Interval Of Several Days Research Articles

Sex-specific vertical movements of spawning atlantic cod in coastal habitats inferred from acoustic telemetry.

Fish spawning location and behaviour can be challenging to detect, especially in deep water. Here we utilise two large acoustic telemetry datasets from western and mid Norway to study the vertical movement dimension of individual Atlantic cod Gadus morhua spawning behaviour in their natural habitats. The datasets comprise ~ 6million depth detections from 644 sexed, mature cod, collected at seven different Norwegian coastal cod spawning grounds during 2017-2021. During the spawning period, females were typically found at shallower depths compared to males, while this pattern was much less pronounced or absent outside this period. Furthermore, we identify a hitherto undescribed sex-dependent vertical movement behaviour: periodic descents, where females made deep dives, putatively associated with egg release and spawning, approximately every third day. Females not showing this behaviour tended to occupy deeper positions in the water column than the "periodic descent" females and hence may approach and retreat from spawning males more horizontally. These observed sex-specific behaviours correspond well to the lek-like description of the cod mating system and with cod reproductive physiology, where females are known to mature and release batches of eggs at intervals of several days as part of a bet-hedging strategy.

Двусторонняя хирургия катаракты в одну госпитализацию

The aim of the work was to analyze the results of bilateral cataract surgery in one hospitalization with an interval of several days. Material and methods. An analysis was made of data from 141 patients operated on in a round-the-clock hospital of the Kirov Clinical Ophthalmological Hospital for bilateral cataracts during one hospitalization for the period 2022–2023. Results. The interval between operations on the eyes of patients ranged from 1 to 7 days, on average 2.7 days. No cases of endophthalmitis were noted. Visual acuity increased from 0.1 to 0.6. In 85.8%, the target refraction was achieved. Conclusion. Bilateral cataract surgery in one hospitalization is possible and often more preferable in terms of a combination of medical, economic, time, quality indicators with a balanced approach from the ophthalmologist-surgeon and strict adherence to the patient safety protocol. Keywords: bilateral surgery, surgery in one hospitalization

Power‐Free Contact Lens for Glucose Sensing

AbstractRecent advances in wearable devices have enabled noninvasive monitoring for healthcare applications. Smart contact lenses have gained substantial attention for medical diagnosis through the analysis of vital signs in tear fluids. However, previous studies have mostly focused on designs embedded with electronic devices or antennas for wireless transmission, which are power‐intensive and require external receivers around the ocular system. Here, the study reports a power‐free smart contact lens for noninvasive glucose sensing according to the color changes of multiple electrochromic electrodes to achieve direct data transmission without the external wireless system. The device detects various glucose concentrations, from the ordinary range (0.16–0.5 mm) to abnormally high concentrations (0.9 mm). The multi‐electrode design exhibits acceptable accuracy, with a correlation coefficient r = 0.99543 to the controlled sample and allowed low‐glucose detections with concentrations down to 0.05 mm. The device shows good reproducibility, with standard deviations of determined glucose levels of 0.0462 and 0.025 for four continuous cycles and for an interval of several days, respectively. It is believed that the reported smart contact lens has the potential for daily health monitoring by ordinary users without a power supply and external devices. Its simple electronics‐free structure will allow for immediate application to the market with cost‐effective manufacturing.

