Intestinal Intoxication Research Articles

The enteroprotective effect of nifuroxazide against methotrexate-induced intestinal injury involves co-activation of PPAR-γ, SIRT1, Nrf2, and suppression of NF-κB and JAK1/STAT3 signals

Methotrexate (MTX) has long manifested therapeutic efficacy in several neoplastic and autoimmune disorders. However, MTX-associated intestinal toxicity restricts the continuation of treatment. Nifuroxazide (NIF) is an oral antibiotic approved for gastrointestinal infections as an effective antidiarrheal agent with a high safety profile. The current study was designed to explore the potential efficacy of NIF in alleviating intestinal toxicity associated with MTX chemotherapy with the elucidation of the proposed molecular mechanisms. Rats were administered NIF (50 mg/kg; p.o.) for ten days. On day five, a single i.p. injection of MTX (20 mg/kg) was given to induce intestinal intoxication. At the end of the experiment, duodenal tissue samples were isolated for biochemical, Western blotting, immunohistochemical (IHC), and histopathological analysis via H&E, PSA, and Alcian blue stains. NIF showed antioxidant enteroprotective effects against MTX intestinal intoxication through enhanced expression of the redox-sensitive signals of PPAR-γ, SIRT1, and Nrf2 estimated by IHC. Moreover, NIF down-regulated the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), NF-κB protein expression, and the phosphorylation of JAK1/STAT3 proteins, leading to mitigation of intestinal inflammation. In accordance, the histological investigation revealed that NIF ameliorated the intestinal pathological changes, preserved the goblet cells, and reduced the inflammatory cells infiltration. Therefore, NIF could be a promising candidate for adjunctive therapy with MTX to mitigate the associated intestinal injury and increase its tolerability.

Vinpocetine mitigates methotrexate-induced duodenal intoxication by modulating NF-κB, JAK1/STAT-3, and RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signals

Objectives Methotrexate (MTX) is an antimetabolite agent widely used to manage a variety of tumors and autoimmune diseases. Nonetheless, MTX-induced intestinal intoxication is a serious adverse effect limiting its clinical utility. Inflammation and oxidative stress are possible mechanisms for MTX-induced intestinal toxicity. Vinpocetine (VNP) is a derivative of the alkaloid vincamine with potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The current study investigated the protective intestinal impact of VNP in attenuating MTX-induced intestinal intoxication in rats. Materials and Methods VNP was administered orally in a dose of 20 mg/kg, while MTX was injected intraperitoneal in a dose of 20 mg/kg. Results VNP administration attenuated drastic histological changes induced by MTX and preserved both normal villus and crypt histology. VNP significantly attenuated oxidative injury by upregulating intestinal Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. VNP attenuated inflammation by reducing MPO, NO2 −, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels mediated by downregulating NF-κB, NDAPH-oxidase, IRF3, p-JAK-1, and p-STAT-3 expressions. Moreover, VNP potently counteracted intestinal necroptosis by effectively downregulating RIPK1, RIPK3, MLKL, and caspase-8 proteins. Conclusion Therefore, VNP may represent a promising approach that can attenuate intestinal toxicity in patients receiving MTX.

Intestinal obstruction and phenytoin intoxication

Intestinal obstruction and phenytoin intoxication

Biological basis of an alimentary regime preventing intestinal fermentation and intoxication.

The fundamental physiological requirement for preventing intestinal fermentation is thorough assimilation of ingested food. Thorough assimilation cannot he secured without a complete variety of foodstuffs, cooked as well as raw, and eaten at the same time in small quantities.

The importance of deficit of sodium and chloride in dehydration

<h2>Summary</h2> The case of a patient with severe burn is reported. Two episodes of symptoms of dehydration developed in which loss of sodium chloride without loss of water was produced by placing the boy in a continuous tub containing hypotonic salt solution. Symptoms of dehydration were due to loss of extracellular electrolyte without loss of body water. Metabolic studies are reported on a patient with infantile diarrhea, which show that the symptoms of intestinal intoxication were brought about by loss of sodium and chloride without deficit of body water. Therapeutic procedures for the treatment of dehydration are discussed in the light of recent concepts of the nature of dehydration.

