Intestinal Absorption Of Minerals Research Articles

Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP) in GtoPdb v.2023.3

Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP) in GtoPdb v.2023.3

Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP) in GtoPdb v.2023.2

Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP) in GtoPdb v.2023.2

47. From solubilization to intestinal absorption of minerals: A complete in vitro digestion model

47. From solubilization to intestinal absorption of minerals: A complete in vitro digestion model

Edible Halophytes with Functional Properties: In Vitro Protein Digestibility and Bioaccessibility and Intestinal Absorption of Minerals and Trace Elements from Australian Indigenous Halophytes.

Halophytes are considered emerging functional foods as they are high in protein, minerals, and trace elements, although studies investigating halophyte digestibility, bioaccessibility, and intestinal absorption are limited. Therefore, this study investigated the in vitro protein digestibility, bioaccessibility and intestinal absorption of minerals and trace elements in saltbush and samphire, two important Australian indigenous halophytes. The total amino acid contents of samphire and saltbush were 42.5 and 87.3 mg/g DW, and even though saltbush had a higher total protein content overall, the in vitro digestibility of samphire protein was higher than the saltbush protein. The in vitro bioaccessibility of Mg, Fe, and Zn was higher in freeze-dried halophyte powder compared to the halophyte test food, suggesting that the food matrix has a significant impact on mineral and trace element bioaccessibility. However, the samphire test food digesta had the highest intestinal Fe absorption rate, whereas the saltbush digesta exhibited the lowest (37.7 vs. 8.9 ng/mL ferritin). The present study provides crucial data about the digestive "fate" of halophyte protein, minerals, and trace elements and increases the understanding of these underutilized indigenous edible plants as future functional foods.

Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP) in GtoPdb v.2023.1

Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP) in GtoPdb v.2023.1

Butyrate reduces cellular magnesium absorption independently of metabolic regulation in Caco-2 human colon cells

Digestion of dietary fibers by gut bacteria has been shown to stimulate intestinal mineral absorption [e.g., calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+)]. Although it has been suggested that local pH and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations determine divalent cation absorption, the exact molecular mechanisms are still unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of SCFAs on intestinal Mg2+ absorption. We show that the butyrate concentration in the colon negatively correlates with serum Mg2+ levels in wildtype mice. Moreover, Na-butyrate significantly inhibited Mg2+ uptake in Caco-2 cells, while Ca2+ uptake was unaffected. Although Na-butyrate significantly lowered total ATP production rate, and resulted in increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), inhibition of Mg2+ uptake by butyrate preceded these consequences. Importantly, electrophysiological examinations demonstrated that intracellular butyrate directly reduced the activity of the heteromeric Mg2+ channel complex, transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM)6/7. Blocking cellular butyrate uptake prevented its inhibitory effect on Mg2+ uptake, demonstrating that butyrate acts intracellularly. Our work identified butyrate as novel regulator of intestinal Mg2+ uptake that works independently from metabolic regulation. This finding further highlights the role of microbial fermentation in the regulation of mineral absorption.

Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP) in GtoPdb v.2022.1

Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP) in GtoPdb v.2022.1

Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP) in GtoPdb v.2021.3

Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP) in GtoPdb v.2021.3

Mineral and nutritional requirements of preterm infant

Preterm infants are at risk of growth failure and metabolic bone disease due to insufficient nutrient supply in postnatal life. An ample provision of protein, energy, calcium and phosphates through parenteral or/and enteral nutrition is crucial for bone growth and mineralization. Additional vitamin D supplementation improves bone mineralization and enhance intestinal absorption of minerals.