Association between one-session bilateral whole-lung lavage and periprocedural complications in patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundWhole lung lavage (WLL) has been recognized as the most effective therapy of severe pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). Most centers perform the lavage of each lung in two sessions under general anesthesia at an interval of several days to weeks. Compared with two-session WLL, one-session bilateral sequential WLL only requires general anesthesia once. However, the safety of one-session WLL in PAP patients has not been assessed by large cohort studies. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between the mode of WLL procedure (one-session or two-session) and the risk of periprocedural complications in PAP patients.MethodsIn this single-center retrospective cohort study, we included adult patients who were diagnosed as PAP and had undergone WLL procedures under general anesthesia from 2000 to 2022. Patients requiring extra-corporeal oxygenation during WLL were excluded. Since some patients received multiple WLL procedures, we considered each procedure in one-session or two-session group as a unique unit in our analysis. The primary outcome was the occurrence of any complications during hospitalization, including termination of WLL procedure due to fluid leakage or refractory hypoxemia, bronchospasm, delayed endotracheal extubation, cardiovascular event, pneumothorax, and fever.ResultsWe included a total of 175 WLL procedures (118 patients), with 48 in the two-session group and 127 in the one-session group. Periprocedural complications occurred in 17 (35.4%) and 39 (30.7%) procedures in the two-session and the one-session groups, respectively. The risk of periprocedural complications did not differ significantly between groups, after adjusting the unbalanced confounders in a multivariable model (odds ratio 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.34 to 2.69, P 0.929) or by inverse probability of treatment weighting (odds ratio 0.70, 95% confidence interval 0.30 to 1.54, P 0.379). Compared with the two-session WLL group, the one-session WLL group had a shorter postprocedural length of hospitalization and comparable decrease in alveolar-arterial oxygen tension gradient from baseline.ConclusionsOne-session bilateral WLL was not associated with an increased risk of periprocedural complications compared with two-session WLL in PAP patients. Experienced physicians may consider performing one-session WLL in view of the comparable safety and efficacy and potential advantages of saving time.

Comparison of the Properties of a Statistical Functional from Measurements of the Magnetic Field in the Middle of the Russian Continental Platform and in a Seismically Active Region

This article investigates the properties of small-scale fluctuations of the probability density formeasurements of the X, Y, and Z-components of the Earth’s magnetic field that were carried out both in aseismically active region and in an area with a complete absence of seismic activity. In the first case, a muchgreater intensity of the occurrence of statistical phenomena considered as earthquake precursors was revealed.At an interval of several days before the earthquake with a magnitude of 5.3 in Metsavan (Armenia), whoseepicenter was located near the magnetic variation station in a seismically active region, a sharp increase in thefrequency of these phenomena was found. This effect was absent in the seismically quiet region

Optimization of Transcription Factor Genetic Circuits.

Simple SummaryTranscription factors (TFs) are proteins that bind to DNA and control the expression of genes, including other TF genes. A common challenge in cellular biology is to link the molecular attributes of TF binding to the system level properties of cellular dynamics. This article introduces a computational method to search for how a TF network might achieve particular functions. For example, how could one link the molecular parameters of TF production rates and DNA binding to a TF network that maintains a cellular circadian rhythm in the absence of external light signals? How could such a system also reset its clock when an external light signal is present? By computationally optimizing such models of TF dynamics, one can formulate hypotheses about how cells achieve particular functions. One can also gain insight into the ways in which cells process information through their TF networks.Transcription factors (TFs) affect the production of mRNAs. In essence, the TFs form a large computational network that controls many aspects of cellular function. This article introduces a computational method to optimize TF networks. The method extends recent advances in artificial neural network optimization. In a simple example, computational optimization discovers a four-dimensional TF network that maintains a circadian rhythm over many days, successfully buffering strong stochastic perturbations in molecular dynamics and entraining to an external day–night signal that randomly turns on and off at intervals of several days. This work highlights the similar challenges in understanding how computational TF and neural networks gain information and improve performance.

Delayed subdural hematoma after lumbar puncture and a symptom-free interval of several days

Delayed subdural hematoma after lumbar puncture and a symptom-free interval of several days

Male coloration affects female gestation period and timing of fertilization in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)

