present study tested the hypothesis that cyber IPV perpetration and victimization would associate with greater odds of same and next-day psychological, physical, and sexual IPV perpetration and victimization among college students. College students (N = 236; 73.73% cisgender women) in dating relationships completed a baseline questionnaire to assess demographic characteristics and past-year cyber, psychological, physical, and sexual IPV. Following baseline assessments, participants completed 60 consecutive days of surveys on cyber, psychological, physical, and sexual IPV perpetration and victimization (71.67% compliance). Hypotheses were partially supported. Cyber IPV perpetration positively associated with odds of same-day psychological IPV perpetration (aOR = 2.46, p = .02) and next-day sexual IPV perpetration (aOR = 3.32, p < .001). Cyber IPV victimization positively associated with odds of same-day psychological IPV victimization (aOR = 5.20, p = .00). Results demonstrate that college students experience IPV both online and in-person within a single day. Cyber IPV may be a targetable antecedent to in-person sexual and psychological IPV. Future research is needed to evaluate the impact of same- and next-day polyvictimization, bidirectional cyber and in-person IPV, and the effectiveness of targeting cyber IPV prevention programming among college students.

Alcohol use as a predictor of intimate partner violence in emerging adulthood: A dyadic daily diary investigation.

Numerous studies have demonstrated that alcohol preceded and increased the odds of intimate partner violence (IPV). These prior studies were restricted to one dyad member despite theory suggesting that acute alcohol use by both partners should increase the risk for IPV to a greater degree than when only one partner drinks. We hypothesized that alcohol use by both dyad members, relative to one or no dyad members, would proximally precede and increase the odds of IPV perpetration and victimization. A 60-day daily diary design was used, where both dyad members of dating couples completed independent reports on IPV perpetration/victimization and alcohol use via a secure survey website. Alcohol using college-student couples, aged 18-25 (n = 181 couples), from a Midwestern university in the United States participated. A convenience sample strategy was used. Daily surveys asked about alcohol use and IPV perpetration and victimization the prior day, including whether alcohol use preceded or followed IPV. The primary outcome was psychological IPV; secondary outcomes were physical and sexual IPV. Longitudinal random effects models suggested statistically significant associations between drinking behavior and IPV outcomes. The odds of psychological IPV perpetration were higher when both partners were drinking relative to one partner drinking [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06-1.99]. Exploratory analyses showed some indication that the odds of physical IPV victimization were higher when both partners were drinking relative to one partner drinking (aOR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.71-4.21). The risk for intimate partner violence appears to be greater when both partners drink, relative to one partner or neither partner.

Risk Factors and Moderators of Intimate Partner Violence Victimization Versus Perpetration Among Women in Spain.

Bidirectional intimate partner violence (IPV) appears highly prevalent, but the extant literature, which has been dominated by work in North America, has not adequately accounted for how victimization overlaps with perpetration and how potential resources may interact with risk factors. A community sample of Spanish women completed measures of IPV approval, mental health risk factors (psychological distress and problematic substance use), and interpersonal resources (partner and social satisfaction). Using Mplus accounting for victimization and perpetration overlap, findings indicate that greater psychological distress and substance use were associated with IPV perpetration, and lower IPV approval was linked to victimization. Stronger partner satisfaction did not serve a buffering role but rather interacted to increase IPV perpetration; low social support was associated with victimization and exacerbated risk of perpetration.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Intimate Partner Violence Among Sexual Minority Young Adults: The Roles of Alcohol Consequences and Discrimination.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration. A posited mechanism explaining the link between ACEs and IPV is alcohol use consequences. Yet, few studies have examined this relationship among sexual minority young adults or how chronic and unique discrimination due to their marginalized identity (i.e., minority stress) may influence these associations. This study examined whether alcohol use consequences mediated the relationship between ACEs and IPV perpetration, and whether minority stress moderated this mediated relationship. Sexual minority young adults who used alcohol in the past month (N = 344; age 18-25) in a dating relationship completed a survey on ACEs, IPV, alcohol and minority stress. We hypothesized: (a) alcohol use consequences would mediate the association between ACEs and IPV perpetration and (b) higher discrimination would moderate the mediation of alcohol use consequences in the relationship between ACEs and IPV perpetration. ACEs (B = 0.74, p = .010) and alcohol use consequences (B = 0.64, p = .007), were significantly associated with psychological, but not physical, IPV perpetration. Alcohol use consequences did not mediate the association between ACEs and any IPV type. In addition, everyday discrimination was not a significant moderator. ACEs and alcohol use consequences contribute to the risk for IPV perpetration among sexual minority young adults. Future research is needed to determine how alcohol use consequences may impact risk for IPV perpetration among those who have experienced ACEs.

