Intimate Partner Violence In Women Research Articles

Barriers to routine screening for intimate partner violence during pregnancy in Nigeria

BackgroundThe benefits of routine screening for intimate partner violence (IPV) among pregnant women include early identification, prompt management, referral of IPV victims, and creating awareness about IPV. Despite these benefits, the practice of routine screening of IPV remains limited in midwifery settings in low-income countries. The purpose of this study is to identify and describe midwives’ perspectives of the barriers in conducting routine screening of IPV for pregnant women in northern Nigeria. MethodsA case study qualitative descriptive design was used to collect data from ten midwives in the antenatal clinic of a tertiary hospital. Non-participant observation and individual face-to-face semi-structured interviews were used as data collection methods. Thematic data analysis was carried out using Yin's five stage analytical cycle. FindingsThree themes, with related subthemes, emerged from the data: (i) The theme of “Internal” barriers to IPV screening has four subthemes; midwives' personal discomfort in asking IPV- related questions, perceived mistrust of midwives by pregnant women, midwives' own perceptions of IPV as a personal matter, and midwives’ lack of skills to screen for IPV. (ii) “External” barriers to IPV screening subsumes three subthemes: antenatal card related barriers, workload related barriers, and protocol barriers. (iii) “Structural” barriers to IPV screening have two subthemes: lack of space for privacy and lack of resources for managing pregnant women who have experienced IPV. ConclusionKnowing the barriers to midwives’ screening practices is important because it may help in the development of contextually relevant and acceptable screening guidelines for midwives in Nigeria. Education and training of midwives will eliminate the internal barriers while the external barriers will need the intervention of hospital authorities and government to eliminate their effects on screening.

Healthcare providers' perceived barriers and facilitators to screening for intimate partner violence in pregnant women attending prenatal clinics.

To examine healthcare providers' extent of and perceived barriers and facilitators to screening for intimate partner violence in pregnant women attending prenatal clinics. Cross-sectional descriptive design was used to collect data from 130 healthcare providers. Seventeen healthcare providers from 17 prenatal clinics in Kanungu district, Uganda, were recruited via convenience sampling to participate in an online survey implementing a modified Normalization Measure Development instrument. Data were collected between February 2023 and March 2023 (02/8/2023 to 03/12/2023) and analysed using descriptive and Mann-Whitney U test and chi-square tests. Slightly more than half (56%) of healthcare providers report screening pregnant women for intimate partner violence. There was a statistically significant relationship between healthcare providers screening for intimate partner violence and having previous training on intimate partner violence screening. The only barrier to screening identified was a lack of understanding of how intimate partner violence screening affects the nature of participant's own work. There were numerous potential facilitators identified for healthcare providers' intimate partner violence screening. Although higher-than-expected number of healthcare providers reported screening of pregnant women for intimate partner violence, the extent of screening is still suboptimal. The barrier to screening identified needs to be addressed and facilitators promoted. Receiving training among healthcare providers on intimate partner violence screening was associated with higher levels of screening; thus, this needs to be enhanced to optimize screening rates. Future studies should assess screening practices objectively and implement interventions to improve healthcare providers' intimate partner violence screening rates. Screening for intimate partner violence should be part of standard care provided by healthcare providers to all pregnant women during prenatal clinic visits. The study supports the need for more training for healthcare providers in aspects related to intimate partner violence screening in order to ensure prompt diagnosis and treatment of those affected, identify those at risk and increase awareness. There is a need to enhance healthcare providers' capacity for intimate partner violence screening through education by integrating intimate partner violence screening pre- and post-registration courses and preparation programs or curriculum. Intimate partner violence (IPV) in pregnancy is a global health problem. Screening for IPV by healthcare providers is suboptimal. This study found that only 56% of healthcare providers were routinely screening for IPV in Ugandan prenatal clinics. This study identified the main facilitators and one barrier to IPV screening. This study has adhered to the relevant EQUATOR guidelines for quantitative studies. No patient was involved in this study.

