Context Of Interview Research Articles

Troubles de la communication après régression d’une aphasie sous-corticale : disconnexion fronto-sous-corticale ?

Pragmatic analysis of Language difficulties examines the pertinence and adaptation of the spoken Language which can be disturbed even when phonologic, syntactic and semantic functions, taken separately, appear normal. Disorders of pragmatic Language function remain poorly explored and the few published papers in adult neuropsychology have been devoted to patients with traumatic frontal lesions. In the present study we report the case of a patient admitted for right hemiplegia with "dissident" aphasia related to a capsulo-lenticular hematoma. Aphasic disorders progressively improved but with the occurrence of speech disorders which were assessed by pragmatic indices. There was no difference between free and directed interview with the exception for the non-contingencies which were significantly more frequent in the directed interview. As compared with the spoken Language of a normal individual, highly significant differences were noted for incoherent lexical proximities, non-contingencies and markers of difficulty. and conclusion. For some Authors, the pragmatic speech disorders observed in this patient during the directed interview are linked to abnormal executive functions, also noted in the patient. The difficulties to adjust to speech constraints of the interview context could be related to a fronto-subcortical disconnection resulting in this patient to the left capsulo-lenticular lesion.

Individualisation and inequalities in health: a qualitative study of class identity and health

It has been argued that social class, if not dead, is at least a ‘zombie category’ in contemporary Western society. However, epidemiological evidence shows that class-based inequalities have either persisted or widened, despite overall improvements in the health of Western populations. This article presents an exploratory qualitative study of the individualisation of class identity and health conducted in a southern English city. Findings are presented in consideration of two competing argumentative positions around which participants worked to negotiate class identity and health. The first of these positions denied the significance of class for identity and health and was associated with the individualised heroic and stoic narratives of working class identity. The second position acknowledged the reality of class relations and their implications for health and identity, being associated with structurally and politically orientated narratives of middle class identity. In sum, resistance to class was associated with talk about individual, private experience whereas the acceptance of class was linked to discussion of health as a wider social or political phenomenon. This evidence lends qualified support to the individualisation thesis: inequalities in health existing on structural or material levels are not simply reproduced, and indeed in some contexts may even juxtapose, accounts of social identity in interview and focus group contexts. Class identity and health are negotiated in lay talk as participants shift argumentatively back and forth between competing positions, and public and private realms, in the attempt to make sense of health and illness. The promotion of greater awareness and interest in health inequalities within wider public discourse may well help support attempts to tackle these injustices.

Doing Race in the Context of Feminist Interviewing: Constructing Whiteness Through Talk

In this article, the author examines how fieldwork serves as an interactional context through which the qualitative researcher’s racial identity and the racial identities of those under study are actively managed, negotiated, and solidified. Focusing on the context of feminist interviewing, the author highlights how the researcher and the researched, as they both construct their symbolic worlds through talk of it, rely on taken-for-granted notions about what whiteness means and in doing so, embed these notions within the research encounter. She gives particular consideration to the relations of talk through which whiteness gains meaning to theorize how her own racial position as racial insider/ outsider became meaningful through and to research. Defining whiteness as interactional accomplishment, the author argues that as researchers do research, they also are actively engaged in doing race. Two interviews conducted for an ethnography of high school proms serve as the basis of this analysis.

What respondents recall about walking and what self-report items elicit about walking

Background. Research on the cognitive processing of survey questions suggests that the distribution of walking bouts (e.g., mean, skew) may influence retrospective self-report responses. Methods. Undergraduate women ( N = 209) kept a weekly log of their walking behavior, then responded to four different self-report measures of walking [National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), Context, Fuzzy-Typical, and Fuzzy-Maximum]. The logs were evaluated to determine which walking characteristics best summarized their walking behavior. Principal components analysis yielded three components of walking behaviors: Frequency, Duration, and Maximum. Multiple regression was used to determine if the walking components differentially predicted the four self-report measures of walking. Results. The Maximum walking component was a significant predictor of all self-report measures of walking. The Context score was also predicted by the Frequency Component. The Frequency and Duration walking components did not predict the NHIS or Fuzzy self-report measures independently of Maximum walking. Conclusions. Frequency-by-duration self-report measures of walking appear to be more sensitive to the maximum rather than the frequency or duration of walking behavior. Measurement of the frequency of bouts may be best accomplished by providing a framework of recall cues around which walks of different types occur.