BILE FISTULAS AND RELATED ABNORMALITIES

A clearer understanding of the various abnormalities which may develop in relation to the experimental or clinical bile fistula will be of value to the laboratory worker as well as to the physician and surgeon. A better comprehension of these diseased conditions will make for a saner analysis of the great mass of experimental data relating to the various types of bile fistula. Too frequently in the literature the bile fistula material is used to debate a physiological state whereas in reality the animal is in a pathological condition. It is possible but not easy to keep a bile fistula dog in a normal state for months or years if proper attention is given to the diet and physical state. The most significant abnormalities are-intestinal disturbances, spontaneous bleeding, osteoporosis, cholelithiasis and duodenal ulcer. Three types of bile fistula were used in our experiments and each one has its advantages and disadvantages. Intestinal intoxication is best controlled by diet, by whole bile or bile salts or combinations of dog and ox bile. Spontaneous bleeding seems to be due to the loss of something by way of the bile and this can be prevented by bile feeding. The blood deficiency appears to be a lack of prothrombin. Osteoporosis appears inevitably after many months if bile is excluded from the intestine. This state is related to the lack of absorption of vitamin D. It is of some interest that liver feeding will prevent it. Duodenal ulcers and cholelithiasis are common in bile fistula dogs and absolute control or prevention is not easy. It may be restated that bile secretion into the intestine is necessary for normal health and even for actual continuation of life beyond a few months' period. Some of these experimental data should be of value to physicians and surgeons in the care and study of human fistula cases and should emphasize the necessity of prompt dietary control.

Bacillary Dysentery in Infants and Children: A Clinical and Bacteriologic Study of Thirty-Five Cases

Journal Article Bacillary Dysentery in Infants and Children: A Clinical and Bacteriologic Study of Thirty-Five Cases Get access George A. Denison, George A. Denison Birmingham, Ala. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Gesina Deholl Gesina Deholl Birmingham, Ala. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 56, Issue 2, March 1935, Pages 124–141, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/56.2.124 Published: 01 March 1935 Article history Received: 09 July 1934 Published: 01 March 1935

ACUTE ENTERITIS IN INFANTS AND IN YOUNG CHILDREN

I. BACTERIOLOGIC METHODS, MORPHOLOGY AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STREPTOCOCCUS MICRO-APOIKIA A review of the literature dealing with the bacteriologic observations in intestinal intoxication of infants, epidemics of enteritis in infants, summer diarrhea in children or toxic gastro-enteritis in reveals that more emphasis has been placed on the isolation of Bacillus dysenteriae and closely allied micro-organisms from the stools of such patients than on the finding of any other single bacterium. Johnston, Brown and Kaake, 1 in studying sixty-seven infants with acute intestinal intoxication, isolated twenty-one strains of B. dysenteriae, twenty-six of Bacillus schmittzii, four of Bacillus asiaticus and three of Bacillus paratyphosus-B. In their study of twenty-nine children, from 2 to 12 years of age, they isolated seventeen strains of B. dysenteriae, three of B. schmittzii and one of B. paratyphosus-B. Kendall 2 in 1915 expressed the view that different types of bacteria may elicit the same

Body build in infants with acute intestinal intoxication

Summary 1.Infants with acute intestinal intoxication are, on the average, shorter than healthy infants from the same social environment. 2.In relation to total body length, infants with acute intestinal intoxication have narrower faces, narrower shoulders and smaller chests than healthy infants. 3.The proportion of the dimensions mentioned above to total body length in infants with acute intestinal intoxication is determined, in part, by a retardation of growth. 4.Since deficient diet leads to retardation of growth, it is reasonable to look upon acute intestinal intoxication as causally related to dietary deficiency. Summary 1.Infants with acute intestinal intoxication are, on the average, shorter than healthy infants from the same social environment. 2.In relation to total body length, infants with acute intestinal intoxication have narrower faces, narrower shoulders and smaller chests than healthy infants. 3.The proportion of the dimensions mentioned above to total body length in infants with acute intestinal intoxication is determined, in part, by a retardation of growth. 4.Since deficient diet leads to retardation of growth, it is reasonable to look upon acute intestinal intoxication as causally related to dietary deficiency.