Armed conflicts and experience of intimate partner violence among women in Afghanistan: analysis of the 2015 Afghanistan DHS data

ObjectiveArmed conflicts and intimate partner violence (IPV) impose a burden on individual and societal well-being. Given the history of armed conflict in Afghanistan and the high prevalence of IPV, this...

The impact of childhood adversity on female‐perpetrated intimate partner violence in young adulthood

AbstractPurposeA common conception of intimate partner violence (IPV) is that women rarely use violence against romantic partners, and when they do, this is usually in self‐defence. However, evidence demonstrates that women perpetrate IPV at least as frequently as men, particularly in young adult populations. Despite this, there is still a significant lack of research focusing on women's IPV perpetration, particularly in determining risk markers. The unique relationship between adversity in childhood and IPV perpetration has been recognized in males and it is thought that this relationship may be even more marked in females. The present study aimed to investigate this relationship to see whether experiencing increasing numbers of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) would be associated with higher incidence of female‐perpetrated IPV.MethodsExposure to ACEs and frequency of IPV perpetration was measured through an online survey of young adult females from the general population.ResultsRegression analysis revealed that ACEs did significantly predict the frequency of IPV perpetrated by females. The results showed that the more adversity a female has experienced in childhood, the greater their risk of IPV perpetration in young adulthood.ConclusionsIt is suggested that this relationship potentially exists because adversity in childhood impacts the individual's attachments and processing of social environments, thus resulting in dysfunctional, violent responses to relationship dilemmas throughout life. These results stress the importance of tailoring treatment strategies for female perpetrators to address potential childhood adversity in which their violence may be rooted.

Housing insecurity among black women surviving intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic: an intersectional qualitative approach

BackgroundHousing instability is highly prevalent among intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors, and the coupling consequences of structural racism, sexism, classism, and the COVID-19 pandemic, may create more barriers to safe and adequate housing, specifically for Black women IPV survivors. In particular, the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic had the potential to amplify disadvantages for Black women IPV survivors, yet very little research has acknowledged it. Therefore, the current study sought to assess the experiences of housing insecurity among Black women experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) while navigating racism, sexism, and classism during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsFrom January to April 2021, we conducted in-depth interviews with 50 Black women experiencing IPV in the United States. Guided by intersectionality, a hybrid thematic and interpretive phenomenological analytic approach was used to identify sociostructural factors shaping housing insecurity.ResultsOur findings demonstrate the various ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic shaped Black women IPV survivors’ ability to obtain and sustain safe housing. We derived five themes to capture factors contributing to housing experiences: challenges with separate and unequal neighborhoods; pandemic-related economic inequalities; economic abuse limitations; and strategies to maintain housing.ConclusionsObtaining and maintaining safe housing during the COVID-19 pandemic was difficult for Black women IPV survivors who were also navigating racism, sexism, and socioeconomic position. Interventions are needed to reduce the impact of these intersecting systems of oppression and power to facilitate the resources necessary for Black women IPV survivors to identify safe housing.

Prevalence, Correlates, and Trends of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Cambodia: Findings From 2014 and 2021-22 Cross-Sectional Demographic and Health Surveys.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is globally endemic and a gross violation of human rights, in addition to abuse of intimacy by some men against their female intimate partners. Based on literature review, attitudinal, socio-demographic, and experiential attributes of 15 to 49 year old ever partnered women in the heterosexual relationships were identified. This study used the anonymized 2020-21Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS) data to compute the IPV prevalence and its correlates, in addition to computing the changes in IPV prevalence at the urban, rural, and at the national levels using data from the 2014 CDHS. Identified attitudinal, socio-demographic, and experiential attributes were used in the bivariate and multivariable analysis. Simple and multiple logistic regression models were used for computing the bivariate and multivariate associations with IPV; additionally, trend analysis was done to compute changes in IPV prevalence between the 2 surveys. Lifetime prevalence of IPV was 20.70%, while the most common subtype was emotional IPV at 18.70%. Ten out of 12 correlates studied were found to be statistically significantly associated with IPV in the bivariate analysis. These were added in the multivariable model and 7 were found to be statistically significantly associated with IPV. Which included educational attainment of women and their intimate partners, number of living children, women's IPV acceptance, male partner's alcohol use, knowledge of physical beating of mother by one's father, and controlling behavior exercised by partner. During the intervening period between the 2 CDHSs, IPV and its subtypes were decreased in both urban and rural areas, as well as nationally. IPV decrease between the 2 DHSs and lower IPV rates in 2021-22 augur well for the health and human rights of Cambodian women. However, the ultimate target of eliminating IPV against women, will require measures that ensure economic and gender empowerment, and gender equality.