Self-concept as a “BMT patient”, illness intrusiveness, and engulfment in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients

Objective The experience of cancer and its treatment by bone marrow transplantation (BMT) can enhance the salience of one's status as a patient in the evolution of self-concept. Illness and the patient role can come to dominate the sense of self, resulting in feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, and distress (“engulfment”). Illness-induced lifestyle disruptions (“illness intrusiveness”) introduce adaptive demands, challenging preexisting conceptions of self. Illness intrusiveness and engulfment may interact, leading affected individuals to construe themselves as highly similar to a prototypical “BMT patient”. Methods Ninety allogeneic BMT outpatients completed the Illness Intrusiveness Ratings Scale, Modified Engulfment Scale, and a semantic differential measure of self-concept as a BMT patient in an interview context. Results Illness intrusiveness correlated significantly with engulfment ( r=.58, P<.0001) and with self-concept as a BMT patient ( r=.27, P<.016). Engulfment did not correlate significantly with self-concept as a BMT patient ( r=.15). Multiple regression analysis, controlling for relevant covariates, indicated a significant Illness Intrusiveness×Engulfment interaction effect on self-concept as a BMT patient [ F(1,84)=4.93, P<.029]. Conclusions Self-concept as a BMT patient increases as cancer and its treatment introduce increasing lifestyle disruptions (illness intrusiveness). These effects are amplified when self-experience is dominated by disease and treatment and patients feel helpless, hopeless, and distressed (engulfment).

Swords in the Hands of Babes: Rethinking Custody Interviews After Troxel

As King Solomon understood, custody disputes ordinarily allow no easy answers. Increasingly, legal actors have begun to rely on the child's custodial preference as a proxy for her best interests. In an effort to ascertain this preference without subjecting the child to the trauma of courtroom testimony, many states authorize courts to interview children in camera. Good intentions notwithstanding, these custody interviews pose considerable risk to children, to their parents, and to the State's best-interests quest. These risks increase dramatically when in-camera interviews serve as tools for searching out preferences that have not been publicly volunteered; when children's preferences are given very weighty or dispositive effect; and when the state denies parents an opportunity to challenge the accuracy and reasonableness of their children's statements. The U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Troxel v. Granville increases the urgency of a reassessment of these custody practices. Troxel's reaffirmation of the significance and breadth of parental rights strengthens parents' claim that procedural due process entitles them to access their children's in-camera statements. While such parental access reduces information risks, it exacerbates process risks for children, and counsels careful attention to the context and consequence of preference interviews. This Article briefly surveys preference practices, considers their costs and benefits, and urges a retreat from preference-driven interviews and preference-determinative custody decisions. The Article also considers parental demands for access to children's in-camera statements, and concludes that although such parental access increases risks for children, procedural due process favors it. Finally, the Article suggests that the law's increasing willingness to delegate the custody decision to children stems partly from failure of the open-ended best-interests custody model, and advocates substitution of a modified version of the ALI's more determinant approximation standard. This modified ALI model would allow a reformulation of in-camera interviews as opportunities for children to engage in free narrative, more fully empowering their speech while freeing them from the burdens of painful choice.

Therapeutic Effects of Qualitative Research: Reconstructing the Experience of Treatment as a By‐Product of Qualitative Evaluation

This article argues that therapeutic effects can emerge from qualitative evaluation interviews in which the client reconstructs the experience of treatment. The effects stem from the context of the evaluation interview, the interviewer‐interviewee relationship, and the content of the interview. Therapeutic effects should be taken into consideration in the process of data collection and data analysis, both for research and ethical reasons.