INTESTINAL INFECTIONS IN INFANTS AND IN CHILDREN—1930 AND 1931 SERIES

In the late summer and autumn, numbers of infants whose complaint is usually diagnosed clinically as "acute intestinal intoxication" are admitted to the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. The mortality among these sufferers is high. Divergent views held in various places concerning the etiology stimulated the commencement of an investigation into the cause or causes that produce the symptom complex thus designated. This intensive survey was begun in October, 1928, and has continued up to the present. The report of the first part of the survey has been published. The failure to find bacteria of generally accepted pathogenicity in at least 42 of the 172 cases of the 1928-1929 series of cases indicated the necessity for further and more intensive investigation. The finding of agglutinins in the serum of a patient whose stool culture had yielded no important bacterial species was good evidence that the significant organism was being "missed"

THE NORMAL HISTOLOGY OF INFANTS' BRAINS

Intestinal intoxication of infants, or so-called toxicosis of infants, is a fairly well recognized clinical entity. Its etiology, however, is still obscure. Recently, in the light of the modern conception of the hypothalamus as the seat of centers regulating vegetative functions, an attempt was made by Goldzieher 1 to trace the extreme dehydration that characterizes this disease to pathologic alterations in the brain, particularly in parts of the diencephalon adjacent to the floor and walls of the third He reported three cases of intestinal intoxication, in which he believed he found definite inflammatory lesions in the hypothalamic and paraventricular regions as well as in the midbrain. The lesions were described by him as diffuse and nodular infiltrations, scattered all over the hypothalamus and the brain tissue around the tuber cinereum, being most conspicuous in the gray matter surrounding the third ventricle. The nodules varied in size in accordance with

OTOLOGIC OBSERVATIONS IN CASES OF INTESTINAL INTOXICATION IN INFANTS

The interest of my associates and myself in the subject of intestinal intoxication in infants was first aroused by the statement of various writers that a definite causal relationship exists between this condition and the clinical and pathologic findings in the middle ear and mastoid antrum, the latter being the primary factor. From the start, we were opposed to the view expressed that the otologist should disregard the otologic findings and be guided by the pediatrist in deciding for or against operative intervention. We were reluctant to accept without further substantiation the statement of a number of otologists that the indications for operative intervention could be determined in each instance by definite findings in the ear. In other words, we were rather skeptical that a clinical entity had been established, and that there existed definite reasons for operation on these desperately ill infants. These little patients were admitted to the

INFECTION OF THE EAR

The question of the relationship between otitis media and gastroenteritis, or so-called intestinal intoxication, has received considerable attention for a number of years from the pediatric as well as from the otologic standpoint. Within the past five years, however, a number of articles on this vital subject have appeared in the literature, with such variety of opinions that the reader was left in a state of doubt and uncertainty. Similarly, for a number of years, in the treatment of such patients at the Mount Sinai Hospital, considerable discussion and differences of opinion have arisen between the pediatric and the otologic attending staff. This indefinite state of affairs has prompted me to investigate these cases, both clinically and pathologically, and to attempt to arrive at some conclusions regarding the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment. For the past fifty years and more, pathologic changes in the ears have been considered by some authors

Treatment of Acute Intestinal Intoxication Based upon Clinical Findings in the Colon

Treatment of Acute Intestinal Intoxication Based upon Clinical Findings in the Colon

BODY BUILD IN INFANTS

In these three papers the body build of infants during health and disease is described quantitatively. This is done by comparison of ratios of various external dimensions to the total body length. In the first paper the technique for measuring the external dimensions of the body in infants is described and various sources of error discussed. In the second paper general empirical formulae for the relationship between various external dimensions and total body length in healthy infants are developed. By comparing two groups of infants from different social environments, it is shown that environment may influence body build. In the third paper the results obtained in the second paper for healthy infants are used for comparison with sick infants. Various differences in the body build of infants with acute intestinal intoxication, tetany and eczema are described.