The role of resilience in the relationship between intimate partner violence severity and ICD-11 CPTSD severity

ABSTRACT Background: Resilience is a modulating factor in the development of PTSD and CPTSD after exposure to traumatic events. However, the relationship between resilience and ICD-11 CPTSD is not adequately understood in survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV). Objective: The aim of this study is to determine whether resilience has a mediating role in the relationship between severity of violence and severity of CPTSD symptoms. Method: A sample of 202 women IPV survivors completed self-rated questionnaires to assess CPTSD, severity of violence and resilience. Results: Mediation analyses indicated that there was a direct relationship between the severity of violence and the severity of CPTSD symptoms (β = .113, p < .001) and that there was a significantly inverse relationship between levels of resilience and the severity of CPTSD symptoms (β = −.248, p < .001). At the same time, there was no significant relationship between the severity of violence and resilience (β = −.061, p = .254). Conclusions: These findings suggest that resilience does not mediate the relationship between violence severity and CPTSD severity. Directions for future research are discussed.

JUE Insight: The Unintended Effect of Argentina's Subsidized Homeownership Lottery Program on Intimate Partner Violence

We study a natural experiment in Argentina, where low-income women were selected through a lottery system to receive a house and a heavily subsidized long-term mort- gage. We exploit the random assignment to estimate the causal link between sub- sidized homeownership programs and intimate partner violence (IPV). Our analysis utilizes administrative records of the population of women applicants to assess the im- pact of homeownership on IPV, differentiating between women under joint-ownership contracts with their partners and those under single-ownership contracts. We find that the program causes an increase in IPV for women under joint-ownership contracts and a decrease in IPV for women under single-ownership contracts. Our results highlight the importance of considering the design of subsidized homeownership programs and explicitly incorporating measures to facilitate exit from conflicting relationships.

Prevalence of Sexual Violence and Intimate Partner Violence Among US Military Veterans: Findings from Surveys with Two National Samples

BackgroundSexual violence (SV) and intimate partner violence (IPV) experiences are major social determinants of adverse health. There is limited prevalence data on these experiences for veterans, particularly across sociodemographic groups.ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of SV before, during, and after military service and lifetime and past-year IPV for women and men, and explore differences across sociodemographic groups.DesignData are from two national cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2020. Weighted prevalence estimates of SV and IPV experiences were computed, and weighted logistic regression models were used for comparisons across gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and age.ParticipantsStudy 1 included veterans of all service eras (N = 1187; 50.0% women; 29% response rate). Study 2 included recently separated post-9/11 veterans (N = 1494; 55.2% women; 19.4% response rate).Main MeasuresSV was assessed with the Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory-2 (DRRI-2). IPV was assessed with the extended Hurt-Insult-Threaten-Scream Tool.Key ResultsWomen were more likely than men to experience pre-military SV (study 1: 39.9% vs. 8.7%, OR = 6.96, CIs: 4.71–10.28; study 2: 36.2% vs. 8.6%, OR = 6.04, CIs: 4.18–8.71), sexual harassment and/or assault during military service (study 1: 55.0% vs. 16.8%, OR = 6.30, CIs: 4.57–8.58; study 2: 52.9% vs. 26.9%, OR = 3.08, CIs: 2.38–3.98), and post-military SV (study 1: 12.4% vs. 0.9%, OR = 15.49, CIs: 6.42–36.97; study 2: 7.5% vs. 1.5%, OR = 5.20, CIs: 2.26–11.99). Women were more likely than men to experience lifetime IPV (study 1: 45.7% vs. 37.1%, OR = 1.38, CIs: 1.04–1.82; study 2: 45.4% and 34.8%, OR = 1.60, CIs: 1.25–2.04) but not past-year IPV (study 1: 27.9% vs. 28.3%, OR = 0.95, CIs: 0.70–1.28; study 2: 33.1% vs. 28.5%, OR = 1.24, CIs: 0.95–1.61). When controlling for gender, there were few differences across other sociodemographic groups, with the exception of sexual orientation.ConclusionsUnderstanding veterans’ experiences of SV and IPV can inform identification and intervention efforts, especially for women and sexual minorities.

