Intervention-based Research Research Articles

Accounting for change: the impact and implications of using the intervention-based research method GenderLAB at a big four accounting firm

PurposeThis article shows how qualitative interventions can engender both an immediate impact and the possibility of sustained change at the research site. We investigate this by assessing the impact generated from a research project that utilized the GenderLAB method. In doing so, we expand the notion of impact to include the changes that intervention-based research can initiate at a research site.Design/methodology/approachWe illustrate the impact of qualitative intervention-based research by exploring GenderLAB, which is a diversity and inclusion (D&I) intervention method that combines norm-critical approaches with design thinking to change norms and attitudes and to produce hands-on local solutions.FindingsThe GenderLAB intervention had immediate, medium-term and long-term impact in different participating organizations. As the intervention was aimed at participants’ attitudes and norms, the local impact it created resists numerical measurements. Nevertheless, we note how the organization’s leaders recreated exercises with their own staff and utilized ideas generated during the intervention to, for example, foster more inclusive working conditions for working parents, accommodate a broader spectrum of religious groups and cater to a larger variety of dietary needs. While we are currently in the process of publishing our theoretical findings from the research project to create research impact, the intervention itself has already had – and continues to have – practical impact on the D&I practices of the organizations in which we applied this methodology.Originality/valueThe intervention-based research method that we report on distinguishes itself from traditional qualitative methods, as it is designed to impact the research site as much as possible while gathering data. In contrast to quantitative approaches to interventions, it does not aim to generate quantifiable impact. Instead, we show how this research method pushes our definition of impact from a researcher-centered perspective to a perspective that emphasizes sustained change at the research site. Thus, we contribute to the growing literature on participatory methods, particularly the streams arguing for non-extractive methods that not only aim to take data but also to give knowledge to research sites.

Digital transformation for safer circular lithium-ion battery supply chains: a blockchain ecosystem-data perspective

Lithium-ion battery (LIB) circular supply chains (CSCs) present unique safety challenges among operation processes. Blockchain technology can be a promising solution for addressing these challenges, by enabling effective tracking and verification of safety-related information throughout the supply chain. However, how blockchain can mitigate safety issues from a supply chain perspective is poorly understood. This study proposes a theory-supported framework through intervention-based research (IBR) to provide guidance for LIB CSC safety management. The conceptual framework and theoretical propositions set the foundation for research on a comprehensive blockchain ecosystem specifically designed for CSC safety management. The framework includes the design of a blockchain architecture with capabilities tailored to address safety concerns, the involvement of multiple stakeholders, and the development of a safety measurement matrix. This study suggests research and practical directions which lay the groundwork for leveraging blockchain technology to improve safety management in LIB CSC. This research contributes to sustainable supply chains by proposing a conceptual framework for mitigating safety concerns in LIB CSC, paving the way for effective blockchain implementation. In addition, this study contributes to advancing the theoretical design understanding and application of blockchain technology in CSC safety management.

The Crucial Role of Psychosocial Research for Patients and Caregivers: A Narrative Review of Pediatric Psycho-Oncology Research in India

AbstractThe focus of pediatric cancer research in India has largely been medical and clinical, with little focus on psycho-oncological aspects. Receiving a cancer diagnosis can be life altering for both the patients as well as their families and points to a need for psycho-oncological research. The present narrative review examined original articles on pediatric psycho-oncology research conducted in India particularly in the past two decades. There is promising research in various domains such as survivorship and quality of life, patient needs and psychosocial concerns, communication between health care providers, patients, and caregivers, parent and caregiver needs including psychosocial support and information, as well as some intervention-based studies. With much of the research being conducted within clinical setups through surveys and retrospective data, psychosocial issues faced by patients and their families are discussed along with physical, logistical, and financial concerns, while forays into intervention-based research are still in primary phases but show potential in terms of outcomes and feasibility. There is need for more methodologically rigorous research rooted in strong theoretical foundations, culturally sound models, and with evidence-based examination of all stages and stakeholders involved in providing and receiving care in pediatric cancer.

Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the functionality appreciation scale

BackgroundThe Functionality Appreciation Scale is a 7-item measure of an individual’s appreciation of his or her body for what it can do and is capable of doing. While this instrument has been increasingly used in intervention-based research, its psychometric properties have not been extensively studied in non-English-speaking populations. The psychometric properties of a novel Spanish translation of the FAS were examined.MethodsAn online sample of 838 Spanish adults (mean age = 31.79 ± 11.95 years, 50.48% men) completed the Spanish FAS and validated measures of body appreciation, eating disorder symptomatology, intuitive eating, and life satisfaction.ResultsExploratory factor analysis supported a 1-dimensional factor structure of the FAS, which was further supported by confirmatory factor analysis (SBχ²(14) = 83.82, SBχ²normed = 1.48, robust RMSEA = 0.094 (90% CI = 0.074, 0.115), SRMR = 0.040, robust CFI = 0.946, robust TLI = 0.924). Invariance across genders was shown, and there were no significant differences according to gender (t(417) = 0.77, p =.444, d = 0.07). Construct validity was also supported through significant associations with the other measures of the study. Incremental validity was established in women. Thus, appreciation of functionality predicted life satisfaction over and above the variance accounted for by other body image and eating disorder-related measures (F(4, 399) = 18.86, p <.001, ΔR2 = 0.03).ConclusionsThese results support the psychometric properties of the Spanish FAS and demonstrate the importance of the appreciation of functionality in relation to a healthier body image and psychological wellbeing.

Video gaming, but not reliance on GPS, is associated with spatial navigation performance

Recent evidence suggests that greater reliance on GPS-assisted devices is associated with poorer navigation ability. Studies have also shown that video gaming may be associated with navigation ability. We investigated the effect of video game experience and reliance on GPS on navigation ability using the mobile app Sea Hero Quest, which has been shown to predict real-world wayfinding performance. We tested a group of US-based participants' wayfinding performance (n = 822, 367 men, 455 women, mean age = 26.3 years, range = 18–52 years) and asked them a series of questions relating to reliance on GPS and video game experience. A multiple linear regression model found no significant association between reliance on GPS and wayfinding performance. There was a significant association between weekly hours of video gaming and wayfinding performance. These findings provide a platform for future intervention-based research studies investigating whether daily activities may causally enhance or disrupt specific cognitive abilities.

Complex adaptive interventions: The challenge ahead for instructed second language acquisition research

Abstract The effects of deliberately and selectively manipulating instructional conditions are at the heart of instructed second language acquisition (ISLA) research and, ideally, are designed to inform practice. Knowing how an intervention works, by what mechanisms and processes the treatment is beneficial—and for whom—are complex questions. In this piece, we problematize intervention-based research paradigms that do not account for context, individuals and their proactivity, or temporal variation. We highlight several key challenges that remain for ISLA research and propose a more reflexive approach to intervention that attends to these central considerations in implementing study designs.

Review of Research on Arab EFL Learners’ Motivational Language Learning Strategy-Use in the Tertiary Context

Research suggests that successful language learning requires learners to utilize effective cognitive, behavioral and affective language learning strategies (LLS). Under the impetus of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030, English as a Foreign Language (EFL) proficiency in an essential for adequately preparing the workforce of the future. This creates an imperative for LLs researchers to provide a contextualized and nuanced picture of the EFL learning experiences of tertiary-level Saudi EFL learners and their strategy-use. Thus, the aim of the present paper was to review LLs research within the Saudi and parallel Arab contexts to detect predominant themes, trends and gaps. To this end, 16 relevant studies undertaken between 2012-2023 were identified. The review found that the studies were largely focused on identifying perceptions and attitudes towards LLs amongst students and deployed mostly quantitative methodologies. They predominantly strove to confirm earlier studies rather than to pursue exploratory or intervention-based research trajectories that could provide deeper insights or deploy strategy-use research to address challenges faced by the learners. Based on the above, the present paper suggests an urgent need for Arab LLs researchers (particularly in the Saudi context) to undertake contextualized and actionable research of benefit to Arab (and Saudi) EFL practitioners and learners. Keywords: Language learning strategies, EFL learning, Vision 2023, Social contexts