Transient Receptor Potential channels (version 2019.4) in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology Database

Transient Receptor Potential channels (version 2019.4) in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology Database

TRPM7 is the central gatekeeper of intestinal mineral absorption essential for postnatal survival

Zn2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ are essential minerals required for a plethora of metabolic processes and signaling pathways. Different categories of cation-selective channels and transporters are therefore required to tightly control the cellular levels of individual metals in a cell-specific manner. However, the mechanisms responsible for the organismal balance of these essential minerals are poorly understood. Herein, we identify a central and indispensable role of the channel-kinase TRPM7 for organismal mineral homeostasis. The function of TRPM7 was assessed by single-channel analysis of TRPM7, phenotyping of TRPM7-deficient cells in conjunction with metabolic profiling of mice carrying kidney- and intestine-restricted null mutations in Trpm7 and animals with a global "kinase-dead" point mutation in the gene. The TRPM7 channel reconstituted in lipid bilayers displayed a similar permeability to Zn2+ and Mg2+ Consistently, we found that endogenous TRPM7 regulates the total content of Zn2+ and Mg2+ in cultured cells. Unexpectedly, genetic inactivation of intestinal rather than kidney TRPM7 caused profound deficiencies specifically of Zn2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ at the organismal level, a scenario incompatible with early postnatal growth and survival. In contrast, global ablation of TRPM7 kinase activity did not affect mineral homeostasis, reinforcing the importance of the channel activity of TRPM7. Finally, dietary Zn2+ and Mg2+ fortifications significantly extended the survival of offspring lacking intestinal TRPM7. Hence, the organismal balance of divalent cations critically relies on one common gatekeeper, the intestinal TRPM7 channel.

Impact of Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment on the Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)

Vitamin D3 is a fat-soluble vitamin, which helps in the absorption of minerals like calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and phosphate and also responsible for other biological activity. The aim of the research work was to evaluate the impact of the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment on the physicochemical, thermal, and behavioral properties of vitamin D3 using PSA, PXRD, DSC, and TGA/DTG analytical technique. The vitamin D3 powder sample was divided into two parts, one part of the sample was considered as control (no Biofield Energy Treatment was provided), while the other part was treated with the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment remotely by a renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Dahryn Trivedi and termed as a treated sample. The particle size values in the treated vitamin D3 powder sample were significantly decreased by 21.46%, 18.29%, 17.87%, and 18.11% at d10, d50, d90, and D(4,3) compared to the control sample. Thus, the specific surface area of the treated sample (0.0317 m2/g) was significantly increased by 16.97% compared to the control sample (0.0271 m2/g). The PXRD data showed that the peak intensities and crystallite sizes of the treated vitamin D3 powder sample were significantly altered ranging from -85.18% to 286.11% and -62.06% to 237%, respectively compared to the control sample. The average crystallite size of the treated sample (339.92 nm) was significantly decreased by 6.94% compared with the control sample (365.25 nm). The melting point and latent heat of fusion of the treated sample were slightly increased by 0.49% and 1.01%, respectively compared to the control sample. The total weight loss was decreased by 0.83%; hence the residue amount was significantly increased by 42.09% in the treated sample compared with the control sample. The maximum thermal degradation temperature was significantly increased by 9.82% in the treated sample compared with the control sample. The Trivedi Effect®- Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment generates a new polymorphic form of vitamin D3 which might offer better solubility, dissolution, absorption, bioavailability, and be thermally more stable compared with the control sample. Hence, the Biofield Energy Treated vitamin D3 would be more beneficial to maintain the overall quality of life and increase the intestinal absorption of several vital minerals like calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and phosphate in the body. Similarly, it would be very much useful in designing novel nutraceutical/pharmaceutical formulations for the better therapeutic responses against hypovitaminosis D, rickets, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, cancer, mental disorders, infections, multiple sclerosis, etc.