Mental reinstatement of the misinformation context and the misinformation effect in children and adults

AbstractThe present study investigated the effects of mental reinstatement of the context in which misleading information about an event was presented on later recognition memory for the event. Five‐year‐olds, 7‐year‐olds and adults were shown a short video depicting a children's adventure and were asked a set of misleading questions to introduce misinformation one week later. Before the recognition memory test was administered another week later, half of the participants were given instructions to mentally reinstate the context of the misleading interview. Memory was assessed with a set of forced‐choice recognition questions once in the misleading interview context and for the children a second time at home one week later. When participants were instructed to mentally reinstate the context of the misleading interview prior to the recognition test, false memory reports occurred more often for adults than for children and had a stronger impact on peripheral information than on central information for both 7‐year‐olds and adults. When 5‐ and 7‐year‐olds were tested at home, false memory reports decreased. Thus, reinstating the context of an interview introducing misinformation can reduce the accuracy of memory reports; the context dependence of both accurate and inaccurate memory reports in children and adults is discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Physician communication skills training: a review of theoretical backgrounds, objectives and skills.

Significant shortcomings have been noted in the literature in communication skills training for practising doctors. Given the importance of competent communication to the doctor-patient relationship and health care in general, these shortcomings should be addressed in future research. Research into physician communication skills training is examined with respect to the communication objectives and behaviours that are addressed. A Medline search of literature from 1990 to the present was conducted. A total of 26 studies of doctor communication skills training were found. The majority of studies included insufficient information about the communication behaviours taught to participants. In several studies, there was a mismatch between stated behaviours and instruments or procedures used to assess them. Three recommendations are suggested. Firstly, future researchers should take greater care in matching assessment instruments with stated communication skills. Secondly, researchers should provide and use a theoretical framework for selecting communication skills to address in interventions, and thirdly, the timing of communication skills within the interview context should be part of the instruction in interventions.

A PRACTITIONER‐BASED ANALYSIS OF INTERVIEWER JOB EXPERTISE AND SCALE FORMAT AS CONTEXTUAL FACTORS IN SITUATIONAL INTERVIEWS

Since the first published Situational Interview (SI) study (Latham, Saari, Pursell, &amp; Campion, 1980), research has shown practical and psychometric support for the usefulness of this behavioral interview method. However, such studies have often failed to distinguish the effects of “interview context” factors, such as the SI's behaviorally anchored scale and the use of job expert interviewers on SI ratings. To aid HR managers interested in adopting a behavioral interview system, this study examined the contributions of the SI's behaviorally anchored scale and the interviewer's job expertise to the interrater agreement and accuracy of ratings of situational questions. Two police samples (job content experts) and a student sample (naive raters) showed that ratings of videotaped interviews for police sergeant/lieutenant positions based on the SI scale were significantly superior to those gained using a more traditional rating format, and that job experts did not produce better ratings than naive raters.

Acknowledging One's Stigma in the Interview Setting: Effective Strategy or Liability?1

The current research examines how members of stigmatized groups remediate hiring biases by adopting the strategy of directly acknowledging their stigmatizing condition within the interview context. In the first study, 123 participants responded to a videotaped interview involving an obese or physically disabled job applicant who either did or did not acknowledge a stigma. In the second study, 87 participants responded to scenarios that manipulated type of stigma, controllability of its onset, and acknowledgment. Results across both experiments reveal that applicants who did not acknowledge their obesity or physical disability in an employment context were not viewed differently from each other. However, if applicants did acknowledge, the perceived controllability of the stigmas strongly influenced how they would be perceived.

Being Bilingual: Perspectives of Third Generation Asian Children on Language, Culture and Identity

This paper concerns a study of the views of their bilingualism of a group of Asian children and young people. Within the context of a semi-structured interview, they reflected on the role of their languages in their lives. They noted, in general, their lack of proficiency in their Asian languages and their parents' (in particular, their mothers') efforts to support those languages. Nevertheless, these languages were important to these children, especially for maintaining the bond with their families and communities. Consequently, these languages were crucial for maintaining the children's sense of identity as being both British and Pakistani. The children thus experienced multiple identities to which their languages contributed, and which, on the whole, they accepted with equanimity.

