Intimate Pair Research Articles

Does social distancing make the heart grow fonder? The impact of work spouse interaction frequency on organizational outcomes

PurposeThe shift to remote work brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic dramatically limited spontaneous workplace interpersonal interactions. For one interpersonal relationship in particular, the work spouse, the sudden physical distance may impact the energy work spouses draw from one another. Drawing on interactional ritual theory, this study aims to investigate the relationship between interaction frequency and organizational outcomes mediated by relational energy amid the pandemic.Design/methodology/approachDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, working adults who indicated they had a work spouse were recruited via Qualtrics to participate in a two-part online study.FindingsComplete data from 120 participants across both time periods revealed that more frequent interaction between work spouses is associated with increased job satisfaction and affective commitment mediated by relational energy.Originality/valueThis study represents the first empirical examination of individual and organizational outcomes of a unique interpersonal workplace relationship. Additionally, this study enhances our understanding of the impact of relational energy in socially distanced situations between employees in a close, intimate (non-sexual) pair bond.

The evolution of He+ irradiation-induced point defects and helium retention in nuclear graphite

ABSTRACT The atomic-level study of point defect evolution in nuclear graphite is essential for a deep understanding of irradiation-induced property changes. The evolution of helium ion irradiation-induced point defects and helium retention in nuclear graphite ETU-10 and ETU-15 were studied by positron annihilation Doppler broadening (PADB) experiments and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) measurements. The graphite samples were implanted with 1015, 1016 , and 1017 cm−2 of 200 keV He+ at operation temperatures below 373 K. Frenkel pairs were created during ion irradiation and they annihilated during annealing. Three stages of interstitial-monovacancy annihilation are suggested. At low temperatures, the initial annihilation would be refined only to the recombination of intimate metastable Frenkel pairs. When temperature increases, the annihilation would expand to a larger extent that isolate interstitials and vacancies annihilate with each other. In the case of high doses irradiation, vacancy clusters form at elevated temperatures. The retention and release of helium is tightly related to the evolution of the defects, especially the vacancies. The small over-pressured He-V clusters (He n V) are thought to be the most possible form of helium retention under irradiation.

Social relationships and patterns of use in urban public spaces in China and the United Kingdom

Public spaces are social places that enhance social life and foster social interactions. However, there is a lack of analysis of the patterns of use by people in various types of social relationships. Observational data on four public spaces in Suzhou, China, and Sheffield, UK, assessed users' personal characteristics, activities and spatial occupancies in public spaces. Site factors were not related to personal characteristics, but age and group size were culturally different. Activities and spatial occupancies differed between unaccompanied and accompanied users. Compared to single users, users in groups tended to participate in multiple activities at once, and their activities included more interactions. Single users' spatial distributions conformed to the edge effect, but users in groups were evenly distributed in the spaces. Three types of social relationships were defined: Intimate Pair, Intimate Group and Social Group. Intimate Pairs were most likely to use mobile phones and use private spaces, Intimate Groups were most likely to be talking and sitting and to use park amenities, and Social Groups were most likely to be playing games and relaxing in spacious open areas. Regarding spatial occupancy, Intimate Pairs and Social Groups were most likely to use the middle and peripheral regions, and the Intimate Groups tended to be evenly distributed in the spaces. The results of this study stress the importance of designing public spaces for the types of users expected to use the spaces and to consider various types of social relationship groups.

Structural Origin of the Midgap Electronic States and the Urbach Tail in Pnictogen-Chalcogenide Glasses.

We determine the electronic density of states for computationally generated bulk samples of amorphous chalcogenide alloys As xSe100- x. The samples were generated using a structure-building algorithm reported recently by us. Several key features of the calculated density of states are in good agreement with experiment: The trend of the mobility gap with arsenic content is reproduced. The sample-to-sample variation in the energies of states near the mobility gap is quantitatively consistent with the width of the Urbach tail in the optical edge observed in experiment. Most importantly, our samples consistently exhibit very deep-lying midgap electronic states that are delocalized significantly more than what would be expected for a deep impurity or defect state; the delocalization is highly anisotropic. These properties are consistent with those of the topological midgap electronic states that have been proposed by Zhugayevych and Lubchenko as an explanation for several puzzling optoelectronic anomalies observed in the chalcogenides, including light-induced midgap absorption and electron spin resonance signal, and anomalous photoluminescence. In a complement to the traditional view of the Urbach states as a generic consequence of disorder in atomic positions, the present results suggest these states can be also thought of as intimate pairs of topological midgap states that cannot recombine because of disorder. Finally, samples with an odd number of electrons exhibit neutral, spin 1/2 midgap states as well as polaron-like configurations that consist of a charge carrier bound to an intimate pair of midgap states; the polaron's identity, electron or hole, depends on the preparation protocol of the sample.