Grammar Learning Strategies: Towards a Pedagogical Intervention

Despite undeniable advances in research on language learning strategies in the last several decades, empirical investigations of actions and thoughts that learners engage in to better understand and use grammar structures in different contexts, or grammar learning strategies (GLS), remain scarce. Moreover, there is a paucity of studies examining the effects of pedagogical interventions in this area, both with respect to the use of different types of GLS and the mastery of grammar structures in terms of explicit and implicit (automatized) knowledge. There is also no empirical evidence concerning the mediating role of individual difference (ID) factors in this respect. The paper outlines a study currently in progress that seeks to address all of these gaps. The first part is devoted to a brief overview of key issues related to the definition and classification of GLS as well as a synthesis of available research in this area. This is followed by a description of an intervention-based research project which explores the effects of strategies-based instruction (SBI) targeting GLS by English majors in Poland, also taking into account the moderating impact of selected ID variables. In particular, the methodology of the study is presented and the envisaged contributions of the intervention are considered.

Childhood cumulative trauma, social support and stress as predictors of illness outcomes and quality of life in bipolar disorder.

Trauma, social support and stress have been identified as factors which may be associated with the bipolar disorder illness course. However, these are yet to be examined in prospective studies as predictors of illness outcomes and overall quality of life in bipolar disorder. One hundred and fourteen participants (N = 97; 85.1% female) living with bipolar disorder I (41.2%) or II (58.8%) completed a semi-structured interview and a range of self-report measures assessing trauma history, social support, perceived stress, depression, anxiety, mania, suicidality, number of mood episodes and quality of life, at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Childhood cumulative trauma, social support and perceived stress accounted for a substantial and significant portion of the variance in quality of life (62%; 23.6%), anxiety severity (34.6%; 24.5%) and depression severity (49.6%; 26.7%), at both baseline and 6-month follow-up. Perceived stress made significant unique contributions to the prediction of all outcomes, and social support made significant unique contributions to depression and quality of life in bipolar disorder. Stress and social support play an important role in bipolar disorder and in quality of life for people living with this condition. Given that stress and social support are modifiable risk factors, this provides a promising direction for future intervention-based research.

Dry mouth in patients with a life-limiting condition or frailty: a study protocol for two intervention studies and a nested qualitative sub-study (the Dry mOuth Project, DROP)

BackgroundDespite its prevalent and impactful nature, dry mouth remains an underexposed and undertreated symptom in patients with a life-limiting condition or frailty. The main contributing factors are a lack of awareness and knowledge amongst both healthcare professionals and patients, and a scarcity of effective, evidence-based interventions. In the DRy mOuth Project (DROP), we address these factors by investigating both a non-pharmacological and a pharmacological intervention: a nurse-led patient education program and locally applied pilocarpine.MethodsThis intervention-based research project consists of two parallel studies. The non-pharmacological study is a cluster non-randomized controlled trial in 228 palliative nursing home and hospital patients, investigating the effect of structured use of guidelines and of patient education on dry mouth symptoms. This intervention, a nurse-led patient education program (the Mouth Education Program, MEP), will be compared to care as usual, the control. The pharmacological study is a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial that examines the effect of locally applied pilocarpine drops in 120 patients with dry mouth symptoms. Both studies use the same mixed-methods study design, in which the primary outcome is the clinical response to the intervention at 4 weeks, as measured by a dry mouth severity score (numeric rating scale from 0 to 10). Other outcomes, as measured by questionnaires over a 12-week follow-up period, include durability of the effect, impact on quality of life and, adherence and acceptability of the intervention. In addition, the feasibility and cost-effectiveness are evaluated by means of questionnaires and focus groups with healthcare professionals, and interviews with patients.DiscussionThis study investigates the effectiveness and feasibility of two interventions for dry mouth symptoms in patients with life-limiting conditions or frailty. Due to the large-scale and mixed-method nature of the study, this study will also improve our understanding of dry mouth and its relating factors and of the patients’ and healthcare professionals’ experiences with symptoms, care and guidelines of dry mouth, including any perceived barriers and facilitators.Trial registrationNCT05964959 & NCT05506137.