The trade-up hypothesis is a female behavioral strategy related to mating with multiple males. In this hypothesis, females can produce high-quality offspring while avoiding the risk of losing reproductive opportunities by non-selective mating with males at first mating and then re-mating with more attractive males. As an internal mechanism to realize this behavioral strategy, we predicted that females would immediately fertilize their eggs when they mated with attractive males, whereas females would delay fertilization when they mated with unattractive males to trade-up sires of offspring. The guppy (Poecilia reticulata) is an ovoviviparous fish with internal fertilization, and females show a clear mate preference based on the area of orange coloration on the bodies of males. In addition, it is known that females show a re-mating strategy consistent with the trade-up hypothesis. We tested whether the attractiveness of mated males affected the gestation period and the timing of fertilization. Females were paired with either colorful males or drab males, and the gestation periods (the number of days from mating to parturition) were compared. In addition, we dissected the abdomens of the females at intervals of several days after mating and observed whether the eggs were fertilized. The gestation period in females that were paired with attractive colorful males was significantly shorter than that in females that were paired with drab males. We found that females that mated with colorful males also had their eggs fertilized earlier than those that mated with drab males. Our findings show that differences in the timing of fertilization according to attractiveness of the mate increase the opportunity for cryptic female choice and trading up.

Using Oil Spill Modeling in Oil Spill Exercises and Drills

ABSTRACT Oil spill trajectory and fate modeling was used in inland response Full Scale Exercises including the Enbridge Des Plains River (fall 2018) and Wisconsin River (fall 2019). The Spill Impact Model Application Package (SIMAP) was used to predict the three-dimensional movement (i.e. trajectory) and behavior (i.e. fate) of a hypothetical release of oil using site-specific environmental and geographic conditions (including seasonal and hydrographic information) for the date of the exercise. The RPS OILMAPLand model was also used to predict the two-dimensional movement and behavior of the oil over the land surface, before it was predicted to enter the waterway. The oil spill modeling evaluated the spatial extent, timing, and magnitude of hydrocarbon contamination at downstream locations including thicknesses of floating surface oil and the mass of oil on shorelines and sediments. The assessments included the potential for released oil to move over the land surface, before entering the waterway, as well as becoming entrained in the water column as a result of surface floating oil passing over local features such as locks and dams. The results were presented at two separate exercise planning session and the full scale exercise as static images, GIS shape files, and videos. Results were also included in the COP for the exercise itself, with predicted results provided at hourly intervals for several days.

Определение скорости роста и элиминации отдельных видов и популяций в сообществе фитопланктона бухты Севастопольская (Чёрное море)

Актуальность исследования определяется ключевой ролью фитопланктона в функционировании морских экосистем: одноклеточные водоросли образуют начальное трофическое звено в пищевой цепи, осуществляя первичную продукцию органического вещества в процессе фотосинтеза. Важными задачами являются определение значения скорости чистого (видимого) роста фитопланктона в целом и составляющих его элементов, включая популяции отдельных видов, и изучение возможности оценивать скорость их действительного роста и выедания на основе регулярных короткопериодных определений численности и биомассы фитопланктона в природных сообществах. Для решения данной задачи использованы как полученные ранее материалы подекадного мониторинга состояния фитопланктона в прибрежной зоне, так и результаты недавно проведённых экспериментов. Выполненные в течение 2007 г. подекадные определения в зоне устья б. Севастопольская включали измерения численности и биомассы фитопланктона, а также концентрации хлорофилла a с периодичностью в несколько суток, что позволило рассчитывать скорость чистого удельного роста биомассы (видимый рост, k) согласно её изменениям, фиксированным за этот период. Путём сопоставления численности отдельных видов в ближайших по времени определениях рассчитаны 29 значений скорости видимого роста для 9 массовых видов. Видимый рост, являясь разницей между действительным ростом и выеданием, может быть использован для определения этих величин. Закономерности, которые связывают значения скорости видимого и действительного роста клеток водорослей с их размерами, выявлены в экспериментах, проведённых по методу разбавления, изначально предназначенному для исследования суммарного фитопланктона, но адаптированному нами для определения функциональных параметров отдельных видов, что и позволило выявить связующие их закономерности. Используя найденные закономерности, мы получили 22 значения скорости роста µ и скорости выедания m для 7 массовых видов фитопланктона в зоне устья б. Севастопольская. Показано, что скорость роста отдельных видов фитопланктона, объём клеток которых составляет до 1000 мкм³, может достигать значений свыше 1 сут−1. Для водорослей, объём клеток которых превышает 1500 мкм³, значения µ приближаются к значениям k, а значения m ― к нулю. Для этой группы скорость действительного роста µ принимается равной скорости видимого роста k, а скорость выедания m ― равной нулю. В действительности в естественной популяции мелкие виды преимущественно выедаются в верхнем освещённом слое; крупные виды оседают на дно или в глубинные горизонты. Полученные нами сравнительно высокие значения k свидетельствуют, возможно, о низких значениях элиминации, в том числе о низкой выедаемости. По результатам эксперимента, при увеличении объёма клеток водорослей до 1600 мкм³ значения k возрастают до уровня значений µ, в то время как значения m падают до нуля. Это означает, что выеданию подвержены прежде всего популяции фитопланктона с мелкими клетками; виды с более крупными клетками не выедаются. Между тем с таким заключением не согласуются показатели скоростей видимого роста, измеренных in situ, которые включают как положительные, так и отрицательные значения для всех популяций независимо от размера клеток. Это противоречие объясняется тем, что в эксперименте отмирающие и оседающие на дно сосуда крупные клетки учитывают наравне с живыми, что скрывает эффект элиминации.