Epigenetic modification of the oxytocin and glucocorticoid receptor genes is linked to attachment avoidance in young adults

ABSTRACTAttachment in the context of intimate pair bonds is most frequently studied in terms of the universal strategy to draw near, or away, from significant others at moments of personal distress. However, important interindividual differences in the quality of attachment exist, usually captured through secure versus insecure – anxious and/or avoidant – attachment orientations. Since Bowlby’s pioneering writings on the theory of attachment, it has been assumed that attachment orientations are influenced by both genetic and social factors – what we would today describe and measure as gene by environment interaction mediated by epigenetic DNA modification – but research in humans on this topic remains extremely limited. We for the first time examined relations between intra-individual differences in attachment and epigenetic modification of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) and glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) gene promoter in 109 young adult human participants. Our results revealed that attachment avoidance was significantly and specifically associated with increased OXTR and NR3C1 promoter methylation. These findings offer first tentative clues on the possible etiology of attachment avoidance in humans by showing epigenetic modification in genes related to both social stress regulation and HPA axis functioning.

The lone-actor terrorist and the TRAP-18.

An open source sample of 111 lone actor terrorists from the United States and Europe were studied through the lens of the Terrorist Radicalization Assessment Protocol (TRAP-18). This investigative template consists of 8 proximal warning behaviors and 10 distal characteristics for active risk management or active monitoring, respectively, by national security threat assessors. Several aspects of criterion validity were tested in this known outcome sample. Seventy per cent of the terrorists were positive for at least half or more of the indicators. When the sample was divided into Islamic extremists, right wing extremists, and single issue terrorists, there were no significant differences across all eighteen indicators except for four. When the sample was divided according to successful vs. thwarted attackers, the successful attackers were significantly more fixated, creative and innovative, and failed to have a prior sexually intimate pair bond. They were significantly less likely to have displayed pathway warning behavior and be dependent on a virtual community of likeminded true believers. Effect sizes were small to medium (phi = 0.190-0.317). The TRAP-18 appears to have promise as an eventual structured professional judgment risk assessment instrument according to some of the individual terrorist content domains outlined by Monahan (2012, 2016).

ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Vicinally Functionalized 1,4‐Dihydropyridines and Diazabicycles via a Pseudo‐Intramolecular Process.

Abstract An α-nitro-δ-keto nitrile readily forms the corresponding ammonium salt immediately upon treatment with an amine. When the amine liberated under equilibrium, the nucleophilic amine and the electrophilic keto nitrile come close to each other to afford so-called an intimate pair. The spatial proximity realized an efficient reaction to give a 2-amino-3-nitro-1,4-dihydropyridine; the reaction proceeded like an intramolecular reaction although it is actually an intermolecular reaction, namely the pseudo-intramolecular reaction. The bifunctionality of the keto nitrile also enabled the pseudo-intramolecular imination followed by tandem cyclization leading to diazabicyclic frameworks.

A Possible Complex between TNT and Epinephrine - A DFT Study

The interaction between TNT and a vitally significant biological molecule, epinephrine, was investigated at the level of density functional theory. Two models are constructed; (i) an intimate pair of TNT and epinephrine and (ii) a π complex of them. The calculations (in vacuo conditions) have showed that these molecules in the intimate pair model orient themselves in an angular arrangement, whereas a π complex formation between these molecules is quite likely in the case of parallel arrangement of aromatic rings. The calculated electrostatic charges, UV and NMR spectra support the idea of a strong interaction between TNT and epinephrine whatever the type of interaction is.

Synthesis of vicinally functionalized 1,4-dihydropyridines and diazabicycles via a pseudo-intramolecular process

An α-nitro-δ-keto nitrile readily forms the corresponding ammonium salt immediately upon treatment with an amine. When the amine liberated under equilibrium, the nucleophilic amine and the electrophilic keto nitrile come close to each other to afford so-called an intimate pair. The spatial proximity realized an efficient reaction to give a 2-amino-3-nitro-1,4-dihydropyridine; the reaction proceeded like an intramolecular reaction although it is actually an intermolecular reaction, namely the pseudo-intramolecular reaction. The bifunctionality of the keto nitrile also enabled the pseudo-intramolecular imination followed by tandem cyclization leading to diazabicyclic frameworks.

Interaction between TNT and Melatonin-DFT Treatment

The interaction between TNT and a biologically important molecule—melatonin—has been investigated at the level of density functional theory. The calculations showed that these molecules in vacuum conditions orient themselves almost parallel, face to face with each other. Various energies, physico-chemical, and quantum chemical properties of the system are computed. The calculated electrostatic charges, UV, and NMR spectra show the presence of a strong interaction between TNT and melatonin. However, presently, the nature of this interaction (whether an intimate pair or donor acceptor type π-complex formation) is not clear.