Long Term Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors: Where to Draw the Line

Proton pump inhibitors are the leading evidence-based therapy for acid related upper gastrointestinal disorders including dyspepsia, GERD and peptic ulcer disease. These are among the most frequently prescribed drugs globally. However, PPIs have been subjected to studies and have been associated with increased risk of adverse effects like Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, community-acquired pneumonia, bone fracture, reduced intestinal absorption of vitamins and minerals, and more recently kidney damage and dementia etc. In this review the recent literature regarding these adverse effects and their association with long-term proton pump inhibitor treatment is discussed. The objective of this review is to analyse the potential adverse effects of long-term PPI use and summarize the clinical implications. We documented a considerable increase in the use of PPIs over the last decade. This increase is due to over-prescription and use of PPIs for inappropriate indications. On the other hand, some patients may have had PPI therapy discontinued abruptly or inappropriately due to safety concerns. However the patients with a proven indication for a PPI should continue to receive it in the lowest effective dose for a shortest possible time. Finally, in most cases and based on the available evidence, PPIs benefits seem to outweigh potential adverse effects. Large randomized prospective trials are required to more firmly establish direct cause and effect relationships between PPIs and adverse events.

Proton pump inhibitors: Risks of long‐term use

Proton pump inhibitors are among the most commonly prescribed classes of drugs, and their use is increasing, in particular for long-term treatment, often being over-prescribed and used for inappropriate conditions. In recent years, considerable attention has been directed towards a wide range of adverse effects, and even when a potential underlying biological mechanism is plausible, the clinical evidence of the adverse effect is often weak. Several long-term side effects have been investigated ranging from interaction with other drugs, increased risk of infection, reduced intestinal absorption of vitamins and minerals, and more recently kidney damage and dementia. The most recent literature regarding these adverse effects and their association with long-term proton pump inhibitor treatment is reviewed, and the mechanisms through which these possible complications might develop are discussed.

Na+/H+ exchanger 3 inhibitor diminishes the amino-acid-enhanced transepithelial calcium transport across the rat duodenum.

Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE)-3 is important for intestinal absorption of nutrients and minerals, including calcium. The previous investigations have shown that the intestinal calcium absorption is also dependent on luminal nutrients, but whether aliphatic amino acids and glucose, which are abundant in the luminal fluid during a meal, similarly enhance calcium transport remains elusive. Herein, we used the in vitro Ussing chamber technique to determine epithelial electrical parameters, i.e., potential difference (PD), short-circuit current (Isc), and transepithelial resistance, as well as 45Ca flux in the rat duodenum directly exposed on the mucosal side to glucose or various amino acids. We found that mucosal glucose exposure led to the enhanced calcium transport, PD, and Isc, all of which were insensitive to NHE3 inhibitor (100nM tenapanor). In the absence of mucosal glucose, several amino acids (12mM in the mucosal side), i.e., alanine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, and hydroxyproline, markedly increased the duodenal calcium transport. An inhibitor for NHE3 exposure on the mucosal side completely abolished proline- and leucine-enhanced calcium transport, but not transepithelial transport of both amino acids themselves. In conclusion, glucose and certain amino acids in the mucosal side were potent stimulators of the duodenal calcium absorption, but only amino-acid-enhanced calcium transport was NHE3-dependent.

Expression of bifidobacterial phytases in Lactobacillus casei and their application in a food model of whole-grain sourdough bread

Phytases are enzymes capable of sequentially dephosphorylating phytic acid to products of lower chelating capacity and higher solubility, abolishing its inhibitory effect on intestinal mineral absorption. Genetic constructions were made for expressing two phytases from bifidobacteria in Lactobacillus casei under the control of a nisin-inducible promoter. L. casei was able of producing, exporting and anchoring to the cell wall the phytase of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum. The phytase from Bifidobacterium longum spp. infantis was also produced, although at low levels. L. casei expressing any of these phytases completely degraded phytic acid (2mM) to lower myo-inositol phosphates when grown in MRS medium. Owing to the general absence of phytase activity in lactobacilli and to the high phytate content of whole grains, the constructed L. casei strains were applied as starter in a bread making process using whole-grain flour. L. casei developed in sourdoughs by fermenting the existing carbohydrates giving place to an acidification. In this food model system the contribution of L. casei strains expressing phytases to phytate hydrolysis was low, and the phytate degradation was mainly produced by activation of the cereal endogenous phytase as a consequence of the drop in pH. This work shows the capacity of lactobacilli to be modified in order to produce enzymes with relevance in food technology processes. The ability of these strains in reducing the phytate content in fermented food products must be evaluated in further models.