TT Arietis: 40 yr of photometry

ABSTRACT In an effort to characterize variations on the time-scale of hours and smaller during the high and low states of the nova-like variable TT Ari, light curves taken over the course of more than 40 yr are analysed. It is found that the well-known negative superhump observed during the high state persists until the present day at an average period of 0.132 95 d, which is slightly variable from year to year and exhibits substantial amplitude changes. The beat period between superhump and orbital period is also seen. Quasi-periodic oscillations occur at a preferred quasi-period of 18–25 min and undergo a systematic frequency evolution during a night. The available data permit for the first time a detailed investigation of the low state that is highly structured on time-scales of tens of days. On hourly time-scales, the light curve exhibits strong variations that are mostly irregular. However, during an interval of several days at the start of the low state, coherent 1.2 mag oscillations with a period of 8.90 h are seen. During the deep low state, quiet phases and strong (1.5–3 mag), highly structured flares alternate in irregular intervals of roughly 1 d. The quiet phases are modulated on the orbital period of TT Ari, suggesting reflection of the light of the primary component off the secondary. This is the first time that the orbital period is seen in photometric data.

Autonomous orbit determination using observations of a sodium guide‐star network

A new method of spacecraft orbit determination is developed based on position information from the observation of fluorescing streaks in the atomic sodium of Earth's upper atmosphere. This concept could be used for GPS constellation autonomous navigation (AutoNav). This new orbit determination method uses a spacecraft-mounted camera to observe fluorescing line segments in the sodium layer. The fluorescence is excited by ground-based sodium guide-star lasers. The system also uses a star tracker in order to reference the measured guide-star directions to inertial coordinates. The measured direction to an unknown point on a known guide-star segment at a known time defines a plane on which the spacecraft must lie. Seven or more independent measurements suffice to determine a Keplerian orbit and the spacecraft clock offset. Cramer-Rao analysis indicates that 1 - ?? position accuracies on the order of 20 m or better may be achievable for filtering intervals of several days.