From meiosis to postmeiotic events: Alignment and recognition of homologous chromosomes in meiosis

Recombination of homologous chromosomes is essential for correct reductional segregation of homologous chromosomes, which characterizes meiosis. To accomplish homologous recombination, chromosomes must find their homologous partners and pair with them within the spatial constraints of the nucleus. Although various mechanisms have developed in different organisms, two major steps are involved in the process of pairing: first, alignment of homologous chromosomes to bring them close to each other for recognition; and second, recognition of the homologous partner of each chromosome so that they can form an intimate pair. Here, we discuss the various mechanisms used for alignment and recognition of homologous chromosomes in meiosis.

Cycloisomerization and [2 + 2]cyclodimerization of 1,5-cyclooctadiene catalyzed with the Ni(COD) 2/BF 3·OEt 2 system

The catalytic system Ni(COD) 2/BF 3·OEt 2 has been studied in conversions of 1,5-cyclooctadiene under argon and ethylene atmosphere. It has been demonstrated that the catalytic system formed under argon exhibits a high effectiveness in cycloisomerization of 1,5-COD surpassing in this characteristic all known nickel complex catalysts (selectivity to bicyclo-[3.3.0]-octene-2 is up to 99.5% at 100% conversion). In the case of ethylene atmosphere the system produces mainly dimers (yield of cyclodimers above 70%). It has been shown that the catalytic system Ni(COD) 2/BF 3·OEt 2 has the feature of “a living catalyst” consisting in resuming the initial activity with a new portion of 1,5-COD added when the monomer was fully exhausted. The main and side products of the 1,5-COD conversion have been identified with GC-MS and preparative liquid chromatography combined with NMR and IR spectroscopy. Based on EPR and IR spectroscopic data a mechanism for the catalytic performance of the Ni(COD) 2/BF 3·OEt 2 system in argon or ethylene atmospheres is suggested. It has been shown that Ni(0) is oxidized by the Lewis acid to Ni(I) which is stabilized by substrate molecules in a mononuclear form without involvement of conventional organoelement entities. Three sorts of paramagnetic nickel species have been found: ionic complexes containing π-coordinated COD ligands; ionic complexes σ-bonded to COD; complexes as intimate pairs with BF 4 − counter ions. A mechanism for the catalytic conversion of 1,5-cyclooctadiene is proposed.

Pseudo-intramolecular Cyclization of α-Nitro-δ-keto Nitrile Leading to 2-Amino-3-nitro-1,4-dihydropyridines

A novel concept—the pseudo-intramolecular process—is applied to the synthesis of multiply functionalized heterocyclic compounds. Acidic α-nitro-δ-keto nitrile easily forms an ammonium salt upon treatment with an amine. When the amine is liberated under equilibrium, an intimate pair, namely, a nucleophilic amine and an electrophilic keto nitrile are located close to each other, is formed; thus the amine efficiently attacks a cyano group of keto nitrile. As a result of subsequent cyclization, 1,4-dihydropyridines containing an amino and a nitro group at the vicinal positions as a partial structure are afforded.

Nucleophilic Substitution Accompanying Carbon–Carbon Bond Cleavage Assisted by a Nitro Group

Abstract A 2-nitrated 3-oxoester reacted with amines or alcohols to afford unsymmetrical malonic acid derivatives as a result of nucleophilic substitution accompanying C–C bond cleavage. The 2-nitrated 3-oxoester easily formed ammonium salts with amines. When the amine is liberated from the salt under equilibrium, nucleophilic amine and electrophilic keto ester locate close to each other. This intimate pair effect causes a pseudo intramolecular reaction to occur, giving rise to effective substitution under mild conditions.

Communicating emotion through a haptic link: Design space and methodology

Communication of affect across a distance is not well supported by current technology, despite its importance to interpersonal interaction in modern lifestyles. Touch is a powerful conduit for emotional connectedness, and thus mediating haptic (touch) displays have been proposed to address this deficiency; but suitable evaluative methodology has been elusive. In this paper, we offer a first, structured examination of a design space for haptic support of remote affective communication, by analyzing the space and then comparing haptic models designed to manipulate its key dimensions. In our study, dyads (intimate pairs or strangers) are asked to communicate specified emotions using a purely haptic link that consists of virtual models rendered on simple knobs. These models instantiate both interaction metaphors of varying intimacy, and representations of virtual interpersonal distance. Our integrated objective and subjective observations imply that emotion can indeed be communicated through this medium, and confirm that the factors examined influence emotion communication performance as well as preference, comfort and connectedness. The proposed design space and the study results have implications for future efforts to support affective communication using the haptic modality, and the study approach comprises a first model for systematic evaluation of haptically expressed affect.