Violence in childhood and community contexts: a multi-level model of factors associated with women's intimate partner violence experience in Samoa

Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects approximately 26% of women worldwide and is driven by a complex interplay of factors across individual, relationship/household, community and societal levels. Individual and relationship/household factors are well studied however little empirical evidence exists on factors at the community level that drive IPV which are needed to inform prevention interventions. We conducted a cross-sectional, multi-level analysis of factors associated with women's IPV experience in Samoa using the 2019-20 Demographic and Health Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. We used hierarchical multivariable logistic regression to assess individual, relationship/household and community level effects on women's risk of physical, sexual and/or emotional IPV. The past year prevalence of physical, sexual and/or emotional IPV among women in Samoa was 31.4%. At the individual and relationship/household level, women's employment, witnessing IPV between parents, experiencing physical abuse from a parent, and partner's alcohol use and controlling behaviours were associated with higher risk of IPV. At the community level, higher levels of women with higher education and involved in household decision-making, and higher levels of men in employment were protective against IPV. A complex interplay of factors across individual, relationship/household and community levels are associated with women's experience of IPV in Samoa. Experiences of IPV are embedded within a broader context of violence against children and harmful alcohol use. Community contexts, including women's empowerment and men's employment, are also associated with women's IPV experience in Samoa. These findings not only demonstrate that public health issues such as IPV, violence against children and harmful alcohol use should be addressed together as part of multi-pronged approaches, but they point towards the importance of community-level analyses for designing and delivering community-based interventions. Greater knowledge of community dynamics will enable community-based interventions to create environments at the community level that support meaningful and sustainable change towards IPV prevention. Funding for this study was provided by UKRI (ref. MR/S033629/1).

'Hard-pressed on every side': Christian women's experiences of intimate partner violence in two provinces of South Africa.

Women in South Africa are battling the scourge of intimate partner violence (IPV), and men are usually responsible. Despite this, no studies have been carried out to specifically explore and describe Christian women's IPV first-hand experiences in the Limpopo and Gauteng provinces. This study explored and described lived experiences with regard to IPV among women attending Pentecostal churches in Limpopo and Gauteng provinces. The study was conducted in the Makhado Local Municipality, City of Tshwane and Johannesburg metropolitan municipalities. The study utilised a qualitative research method, using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Sampling was purposeful. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted to collect data among women attending Pentecostal churches in Limpopo and Gauteng provinces. Data saturation was achieved after 10 survivors were interviewed. Two themes surfaced from the analysis: the experience of various forms of IPV by survivors and the hardships survivors encountered when seeking help after IPV. In spite of the salient role Christian belief played in survivors' lives, the expected support from family, pastors and law enforcement officers after disclosing IPV was non-existent. The survivors were stranded, frustrated and displayed symptoms of depression and anxiety. This study revealed survivors' need for comprehensive, multidisciplinary, and transdisciplinary collaborative support by strengthening partnerships with church leaders to protect Christian women against IPV.