Owners managing the commercial interface on complex projects: A pluralistic theoretical perspective

Research on the commercial interface in inter-organisational projects has developed in recent years but still has weaknesses, principally due to its theoretical reliance on transaction cost economics (TCE). We address those weaknesses by providing an innovative intervention-based research (IBR) study of owner commercial strategy development for a complex project that goes beyond TCE to provide a pluralistic perspective. We show how this pluralistic perspective, which we dub the four forces model, provides the principles for the development of commercial strategy for managing the commercial interface by project owners. We then show how the owner's commercial strategy evolved in the face of capability constraints as it moved through the project lifecycle. We thereby contribute to theory and practice in project organising research first by situating the commercial interface between the owner and the supplier domains of project organising as a central concern in project organising research; second, by providing an empirical basis for the strategic management of the commercial interface by project owners; third by developing a pluralistic perspective on managing the commercial interface from a project owner point of view that moves beyond the current reliance on TCE theory; and fourth by introducing IBR as a novel research method.

Attachment-focused iMAgery therapy for PSychosis (A-iMAPS): A case series targeting psychosis-related trauma.

The experience of psychosis and its sequelae (including treatment experiences) can be traumatic and affect feelings of safety and security. Until relatively recently, trauma therapy has been avoided with psychosis populations due to concerns about additional harm. Intervention-based research is growing, but focus on psychosis-related trauma is limited. Engendering psychological safety may support engagement with trauma-focused therapy, for which attachment theory provides a strong foundation. Imagery can enhance felt security and is an effective modality for working with trauma. Therefore, this study aimed to examine feasibility and preliminary outcomes of a novel attachment-focused imagery therapy (A-iMAPS) addressing psychosis-related trauma. A multiple baseline case series: Participants received between two and five baseline assessments then engaged in the six-session A-iMAPS intervention. Participants completed weekly measures of trauma symptoms and felt security. Further measures were completed pre- and post-intervention. Twelve clinical participants were recruited from NHS services in Northwest England and eight retained through baseline and intervention to the end-of-therapy assessment (attending all sessions). A significant improvement was seen for felt security between baseline and intervention phases. Other measures of trauma symptoms, core schemas, paranoia and attachment varied in change from baseline to end of therapy, but some promising preliminary results were seen. This study shows that a brief attachment-focused imagery therapy is a promising intervention for targeting psychosis-related trauma, for which there are currently no other specific intervention studies. Utilizing an attachment-informed framework when working with trauma in psychosis should be considered in future intervention studies.

Does self-compassion explain variance in sleep quality in women experiencing hot flushes?

ObjectivesWith poor sleep highly prevalent during the menopause transition, there is a need to better understand modifiable psychological resources that may be associated with improved sleep. Hence, we investigated whether self-compassion can explain variance in self-reported sleep quality in midlife women, over and above vasomotor symptoms. MethodsThis cross-sectional study (N = 274) used questionnaire data from self-report measures of sleep, hot flushes and night sweats, hot flush interference, and self-compassion, with analyses conducted using sequential (hierarchical) regression. ResultsPoor sleep, as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, was prevalent and significantly worse in the subsample of women with hot flushes and night sweats, g = 0.28, 95 % CI [0.04, 0.53]. The interference of hot flushes in everyday life (β = 0.35, p < .01), but not their frequency, predicted self-reported sleep quality. Once self-compassion was added to the model it was the only predictor of poor sleep (β = −0.32, p < .01). When positive self-compassion and self-coldness were considered separately, the effect on sleep quality appeared to be attributable to self-coldness scores alone (β = 0.29, p < .05). ConclusionsSelf-compassion may have a stronger relationship with self-reported sleep quality in midlife women than vasomotor symptoms. Future intervention-based research could test the efficacy of self-compassion training for midlife women experiencing sleep disturbances, as this may be an important and modifiable psychological resilience factor.

Building partnerships in education through a story-tool based intervention: Parental involvement experiences among families with Roma backgrounds.

School educators are likely to explain the poor educational trajectories of students with Roma backgrounds related to the lack of parental support and interest in children's education. Aiming to understand further the patterns of Roma group's parental involvement in children's school life and their engagement experiences in school-related activities, the current research set an intervention supported by a culturally sensitive story-tool. Grounded in the intervention-based research framework, 12 participants (i.e., mothers) from different Portuguese Roma groups participated in this study. Data was collected through interviews conducted pre-and postintervention. Eight weekly sessions were delivered in the school context, using a story-tool and hands- on activities to generate culturally significant meanings regarding attitudes, beliefs, and values toward children's educational trajectories. Through the lens of acculturation theory, data analysis provided important findings under two overarching topics: patterns of parental involvement in children's school life and participants' engagement in the intervention program. Data show the distinct ways Roma parents participate in children's education and the relevance of mainstream contexts providing an atmosphere likely to build collaborative relationships with parents to overcome barriers to parental involvement.