INTERVIEWER JOB EXPERTISE AND RATING SCALE FORMAT AS CONTEXTUAL FACTORS IN SITUATIONAL INTERVIEWS.

Studies of the Situational Interview (SI) (Latham, Saari, Pursell, & Campion, 1980) have shown practical and psychometric support for the usefulness of this behavioral interview method. However, such studies have often failed to distinguish the effects of factors such as the use of interview panels, the use of job expert interviewers, and the effects of interviewer training that are practical design elements to be considered by HR strategists in creating the operational context of behavioral interviews. To aid HR managers interested in adopting a behavioral interview system, this study controlled for the effects of training and panel decision processes and examined the contributions of the SI's behaviorally anchored scale and the interviewer's job expertise to the reliability and accuracy of ratings of situational questions. Ratings provided by two police samples (job content experts) and a student sample (naIve raters) showed that ratings of video-taped interviews for police sergeant/lieutenant positio...

Enhancing the rigor of grounded theory: incorporating reflexivity and relationality.

Some proponents of the grounded theory method appear to treat interview and participant observation data as though they mirror informants' realities. Others claim that grounded theory incorporates reflexivity. It is claimed in this article that the principal texts on grounded theory do not attend to the effects of interactions between researchers and participants in interview and participant observation contexts. Descriptions of the effects of interactions on interview data and attention to relationships between interviewers and interviewees are necessary for attending to the rigor of grounded theory findings. Therefore, it is argued that reflexivity and relationality, which are defined as attending to the effects of researcher-participant interactions on the construction of data and to power and trust relationships between researchers and participants, should be incorporated into grounded theory.

Interviewing techniques in sexual abuse cases - a comparison of a day-care abuse case with normal abuse cases 1I thank Jim at the University of Texas, El Paso, USA for letting me participate in his project, for his support, comments and suggestions.

In sexual abuse cases children's testimony plays an important role. To evaluate the quality of a witness' statement, the interviewing techniques and the context of the investigative interview have to be considered. The interviewing techniques from the highly publicized day care abuse cases during the 1980s have been repeatedly found to be directive and suggestive. Many of these interviewing techniques, such as positive and negative reinforcement, inducing stereotypes and repeated questioning within and between interviews, have been shown empirically to elicit false statements from young children. Many different interview guidelines point to this problem and suggest alternative interviewing techniques. Overall, there are few quantitative studies of interviewer behavior in sexual abuse cases. None of these has compared the interviewer behavior in a day care abuse case with interviewer behavior in “normal” sexual abuse cases by the Child Protective Service (CPS) in the USA. A first study compared behavior in these two contexts and confirmed the notion that the amount of suggestive interviewing techniques is significantly higher in a sample of day care abuse interviews than in a sample of CPS interviews. These results support the former statements of Ceci &amp; Bruck (1995) that interviews with child witnesses in sexual abuse cases, especially in day care ritual abuse cases, include suggestive interviewing techniques. These have to be discussed considering their impact on statements of child witnesses.

Pride and Prejudice: Identity Management in English People's Talk about `this Country'

This article discusses the ways in which a sample of English respondents oriented to the task of formulating an account of their country in an interview context. Attention to both the content and the organizational features of talk suggested that respondents were generally reluctant to be heard to speak about `this country' in categorical terms, to adopt an explicitly national footing or to display a sense of patriotic national pride. They treated all of these as potentially hearable as symptomatic of `typical' Anglo-British xenophobia. In contrast to many extant analyses, which suggest that national discourse may provide a legitimate vehicle for the expression of exclusionary or racist sentiments, it appeared that, for these English respondents in this context, talk about `this country' was often treated as a delicate topic, functionally equivalent to, and subject to the same opprobrium as, talk about `race'. At the same time, however, various features of the respondents' discourse pointed to the presence of banal (Billig, 1995) national referents. Possible interpretations of this are discussed.