RELATION OF INFECTION OF THE EAR AND INFECTION OF INTESTINAL TRACT IN INFANTS

This paper is an attempt to answer the question: Is infection of the mastoid the cause of acute intestinal intoxication in infants? During the past five years this question has been intensively studied by pediatricians and otologists in Canada and the United States. The literature has been ably reviewed by G. M. Coates. 1 The students of this problem are at present roughly divided into two widely divergent camps: those who believe that infection of the mastoid is the cause of acute intestinal intoxication in infants and those who believe that it is not. Physicians and surgeons of eminence are to be found in each camp, but the majority of their papers support, to some extent, the idea that infection of the mastoid antrum may be the cause of this mysterious disease. THE DISEASE An intense form of gastro-intestinal disease affecting infants under 2 years of age, occurring apparently in

NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SECTION OF PEDIATRICS

tion and the Treatment with a Suprarenal Cortex Extract. Dr. Aubrey B. MacLean, Ruth C. Sullivan and R. L. Zwemer. Many theories have been advanced as to the cause of acute intestinal intoxication. One of the first was probably the climate, as the disease was called summer diarrhea. This was followed by a period during which cow's milk was thought to be the etiologic factor, as the disease occurred more frequently in bottle-fed infants. Improper feeding, with diets too high in fat, sugar or protein, were considered at various times to be at fault. Poor hygienic care has also been sug¬ gested as a cause, as infants in institutions and in poor districts appeared to be

EXPERIMENTAL CHRONIC DUODENAL OBSTRUCTION

There is a growing tendency on the part of clinicians to believe that many obscure and indefinite symptoms are due to the absorption of toxins from the intestinal tract. It is on this hypothesis that high colonic irrigations, bacterial implantations, etc., have been recommended in certain diseases. In addition, some of the more serious conditions, such as pernicious anemia, have been attributed to intestinal intoxication. Though the belief that these hypothetical toxins are produced in the intestinal tract has been prevalent for years, little direct evidence has been brought forward to support the idea. It was in the hope that we might learn something more definite that the following experiments were conducted. Since the symptoms and diseases that have been attributed to the absorption of toxins from the intestinal tract are characterized by their chronicity, we produced and studied experimental lesions existing for a prolonged period. In our first study

THE PRODUCTION OF A LOWERED CARBOHYDRATE TOLERANCE IN DOGS

In a previous communication, 1 it was shown that glucose injected into the blood stream of infants with diarrhea, infection or acute intestinal intoxication was not removed with the normal rapidity, and that this derangement of the carbohydrate metabolism was not primarily associated with a deficient production of insulin. In the present study, an attempt was made to determine what factors were responsible for this derangement. The animals used were puppies. In the preliminary experiments it had been found that conditions which produced no change in adult animals produced profound changes in young animals. As the object of the experiment was to produce conditions similar to those encountered in infants if possible, the importance of the age of the animals used is at once apparent. The blood sugar concentration in normal puppies was determined after the intravenous administration of 10 cc. per pound of body weight of a 10 per

A COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF TREATMENT FOR THE SO-CALLED INTESTINAL INTOXICATION OF INFANTS

Intestinal intoxication, while perhaps less frequently seen now than formerly, is still not an uncommon condition, and one greatly feared because of incomplete knowledge in regard to pathogenesis and inadequate measures of treatment. The clinical picture is well known, and is in many respects similar to that reported in inanition fever of the new-born, 1 Asiatic cholera, 2 severe burns, 3 high intestinal obstruction, 4 traumatic and histamine shock, 5 lethal war-gas poisoning, 6 certain cases of influenza 7 and induced dehydration in animals. 8 The basis for correspondence in symptoms is probably to be found in increased blood concentration, a condition common to all of these otherwise unrelated maladies. Since morbid states such as these, wholly diverse in etiology, may present a similar clinical picture, pediatricians ought to recognize the probability that intestinal intoxication, so-called, is but a symptomcomplex dependent largely on abnormal concentration of the blood, a condition