Carbon monoxide poisoning–induced delayed encephalopathy accompanies decreased microglial cell numbers: Distinctive pathophysiological features from hypoxemia–induced brain damage

Carbon monoxide (CO) causes not only acute fatal poisoning but also may cause a delayed neurologic syndrome called delayed encephalopathy (DE), which occasionally occurs after an interval of several days to several weeks post-exposure. However, the mechanisms of DE have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to clarify the pathophysiology of CO–induced DE and its distinctive features compared with hypoxemic hypoxia. Rats were randomly assigned to three groups; the air group, the CO group (exposed to CO), and the low O2 group (exposed to low concentration of O2). Impairment of memory function was observed only in the CO group. The hippocampus tissues were collected and analyzed for assessment of CO–induced changes and microglial reaction. Demyelination was observed only in the CO group and it was more severe and persisted longer than that observed in the low O2 group. Moreover, in the CO group, decreased in microglial cell numbers were observed using flow cytometry, and microglia with detached branches were observed were observed using immunohistochemistry. Conversely, microglial cells with shortened branches and enlarged somata were observed in the low O2 group. Furthermore, mRNAs encoding several neurotrophic factors expressed by microglia were decreased in the CO group but were increased in the low O2 group. Thus, CO–induced DE displayed distinctive pathological features from those of simple hypoxic insults: prolonged demyelination accompanying a significant decrease in microglial cells. Decreased neurotrophic factor expression by microglial cells may be one of the causes of CO–induced DE.

Flare Productivity of Major Flaring Solar Active Regions: A Time-Series Study of Photospheric Magnetic Properties

A solar active region (AR) that produces at least one M- or X-class major flare tends to produce multiple flares during its passage across the solar disk. It will be interesting if we can estimate how flare-productive a given major flaring AR is for a time interval of several days, by investigating time series of its photospheric magnetic field properties. For this, we studied 93 major flaring ARs observed from 2010 to 2016 by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). More specifically, for each AR under study, the mean and fluctuation were calculated from an 8-day time series of each of 18 photospheric magnetic parameters extracted from the Space-weather HMI Active Region Patch (SHARP) vector magnetogram products at 12-min cadence. We then compared these with the AR's 8-day flare index, which is defined as the sum of soft X-ray peak fluxes of flares produced in the AR during the same interval of the 8-day SHARP parameter time series. As a result, it is found that the 8-day flare index is well correlated with the mean and/or fluctuation values of some magnetic parameters (with correlation coefficients of 0.6-0.7 in log-log space). Interestingly, the 8-day flare index shows a slightly better correlation with the fluctuation than the mean for the SHARP parameters associated with the surface integral of photospheric magnetic free energy density. We also discuss how the correlation varies if the 8-day flare index is compared with the mean or fluctuation calculated from an initial portion of the SHARP parameter time series.

New intravital method for hemolymph collection from Cornu aspersum snails and the establishment of standards for selected biochemical parameters of their hemolymph

The aim of the study was to develop an intravital method of collecting hemolymph and to establish standards for the biochemical parameters of the hemolymph of the Cornu aspersum snail species. The research material consisted of 80 Cornu aspersum maxima snails. Hemolymph was collected from the main vessel with a sterile syringe and needle after removing a fragment of the shell. Hemolymph was studied biochemically by the colorimetric method. The parameters evaluated were aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), amylase (AMYL), urea (UREA), and triglycerides (TG). An average of 0.54 ml hemolymph was collected from the animals tested. After 24 hours, a film formed in place of the removed shell fragment and it underwent mineralization within a few days. All animals included in the study survived, and from some of them it was possible to collect hemolymph several times at intervals of several days. The proposed method of hemolymph collection made it possible to obtain material to develop standards for the biochemical parameters of hemolymph and consequently to monitor the health status of these mollusks.

Corneal targeted nanoparticles for sustained natamycin delivery and their PK/PD indices: An approach to reduce dose and dosing frequency

Natamycin is the only approved medication for the treatment of mycotic keratitis. Current dosage regimen include one drop of natamycin suspension (5% w/v) instilled in the conjunctival sac at hourly or two hourly intervals for several days which has poor patient compliance. The purpose of the present study was to design a corneal targeted nanoformulation in order to reduce dose and dosing frequency of natamycin and evaluate its pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic indices in comparison with clinical marketed preparation. The nanoparticles prepared by nanoprecipitation method were in nanometer size range with high entrapment efficiency and positive surface charge. In-vitro release studies indicated prolonged release of natamycin up to 8h. In-vitro antifungal activity was comparable with marketed preparation. The performance of nanoformulations was evaluated in rabbit eyes. The concentration of natamycin in tear fluid was determined by using LC–MS/MS. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as area under the curve, t½ and mean residence time were significantly higher and clearance was significantly lower for nanoformulations with that of marketed preparation. The optimized dosing schedule to maintain natamycin concentration above tenfold of MIC90 was one instillation in every 5h. Moreover, 1/5th dose reduction of nanoformulation was also effective.