Discrimination, Unfair Treatment by Police, and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Among Black and Latino Men

ABSTRACT Discrimination and unfair treatment by police are salient racial injustices for Black and Latino men. General Strain Theory and the Theory of African American Offending point to the potential of these leading to outcomes like intimate partner violence perpetration (IPV). Drawing on theoretical predictions and analyses of the Add Health data, I found evidence that discrimination and unfair treatment by police had independent effects on IPV perpetration for Black and Latino men. The effect of racial injustices varied for Latino men such that both types were strong contributors to IPV perpetration for immigrant Latino men but not US born Latino men.

Social ecological predictors and correlates of Latinos' IPV behaviors: A systematic review and critique of the research literature.

The current paper utilizes an ecological level of analysis framework to review and critique the literature surrounding predictors, correlates, and antecedents of Latinos' intimate partner violence (IPV) behaviors. More specifically, the ecological levels of analysis framework was employed to demonstrate how Latino males' IPV perpetration is being understood and studied. A total of n = 34 peer-reviewed articles were reviewed and critiqued. Findings indicated that most IPV research is being conducted at and comprehended from the individual (n = 33; 97%) and microsystem/small group (n = 24; 71%) levels of analysis, while linkages to organizational, locality, and institutional levels of analysis are largely neglected. Researchers and interventionists appear to view Latinos' IPV behaviors through deficit models, employ decontextualized and homogenized representations of the population, and neglect higher ecological levels of analysis. These three shortcomings in IPV research as it pertains to Latino populations must be addressed in future research studies if investigators desire to end the stigmatization and demonization of Latinos as a cultural and people group, and to maximize battering intervention effectiveness and efficiency for men of Latino origin.

Risk for Violent and IPV Recidivism Among Incarcerated Men With a History of IPV Perpetration: An Examination of the Predictive Validity of the ODARA, DVRAG, and PCL-R

Using a hybrid prospective-retrospective study design, we examined the predictive validity of the Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Assessment (ODARA), Domestic Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (DVRAG), and the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL-R) in an incarcerated sample of 94 Canadian adult men with a history of intimate partner violence (IPV) referred for treatment. The sample was followed for an average of 3.6 years following release, yielding base rates of 23.4% and 12.8% for violent and IPV recidivism, respectively. Analyses revealed that the ODARA and DVRAG displayed high inter-rater reliability and that the two measures along with Factor 1 of the PCL-R generated the largest area under the curve (AUC) for IPV recidivism (AUC = .71, .71, and .69, respectively). Predictive validity of the three measures was maintained even after accounting for treatment exposure. Although promising, clinical implications of administering the ODARA and DVRAG to incarcerated men with a history of IPV are discussed.