Consistent Monthly Reproduction and Completion of a Brooding Coral Life Cycle through Ex Situ Culture

The continuing impact of local and global stressors on coral reefs worldwide is prompting the exploration of novel approaches aimed at mitigating and improving the bleak future projections for corals. Ex situ aquaculture has the potential to provide a standardized supply of source corals to support active intervention-based research endeavours as well as complementary reef restoration initiatives. To effectively achieve this supply of coral, however, ex situ aquaculture systems need to be able to efficiently maintain reproducing colonies, and have the capacity to support each coral life stage. We monitored the monthly reproduction of the brooding coral, Pocillopora acuta, for one year in two distinct aquaculture systems: a natural seawater-supplied flow-through system (FTS) and an artificial seawater-supplied recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). The coral colonies in both aquaculture systems showed relatively consistent reproduction over time (on average &gt; 70% of all colonies reproducing each month) and maintained natural diel reproduction patterns even after 1 year of ex situ culture. Coral colony reproductive output and timing (i.e., lunar day of release) differed between aquaculture systems in some, but not all, seasons. Planulae released from colonies settled and grew to reproductive size after ~16 months of culture, resulting in the ex situ production of an F2 generation of a brooding coral within two distinct aquaculture systems. This demonstrated that the use of ex situ aquaculture could be directly applied to research, restoration, and conservation aimed at mitigating coral decline in a future marred by climate change and local impacts.

Frequency, intensity and duration of muscle strengthening activity and associations with mental health

ObjectivesDespite growing emphasis on the benefits of physical activity for promoting mental health, inclusion of muscle-strengthening (MS) (e.g., body-weight exercises, resistance machines) activities is limited. Notably, few studies collectively assess MS behavioural frequency, duration, and intensity. To address the gap, the current study examined associations between frequency (days), intensity (rating of perceived exertion in relation to repetitions in reserve [RPE/RIR]), and duration (minutes per typical session) of MS activities on anxiety, depression, and mental well-being. MethodA cross-sectional study of 601 participants (Mean age = 30.92 years [SD = 12.70]; 57.7 % female) across Ireland was conducted. Participants completed a self-report questionnaire containing MS instruments previously used, or adapted from valid and reliable measures (i.e., International Physical Activity Questionnaire IPAQ, RPE/RIR), alongside, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8) and the Mental Health Continuum- Short Form (MHC-SF). A multivariate regression model was tested in MPLUS, using dummy coding for MS frequency in relation to no activity (i.e., 0-days) non-adherence (i.e., 1-day), adherence (i.e., 2-days) and enhanced adherence (i.e., ≥3 days) to the MS public health guidelines, with the mental health variables representing the dependent variables. Intensity and duration were specified in the model as continuous variables; gender and age were included as statistical controls. ResultsThree or more days engaged in MS activities was associated with fewer anxiety (β = −0.12, p < .05) and depression (β = −0.14, p < .01) symptoms. Increased intensity had a negative association with anxiety (β = −0.10, p < .05) and depression (β = −0.15, p < .001). Unexpectedly, adherence to the MS guidelines (2-days) did not predict any of the mental health outcomes, whereas 1-day of MS activity was associated with fewer depression symptoms (β = −0.11). No effects were observed for mental well-being, and MS duration exerted a null effect across all mental health outcomes. ConclusionHigher frequency and intensity of MS activities may protect against anxiety and depression symptoms. Doing some MS activities (at least 1-day) is likely more beneficial than none for depression. Evidence-based, MS interventions may help curb mental illness rates, and future longitudinal, intervention-based research could consider inclusion of MS frequency, intensity and duration variables to enhance efforts to identify at-risk groups and trends within physical activity and mental illness surveillance.