Triarchic Model of Psychopathy and Intimate Partner Violence: An Empirical Study on the Italian Community.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious and recurrent phenomenon in many societies with severe physical and psychological consequences. In the present study, we aimed to explore the role of triarchic dimensions of psychopathy (disinhibition, boldness, and meanness) across gender in this occurrence. A questionnaire on inflicted (self) and experienced (partner) IPV and the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure were administered to a sample of 1,149 individuals from the Italian community. In general, self and partner IPV were moderately correlated. Bayesian regression analysis showed that disinhibition was positively correlated to both self and partner IPV (psychological and physical). In addition, boldness was negatively associated with perpetrated psychological IPV. Interactions by gender showed that meanness was positively related to perpetrated IPV in women (psychological and physical), whereas men with disinhibition features inflicted more physical violence than women. A high externalizing tendency (i.e., disinhibition) is therefore an important correlate of both perpetrated and reported IPV; moreover, boldness was associated with less psychological violence in general, whereas the effect of meanness depended on the gender of the individuals involved. Interestingly, the association between IPV and self-reported delinquent activities was low in magnitude (Spearman's Rho around .20) suggesting limited overlap between these two constructs.

Shared Risk Factors Among Women for Intimate Partner Violence in the United States: A Secondary Analysis.

Multilevel risk factors may increase the risk of experiencing intimate partner violence among women. The overall goal of this study was to provide a comprehensive view of factors that may be associated with three forms of intimate partner violence. The primary aim was to explore associations between understudied factors and women's experiences of physical and sexual violence and stalking by an intimate partner. Secondary analysis of existing health registry data was conducted. Our evidence-driven strategy was based on a multipronged analytical approach informed by existing literature and the social-ecological model. We created an evidence-based hierarchical list comprised of three tiers. Three separate multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. Several shared risk factors were retained across all three forms including low levels of formal education, past experiences of non- partner sexual violence, residential instability, presence of children, experiences of a traumatic event and panic attacks, status of receiving US government benefits, and barriers to healthcare access. Results contribute to future research on intimate partner violence prevention by providing preliminary evidence of emerging factors associated with experiencing three forms of intimate partner violence.

Screening for Intimate Partner Violence Experience and Use in the Veterans Health Administration

The practice of screening women for intimate partner violence (IPV) in health care settings has been a critical part of responding to this major public health problem. Yet, IPV prevention would be enhanced with detection efforts that extend beyond screening for IPV experiences to identifying those who use violence in relationships as well. To determine rates of IPV experiences and use (ie, among perpetrators of IPV) and factors associated with disclosures among adult patients seeking mental health services at the Veterans Health Administration. This cross-sectional study used electronic medical record data drawn from a quality improvement initiative at 5 Veterans Health Administration medical centers conducted between November 2021 and February 2022 to examine IPV disclosures following concurrent screening for IPV experience and use. Participants included patients engaged in mental health services. Data were analyzed in April and May 2023. Mental health clinicians were trained to screen for IPV experience and use concurrently and instructed to screen all patients encountered through routine mental health care visits during a 3-month period. Outcomes of interest were past-year prevalence of IPV use and experience, sociodemographic characteristics, and clinical diagnoses among screened patients. A total of 200 patients were offered IPV screening. Of 155 participants (mean [SD] age, 52.45 [15.65] years; 124 [80.0%] men) with completed screenings, 74 (47.7%) denied past-year IPV experience and use, 76 (49.0%) endorsed past-year IPV experience, and 72 (46.4%) endorsed past-year IPV use, including 67 participants (43.2%) who reported IPV experience and use concurrently; only 9 participants (5.8%) endorsed unidirectional IPV experiences and 5 participants (3.2%) endorsed unidirectional IPV use. Patients who reported past-year IPV experience and use were younger than those who denied IPV (experience: mean difference, -7.34 [95% CI, 2.51-12.17] years; use: mean difference, -7.20 [95% CI, 2.40-12.00] years). Patients with a posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis were more likely to report IPV use (43 patients [59.7%]) than those without a posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis (29 patients [40.3%]; odds ratio, 2.14; [95% CI, 1.12-4.06]). No other demographic characteristics or clinical diagnoses were associated with IPV use or experience. In this cross-sectional study of IPV rates and associated factors, screening for IPV found high rates of both IPV experience and use among patients receiving mental health care. These findings highlight the benefit of screening for IPV experience and use concurrently across gender and age. Additionally, the associations found between PTSD and IPV use underscore the importance of strengthening and developing additional targeted treatment for IPV.