Photo-induced Metastable State of S8Clusters in Liquid Sulfur

AbstractIt is well known that liquid sulfur undergoes a polymerization transition from S8 rings to the mixture of S8 rings and polymeric chains at Tp=159°C. In addition to the transition, it has been known that there is a transformation from S8ring to a molecular species other than S8ring and polymeric chain below Tpsince 19thcentury. Such molecular species can also be obtained by the illumination of light. Several models of the molecular form have been presented. However, the conclusive model which explains all experimental results has not been settled yet. Recently we measured transient photo-induced optical absorption in liquid sulfur and Munejiri et al. performed first-principles molecular-dynamics simulations to clarify the microscopic origin of the experimental results. The results of the simulations presented a plausible molecular form as the molecular species, which is a tadpole-shaped S8 cluster. We show that the molecular form clearly explains the previous experimental results. A possibility of the formation of an intimate valence alternation pair in the small cluster is also discussed.

Laser irradiation induced enhancement on the ultrafast third-order optical nonlinearity of chalcogenide glass

The third-order optical nonlinearity of chalcogenide glass was investigated with the femtosecond optical Kerr gate system. With the long durative irradiation of the laser field, the ultrafast optical Kerr signal was observed to increase continuously till saturation. It was also found that this enhancement is anisotropic with respect to the laser polarization. Based on the intimate valence alteration pairs (IVAP) model, we explained this enhancement in terms of the light-induced orientation of valence alteration pairs.

Resistances of Gender

Resistances of Gender

Bipolaron ac conductivity in amorphous semiconductors and dielectrics.

We have developed a theory of the alternating-current (ac) relaxation-type conductivity due to small bipolaron (SB) hopping in amorphous semiconductors and insulators that possess deep centers of the dangling-bond type (D centers) with a negative two-electron correlation energy ${\mathit{U}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$. Unlike small po- larons, SB's were treated as essentially three-level systems in the framework of a two-site approximation. To calculate, both numerically and analytically, the real part ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{1}$\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}^{\mathit{s}}$${\mathit{T}}^{\mathit{n}}$ of the ac hopping conductivity for different temperatures T in a wide range of audio and low radio frequencies \ensuremath{\omega}, the dynamic polariz- ability, and the SB hopping rates for dangling bond pairs have been determined. When the electron tunneling integral corresponding to the smallest intersite separations is greater than the doubled polaron shift, both the polarizability and the hopping rate strongly depend upon the shape and parameters of the ground-state adiabatic potential of a small-size pair of strongly interacting D centers. This intimate pair can be viewed as a stretched or weakened bond. A classification of possible regimes of relaxation-type SB hopping (adiabatic and nonadiabatic, as well as tunnel and activation) has been proposed. Each of these corresponds to a specific temperature dependence of the exponents s and n. A comparison to experimental data on ac losses in chalcogenide glasses and a-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ has been made.

Arenediazonium salts: new probes of the interfacial compositions of association colloids. 1. Basic approach, methods, and illustrative applications

Product yields from the reactions of two different arenediazonium salts, z-ArN2+ BF4.>-, bound to cetyltri' methylammonium halide ((CTA)X; X=Cl Br) micelles, and 10 aqueous three-ccmponent (CTA)X microemulsions containing an alcohol (R'OH), either 1· butanol (BuOH) or 1-hexanol (HexOH), are snapshots of the relative quantities of halide ion, water, and alcohol nucleophiles at the aggregates' interfaces. Yields of aryl ether, aryl halide, and phenol products measured simultaneously by HPLC arc consistent with high concentrations of these nucleophiles in the immediate vicinity of the aggregates' interfaces. The Interfacial concentration of each nucleophiles is estimated from the yield of its respective product over wide ranges of (CTA)X and R'OH concentrations by assuming that the selectivities of the long-chain (hexadecyl), water-insoluble, aggregate- bound arenediazonium ions, 16- ArN2+, toward anionic or neutral nucleophiles compared to water are the same as the selectivities of the short-chain (methyl), water-soluble analogues, l- ArN2+ toward the same nucleophiles in aqueous solutions. The suitability of dediazoniation reactions as interfacial probes and the basic assumptions used in our approach arc described. The observed rate constants for dediazoniation of the arenediazonium salts are almost completely independent of the salt. (CTA)X. and R'OH concentrations, consistent with rate-determining loss of N2 to give an aryl cation which reacts at diffusion-controlled rates with available nucleophiles. Salt-induced spectral shifts indicate formation of ion pairs in tbe ground state, and all our data are consistent with a heterolytic dediazoniation mechanism in which product distributions ere determined by the equilibrium distribution of the ensemble of ground-state arenediazonium cation-anion and arenediazonium cation-molecule intimate pairs. Comparisons with previous results and potential applications are briefly discussed. The companion paper shows that ether product yields can also be used to estimate R'OH binding constants over a wide range of alcohol and surfactant concentrations.