The Interaction Effect of Personality Traits and Gender Differences on Risky Behaviours among First-Year University Students in South Africa

This article investigates the effect of personality traits and gender differences on risky behaviours among first-year students of a South African university. A sample of three hundred and twelve (312) first-year students comprising 59.6 per cent females was selected as participants. Data were collected with a questionnaire to measure risky behaviours, personality traits, and demographic information. Collected data were subjected to statistical analysis using the statistical package for social sciences v23. Descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted. Results showed that the use of alcohol to the extent of being drunk, staying out late at night without parents’ knowledge, taking chances while doing hobbies, reckless driving, and unsafe sexual practices are prominent among the students. Agreeableness (F (1, 308) = 9.863, p &lt;.005), and conscientiousness (F (1, 307) = 20.445, p &lt;.001) personality traits significantly influenced risky behaviours, while there was a significant gender difference (t (310) = 6.13, p &lt;.01) in the rate of risky behaviours among the participants. It is concluded that personality traits significantly contribute to risky behaviours. In addition, males are generally more inclined to engage in risky behaviours than females. Intervention-based research and activities to address the issue of risky behaviours among students are recommended. This study contributes to the study of risky behaviour among young persons with a reference to the context of university life in South Africa by considering gender as an important factor that contributes to risky behaviours among first-year university students.

In vitro phytochemical analysis and antibacterial and antifungal efficacy assessment of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Rumex nervosus leaves against selected bacteria and fungi.

Scientists are interested in identifying natural antibiotic substitutes that are effective against drug-resistant pathogenic microbes and spoilage fungi to counter pathogens and reduce the major public health problem of antibiotic residues in animal products. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Rumex nervosus leaves (RNLs) as a medicinal herb against four bacterial and two fungal strains using absolute ethanol, 50% ethanol, and aqueous extracts. The antimicrobial activities of various RNL extracts against selected microbes were evaluated using the disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility test, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), minimum fungicidal concentrations, and the poisoned food technique. The absolute ethanol RNL extract showed the best bacteriostatic/bactericidal activity against Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC/MBC: 0.20/0.40, 0.20/0.40, and 0.32/0.65 mg/mL, respectively). The diameter of the zone of inhibition was larger (p < 0.05) for the 100% ethanol RNL extract (8.17 mm) against Salmonella Typhimurium, the 50% ethanol-RNL extract (11.5 mm) against E. coli, and the aqueous RNL extract (14.0 mm) against S. aureus than for any other bacterial isolate. The aqueous RNL extract strongly (p < 0.0001) inhibited the mycelial growth of Aspergillus fumigatus (100%) and Aspergillus niger (81.4%) compared with the control. The results of this study suggest that RNL is a promising new natural antimicrobial agent for food preservation. To date, most research on the antimicrobial properties of natural herbs has been conducted in vitro, with few exceptions in vivo and intervention-based research.

Rejecting Competence – Essentialist Constructs Reproduce Ableism and White Supremacy in Linguistic Theory: A Commentary on “Undoing Competence: Coloniality, Homogeneity, and the Overrepresentation of Whiteness in Applied Linguistics”

Rejecting Competence – Essentialist Constructs Reproduce Ableism and White Supremacy in Linguistic Theory: A Commentary on “Undoing Competence: Coloniality, Homogeneity, and the Overrepresentation of Whiteness in Applied Linguistics”

Psychosocial safety behavior: A scoping review of behavior-based approaches to workplace psychosocial safety

Introduction: In an era of workplace safety where psychosocial risks are widely recognized as occupational hazards, emerging research has sought to clarify the impact of these risks and the requisite interventions for improving psychosocial safety climate and reducing psychological injury risk. Method: The construct of psychosocial safety behavior (PSB) provides a novel framework for emerging research that seeks to apply a behavior-based safety approach to workplace psychosocial risks across several high-risk industries. This scoping review aims to provide a synthesis of existing literature on PSB, including its development as a construct and application in workplace safety interventions to date. Results: Although a limited number of studies of PSB were identified, the findings of this review provide evidence for growing cross-sector applications of behaviorally-focused approaches to improving workplace psychosocial safety. In addition, the identification of a broad spectrum of terminology surrounding the construct of PSB provides evidence of key theoretical and empirical gaps, with implications for future intervention-based research to address emerging areas of focus.