A - 137 Head Injury Due to Intimate Partner Violence: Pain Severity and Interference.

This study examined pain severity and interference in women survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) with and without head injuries (HIs), including women with IPV-related and non-IPV-related HIs. Hypotheses were (1) women with IPV-related HIs would report greater pain severity than women without HIs, but comparable severity to women with non-IPV-related HIs, and (2) women with IPV-related HIs would report greater pain interference than women without HIs and women with non-IPV-related HIs. Among women IPV survivors, 268 reported no HIs (M(age) = 30.9 ± 9.8years-old, 77.2% White), 113 reported non-IPV-related HIs (M = 31.5 ± 9.2, 88.5% White), and 251 reported IPV-related HIs (M = 32.9 ± 8.9; 88.0% White). Participants reported pain severity and interference in past week. Women with IPV-related HIs reported higher pain severity than women without HIs (p < 0.001, d = 0.49 [95% CI: 0.32, 0.66]), but comparable severity to women with non-IPV-related HIs (p = 0.233, d = 0.24 [0.02, 0.46]). Women with IPV-related HIs reported more pain interference than women without HIs (p < 0.001, d = 0.60 [0.42, 0.77]) and women with non-IPV-related HIs (p = 0.017, d = 0.34 [0.12, 0.56]); however, after controlling for covariates (demographics, physical/sexual violence), the HI groups reported similar pain interference (p = 1.00). Women with IPV-related HIs reported the highest pain severity and interference, although this difference became non-significant after controlling for lifetime IPV severity. Pain interference among women with IPV-related HIs may be related to more severe physical violence, coercive control, and emotional trauma.

Social determinants and exposure to intimate partner violence in women with severe acute maternal morbidity in the intensive care unit: a systematic review

BackgroundStudying severe acute maternal morbidity in the intensive care unit improves our understanding of potential factors affecting maternal health.AimTo review evidence on maternal exposure to intimate partner violence and social determinants of health in women with severe acute maternal morbidity in the intensive care unit.MethodsThe protocol for this review was registered in PROSPERO (registration number CRD42016037492). A systematic search was performed in MEDLINE, CINAHL, ProQuest, LILACS and SciELO using the search terms “intensive care unit”, “intensive care”, “critical care” and “critically ill” in combination with “intimate partner violence”, “social determinants of health”, “severe acute maternal morbidity”, pregnancy, postpartum and other similar terms. Eligible studies were (i) quantitative, (ii) published in English and Spanish, (iii) from 2000 to 2021, (iv) with data related to intimate partner violence and/or social determinants of health, and (v) investigating severe acute maternal morbidity (maternity patients treated in the intensive care unit during pregnancy, childbirth or within 42 days of pregnancy termination). Of 52,866 studies initially identified, 1087 full texts were assessed and 156 studies included. Studies were independently assessed by two reviewers for screening, revision, quality assessment and abstracted data. Studies were categorised into high/middle/low-income countries and summarised data were presented using a narrative description, due to heterogenic data as: (i) exposure to intimate partner violence and (ii) social determinants of health.ResultsOne study assessed intimate partner violence among mothers with severe acute maternal morbidity in the intensive care unit and found that women exposed to intimate partner violence before and during pregnancy had a nearly four-fold risk of severe acute maternal morbidity requiring ICU admission. Few social determinants of health other than age were reported in most studies.ConclusionThis review identified a significant gap in knowledge concerning intimate partner violence and social determinants of health in women with severe acute maternal morbidity in the intensive care unit, which is essential to better understand the complete picture of the maternal morbidity spectrum and reduce maternal mortality.

Understanding sibling violence and its impact over the life course: The case of Ghana.