Alcohol use and intimate partner violence victimization among young adults with a history of perpetration: An ecological momentary assessment study.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major public health concern among young adults and has shown a consistent association with alcohol use. However, previous research has used cross-sectional and daily diary designs that may fail to pinpoint the effects of alcohol use within several hours of IPV occurring. The present study used novel ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methods to investigate the bidirectional effect of alcohol use and IPV victimization among young adults with a history of IPV perpetration. One hundred and sixty-eight young adults (age 18-25 years) in a dating relationship who reported IPV perpetration in the past year completed 28 days of randomly prompted EMA surveys (four surveys daily). The effect of alcohol use on IPV victimization and the effect of IPV victimization on alcohol use were examined. The results indicated that alcohol use co-occurs with psychological and physical IPV victimization. Further, alcohol use significantly increased the odds of physical (OR = 4.94; 95% CI = 2.24-10.87) and sexual (OR = 4.66; 95% CI = 1.64-13.22) IPV victimization, but not psychological IPV victimization, in the subsequent EMA survey. Finally, IPV victimization did not significantly increase the odds of reporting alcohol use in the subsequent EMA survey. Using alcohol is proximally related to IPV victimization among those with a history of IPV perpetration. Intervention efforts would benefit from adapting EMA methods to provide resources the moment they are needed.

Intimate Partner Violence Victimization and Perpetration among Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global health concern that profoundly affects not only heterosexual but also lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) populations. Although studies conducted outside Norway have reported similar prevalence rates of IPV in heterosexual and LGB relationships, no published studies from Norway, whether academic or from nongovernmental organizations, have focused specifically on IPV prevalence rates in the LGB population. One reason might be the absence of a standardized tool to measure IPV. In this study, as researchers with backgrounds in social psychology, violence and minority studies, we firstly aim to evaluate the validity of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS-R) in understanding the intimate partner violence experiences of LGB individuals. Secondly, we investigate how common various forms of perpetration and victimization are within the LGB community, specifically looking at psychological aggression, physical assault, and sexual coercion. We are also interested in whether there are any differences in the experiences of these forms of violence based on sexual orientation. To conduct this research, we studied 285 LGB individuals in Norway, aged between 18 and 64 (mean age = 31.80 years). The results of a correlation analysis revealed that all types of victimization from and perpetration of violence are positively and strongly associated. Chi-square tests indicated that there was no significant difference among LGB individuals in psychological and physical victimization or perpetration. However, gay individuals reported significantly higher sexual IPV victimization and perpetration than lesbian and bisexual individuals. Overall, we suggest that the CTS-R has satisfactory construct validity and effectively helps gauge psychological, physical, and sexual IPV in the LGB population. Moreover, we conclude that psychological, physical, and sexual IPV perpetration and victimization are prevalent in LGB relationships in Norway, and thus, that LGB IPV warrants further investigation into its antecedents and consequences.

Risk of death after type of intimate partner violence (IPV) involvement

Objective and ApproachMost studies have focused on women’s IPV victimization but perpetration and bi-directional violence remain understudied. Using linked criminal justice and population registers in Manitoba, Canada, we assessed the risk of death according to the role in IPV incidents (accused-only, victim-only, bidirectional, none). In this retrospective matched cohort study, we assembled a cohort of 212,068 adults who were followed from April 2004 to March 2023 to assess IPV incidents and subsequent death. Those involved in an IPV incident were 1:3 matched to persons with no history of IPV based on birth year, sex and marital status at the time of the incident. ResultsMen comprised 85% of accused-only, 21% of victim-only, and 50-51% in the other two groups. Overall, compared to those without IPV involvement, the adjusted Hazard Ratios for all-cause mortality were 1.38 [95% Confidence Intervals (CI): 1.28, 1.49] for accused-only, 1.39 (1.29, 1.50) for victim-only and 1.45 (1.19, 1.77) for bidirectional IPV. The associations were stronger among women, particularly that of bidirectional violence [1.24 (0.97, 1.60) among men and 1.92 (1.39, 2.66) among women]. Similar patterns were found for intentional mortality [0.96 (0.56, 1.64) among men and 2.43 (1.27, 4.65) among women]. ConclusionsThere are clear sex inequities in IPV involvement. Any type IPV involvement is associated with higher risk of death, particularly among women, who comprise most of the victims. ImplicationsUse of linked criminal justice data allows studying the consequences of IPV victimization, perpetration and bidirectional violence and monitor gender inequities over time.