Active Dry Yeast Culture Supplementation Effect on the Blood Biochemical Indicators of Dairy Goats

The aim of study was to assess the feeding level on a commercial farm and to evaluate the effect of active dry yeast culture supplementation on blood indicators of dairy goats. Eighteen goats were divided into control and experimental groups. Beginning one week before expected kidding does in experimental group were supplemented 10 g/day/goat of yeast until 100d post-partum, after which the dose was increased to 20 g/day/goat. Blood samples were taken on days 7, 30, 80, 120 and 180 of lactation. There were differences in AST and ALT activity, and ALB, total protein, and creatinine contents between groups on the 180th day of lactation. The parameters of lipid and bone profiles changed concurrently/in parallel in both groups and differences between the groups were found only in calcium and total protein contents at the end of the experiment. The level of creatinine kinase was higher than the upper limit of reference value in both groups. In the experimental group there were no differences in macroelement contents during lactation. In the control group the contents of most macroelements were lowest on 180th day of lactation. Some biochemical indicators had values below references (glucose, AST, ALT GGT LDH, calcium, total protein), which means that the diet of the animals was not properly balanced or may be because of a malnutrition problem. However, the values in the experimental group underwent much lower fluctuations, and thus the yeast supplementation could have had a positive influence on the homeostasis and could have improved the intestinal absorption of minerals.

Fucoidan from Cladosiphon okamuranus Tokida Added to Food Has No Adverse Effect on Availability for Absorption of Divalent Minerals in the Dynamic Multicompartmental Model of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

This study aimed to investigate whether the addition of fucoidan (Yakult Fucoidan) prepared from Cladosiphon okamuranus Tokida to food affects the availability of divalent minerals for intestinal absorption. After coadministration with a test meal into a dynamic multicompartmental model of the upper gastrointestinal tract (TIM-1), the availability for intestinal absorption (bioaccessibility) of minerals was evaluated. Fucoidan (0.033 and 0.1 g, corresponding to approximately 1.7 and 5.0 mg/kg body weight (BW) in humans) or two alginates (Cargill AlgogelTM and SatialgineTM, 3.0 g, corresponding to approximately 150 mg/kg BW in humans) suspended in 200 g water and added to 100 g test meal did not significantly decrease the bioaccessibility of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, and cobalt in comparison to the test meal without these gelling agents, except for calcium by 3.0 g Satialgine (p < 0.05). Positive control experiments with an unrealistically high dosage of fucoidan (3.0 g) significantly decreased the bioaccessibility of calcium, iron, zinc, and manganese and significantly enhanced the bioaccessibility of copper and cobalt (p < 0.05). It is concluded that the oral intake of the tested fucoidan at standard and high dosages in food has no adverse effect on divalent mineral absorption. Based on TIM-1 validation studies with minerals and metals in comparison to human studies, it is expected that these results may be extrapolated to the human situation.

Current studies on physiological functions and biological production of lactosucrose

Lactosucrose (O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1,4)-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,2)-β-D-fructofuranoside) is a trisaccharide formed from lactose and sucrose by enzymatic transglycosylation. This rare trisaccharide is a kind of indigestible carbohydrate, has good prebiotic effect, and promotes intestinal mineral absorption. It has been used as a functional ingredient in a range of food products which are approved as foods for specified health uses in Japan. Using lactose and sucrose as substrates, lactosucrose can be produced through transfructosylation by β-fructofuranosidase from Arthrobacter sp. K-1 or a range of levansucrases, or through transgalactosylation by β-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans. This article presented a review of recent studies on the physiological functions of lactosucrose and the biological production from lactose and sucrose by different enzymes.