Sibling relationships are a significant part of family dynamics, and sibling violence may be manifested in these relationships. Sibling violence has rarely been examined in the domestic violence literature on sub-Saharan Africa, so little is known about its prevalence or consequences. This study used a life course perspective to examine the effects of sibling violence on Ghanaian women's intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and perpetration in adulthood. Data were collected from about 1700 ever-married Ghanaian women aged 18 years and above between May and August 2022. Logit models were used to explore retrospective accounts of women's experience of various types of sibling violence in childhood and their later victimization and/or perpetration of IPV. Results showed sibling violence was prevalent in our sample: 51.2% experienced sibling emotional violence, 39.5% experienced physical violence, and 2.3% experienced sexual violence. Our findings generally supported the life course perspective. Women with experiences of sibling physical, sexual, and emotional violence were significantly more likely to perpetrate physical, sexual, and emotional IPV in adulthood. Similarly, women with experiences of sibling violence were more likely to report IPV victimization in later years. Domestic violence interventions should pay attention to sibling relationships in children's early years.

Injury and Sociodemographic Characteristics of Intimate Partner Violence in Women in Israel: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study.

Intimate partner violence is a growing public health concern worldwide, and nurses are uniquely positioned to help identify and refer patients for services. Yet, intimate partner violence injury patterns and characteristics often go unrecognized. The purpose of this study is to explore injury and sociodemographic characteristics associated with intimate partner violence in women presenting to a single emergency department in Israel. This retrospective cohort study analyzed medical records of married women injured by their spouse who presented to a single emergency department in Israel from January 1, 2016, to August 31, 2020. In total, 145 cases were included, of which 110 (76%) were Arab and 35 (24%) were Jewish, with a mean age of 40. Patients' injury patterns consisted of contusions, hematomas, and lacerations to the head, face, or upper extremities, not requiring hospitalization, and having a history of emergency department visits in the past 5 years. Identifying intimate partner violence characteristics and patterns of injury will help nurses identify, initiate treatment, and report suspected abuse.

"The Little Money I Get Is Used to Buy Drugs": A Qualitative Exploration of the Economic Cost of Intimate Partner Violence for Female Survivors in Ghana.

Empirical research confirms the economic costs of intimate partner violence (IPV) for women. Yet, scholarship on this topic is lacking in Ghana, where IPV against women is commonplace. We used in-depth interviews with 15 female survivors of IPV in the Eastern Region to examine the economic costs of IPV for women. Findings showed that the economic costs were both direct and indirect. Direct costs included out-of-pocket payments for medical and nonmedical services, while indirect costs included diminished work abilities, increased absenteeism from work, and lowered work productivity. Ghanaian policymakers must enforce and strengthen policies to prevent violence against women.

Intergenerational transmission of intimate partner violence among women: Evidence from the 2017 Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey

Intimate partner violence (IPV) substantially harms women's overall health worldwide. The intergenerational cycle of IPV among women remains underexplored from the perspective of victimization and perpetration, and by types of subsequent IPV. The 2017 Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey dataset of 12,248 currently in-union (married or cohabiting) women aged 15 to 49 were utilized in this study. The main exposure variable was measured by the question: “as far as you know, did your father ever beat your mother?“. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to investigate the association between being ever exposed to parental IPV and (1) women's IPV victimization (by types: any, physical, sexual, and emotional) and (2) IPV perpetration (physical) by women against their husbands or male partners. Further, multinomial logistic regression examined the association between exposure to parental IPV and the experience of being an IPV victim only, perpetrator only, or both. We have found that women who were exposed to parental IPV were more likely to experience IPV victimization (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.9, 2.4 for any IPV; OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 2.0, 2. for physical IPV; OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.6, 2.4 for sexual IPV; and OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.8, 2.2 for emotional IPV), and also perpetrate physical IPV themselves (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.9, 2.4) compared to those unexposed to parental IPV. Moreover, women exposed to parental IPV were three times more likely to be both a perpetrator and a victim of IPV (OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 2.7, 3.7), much higher than the odds of being a victim only (OR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.8, 2.2) or a perpetrator only (OR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.6, 2.). In summary, exposure to parental IPV was associated with Filipino women being victims and perpetrators of IPV themselves. The integration of violence prevention within parenting and community programs can be considered to prevent the perpetuation of the intergenerational cycle of IPV.