Positive Peer Culture: The Viewpoint of Former Clients

Group approaches have historically been very popular in treatment facilities for juvenile offenders. Although many of the techniques are descriptively, well documented, there is a shortage of evaluation research assessing the impacts of this type of treatment, especially as it relates to helping youth live independently in community settings. This manuscript describes a unique critique of peer-oriented therapy. The critics are former clients of juvenile treatment facilities where this type of group model was practiced. Former residents of these facilities offered their impressions in the context of life history interviews describing their experiences in the juvenile justice system. These individuals, interviewed in prisons where they were incarcerated as adults after leaving the juvenile system, offer illuminating and critical portrayals of their experience with a particular form of peer counseling—Positive Peer Culture. Their input should be interesting and valuable to those professionals who are committed to providing effective services to juvenile offenders and their families.

The macrostructure of the interview: Are traumatic brain injury interactions structured differently to control interactions?

Previous descriptions of discourse deficits following traumatic brain injury (TBI) at a macrostructural level have used analyses such as cohesion and story structure. This paper proposes a macrolinguistic analysis called generic structure potential analysis (GSP) (Ventola 1979) which describes the overall structuring of the unfolding process of two types of interviews. Seven TBI subjects are compared with matched control subjects across two conditions: a community education information-giving encounter to two 16 year old school students and an information requesting interaction with the researcher. The possible GSP elements of these types of encounters include greeting, identification, approaches which enable interactants to establish interpersonal links, centring which directly relate to the purpose of the interviews, leave-taking and goodbye. The GSP of student interactions was similar for TBI and control subjects but differences were noted in the researcher condition. The value of placing TBI subjects in information giving roles and the importance of the communication partner's contributions to the interaction is highlighted. GSP analysis allows the clinician researcher to analyse the interview context by taking the contextual configuration into account. It may provide a valuable clinical tool in the assessment and treatment of discourse deficits which commonly follow TBI.

Interpretation and interview context: examining the General Social Survey name generator using cognitive methods

This paper reports on a small ( N =50) study of how survey respondents interpret the General Social Survey (GSS)'s “discuss important matters” name generator. The study involved concurrent think-aloud interviews, in which respondents were debriefed about their thought processes immediately after answering the name generator. Analyses of these responses indicate that some respondents had difficulty in specifying what was meant by the term “important matters”; sizable minorities understood the question in terms of frequency of contact or intimacy rather than in terms of specific social exchanges. Most of those interviewed said that their “important matters” had to do with personal/intimate relationships or other issues of personal life (e.g., finances, hobbies, or health), but appreciable numbers referred to work and political discussions. An interview context experiment revealed that a respondent's definition of “important matters” can be shaped by the substantive content of the preceding parts of an interview schedule. Notwithstanding these findings, the composition of the networks elicited in the study does not appear to vary substantially across interpretations of the name generator. We conclude that the name generator succeeds in measuring “core” discussion networks, though with somewhat nonspecific content. Implications for the measurement of personal networks in sample surveys are discussed.

Entretiens autoadministrés sur ordinateur et mesure des comportements sensibles

Résumé Rogers Susan M., Gribble James N., Turner Charles F., Miller Heather G.- Computerized self-interviewing and the measurement of sensitive behaviors Surveys that rely on respondents to provide information on sensitive, stigmatized, or illicit behaviors may be subject to reporting bias. Audio computer-assisted self-interview (audio-CASI) technology has been developed by researchers at the Research Triangle Institute, USA to overcome the limitations of traditional paper and pencil self-administered questionnaires (SAQs) and in-person interviewer-administered questionnaires (IAQs). The development of audio-CASI technology has fundamentally altered the interview context for measuring sexual and other sensitive behaviors by providing privacy without requiring literacy. This paper reviews the scientific development of audio-CASI and describes the results of methodological experiments comparing audio-CASI with other survey interview modes. In 1995, RTI's audio-CASI technology was field tested in two major U.S. national surveys: The National Survey of Adolescent Males (NSAM) and the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). These surveys found substantially higher levels of reporting of drug use, same gender sexual contact and induced abortion with audio-CASI than IAQs or SAQs.