Environmental Contributions to the Leading Causes of Disease Burden Among Australian Children

lthough the effect of adverse environments on the well-beingof children is an important global health issue, it remainsunderrecognized in health care (1) and underconsidered in terms ofboth research and public policy. Children have developmentallydistinctpatterns ofenvironmental exposure andsusceptibilities thatincrease their risk of disease. Young children, especially thosewho are impoverished, have disproportionately heavier exposuresto environmental threats in a given environment. They alsohave decreased metabolic capacity to detoxify and eliminatecontaminants. Furthermore, rapid growth and development beforeand after birth and the continuing growth and postnatal maturationof the respiratory, immune, and neurological systems, in particular,make them increasingly vulnerable to environmental threats (2).There is emerging evidence that the origins of many adultdiseases are found during fetal development and early childhood(3). These early environmental exposures can affect adulthealth either by cumulative damage over time or by the biologicalembedding of adversities during sensitive developmental periods(4). It is also important to recognize that for children, exposure tolifestyleriskfactorssuchasdietandtobaccosmokearenotlifestylechoices but rather environmental exposures imposed on themby others. In spite of Australia’s high standard of living, Australianchildren do experience health consequences of adverse environ-mental exposures.A major gap in health outcomes and life expectancy existsin Australia between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations(5,6). The colonization of Australia involved a series of unjustand misguided policies against Aboriginal and Torres StraitIslander peoples that led to disruption of social systems, disposses-sion of land, economic exploitation, discrimination, and culturaldevastation, resulting in severe inequalities in health status (5,6).Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and young peopleinAustraliaaccount for4.2%ofthe Australianpopulationages 0to24 years. Children younger than 14 years comprise 38% of theAboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population, compared with19% of the non-Indigenous population. Almost one-third ofAboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and youth (32%)live in major cities, 44% live in regional Australia, and almost one-fourth (24%) live in remote Australia (7). The health of Indigenouschildren, especially those in regional and remote communities,remains seriously compromised by a combination of socialdisadvantage, inadequate housingandovercrowding, poorhygiene,malnutrition, environmental contamination, and prevalent infec-tions (8).Aboriginal people living in remote communities in theNorthern Territory are the most disadvantaged group in Australiaaccording to all measurable determinants of health (9). In theselocations young children live in highly contaminated home andcommunity environments (10–12). When respiratory, skin, andgastrointestinal tract infections are endemic, extremely youngchildren are at an additional risk because of their exploratorybehavior and because they are dependent on others for their care.Most infection is transmitted primarily by direct person-to-personcontact or contact with contaminated fomites or animals (13,14).The situation is worsened by microbial contamination of foodand water. The high prevalence of hand contamination in remotecommunities is a result of frequent inoculation rather than longbacterial survival times (14).Infants and young children living in remote Aboriginalcommunities in the Northern Territory experience a high burdenof infection (15–17). An Indigenous infant between 4 weeks and1 year old is 7 to 8 times more likely to be admitted to hospital thana non-Indigenous child of the same age, particularly for gastro-intestinal tract and respiratory infections, with common comor-bidity (16). The median number of presentations per child in 1 yearfor 1 remote clinic was 16 (23 in the first year of life) (18).About 15% of Aboriginal children younger than 5 years inAustralia’s Northern Territory are underweight, 11% are stunted,and 9% are wasted (19). Important in the causal pathway leading topoor nutritional status is the malnutrition–infection cycle, wherebychildren who are underweight are at increased risk for infectiousdiseases such as diarrhea and respiratory infections and at sub-stantially increased risk for mortality. Gastrointestinal andparasiticinfestations are particularly important because of their damagingeffects on intestinal digestion and absorption of nutrients, minerals,and vitamins. The simultaneous presence of undernutrition andinfection significantly increases the risk of child mortality, withextended duration of diarrheal infections among malnourishedchildren playing an important role.The pattern of disease, however, is changing and for youngIndigenous and non-Indigenous Australians obesity has emergedas an increasingly important threat. After tobacco, obesity is the