Conditioned avoidance responses survive contingency degradation in the garden slug, Lehmannia valentiana.

Joint presentations of a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) strengthen the contingency between them, whereas presentations of one stimulus without the other degrade this contingency. For example, the CS can be presented without the US either before conditioning (CS-no US and then CS-US; latent inhibition) or after conditioning (CS-US and then CS-no US; extinction). In vertebrate subjects and several invertebrate species, a time lapse usually results in a return of the conditioned response, or spontaneous recovery. However, in land mollusks, spontaneous recovery from extinction has only recently been reported, and response recovery after latent inhibition has not been reported. In two experiments, using conditioned aversion to a food odor as a measure of learning and memory retention, we observed contingency degradation via latent inhibition (Experiment 1) and extinction (Experiment 2) in the common garden slug, Lehmannia valentiana. In both situations, the contingency degradation procedure successfully attenuated conditioned responding, and delaying testing by several days resulted in recovery of the conditioned response. This suggests that the CS-US association survived the degradation manipulation and was retained over an interval of several days.

Suppression of Gq Function Using Intra-Pipette Delivery of shRNA during Extracellular Recording in the Ventral Tegmental Area

Selective suppression of protein function in the brain can be achieved using specific silencing RNAs administered in vivo. A viral delivery system is often employed to transfect neurons with small hairpin RNA (shRNA) directed against specific proteins, and intervals of several days are allowed between microinjection of the shRNA-containing virus into the brain and experiments to assess suppression of gene function. Here we report studies using extracellular recording of dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area (DA VTA neurons) recorded in brain slices in which lentivirus containing shRNA directed against Gq was included in the recording pipette, and suppression of Gq-related function was observed within the time frame of the recording. The action of neurotensin (NT) is associated with activation of Gq, and the firing rate of DA VTA neurons is increased by NT. With shRNA directed against Gq in the pipette, there was a significant reduction of NT excitation within 2 h. Likewise, time-dependent dopamine desensitization, which we have hypothesized to be Gq-dependent, was not observed when shRNA directed against Gq was present in the pipette and dopamine was tested 2 h after initiation of recording. As the time interval (2 h) is relatively short, we tested whether blockade of protein synthesis with cycloheximide delivered via the recording pipette would alter Gq-linked responses similarly. Both NT-induced excitation and dopamine desensitization were inhibited in the presence of cycloheximide. Inclusion of shRNA in the recording pipette may be an efficient and selective way to dampen responses linked to Gq, and, more generally, the use of lentiviral-packaged shRNA in the recording pipette is a means to produce selective inhibition of the function of specific proteins in experiments.

Gamma versus alpha sensors for Rn-222 long-term monitoring in geological environments

Abstract The behavior of alpha silicon diodes, gamma crystal scintillators and ionization chamber detectors employed for long-term radon monitoring in geological media was studied and a comparison of the efficiency and sensitivity, the capability to resolve signal to noise, background, stability, and reliability of their long-term measurements is presented. An understanding of the qualities of monitoring techniques is necessary for determining suitability to the characteristics of the individual monitoring site and what exactly they will measure: radon in an air cavity, in porous media or in water. The experimental layout was located inside the Amram Mountain research tunnel near Elat (Gulf of Aqaba), within a closed room in the tunnel core. This enabled monitoring natural temporal radon variations under fairly stable internal conditions, at a high-resolution sampling rate of once every several minutes. In an interval of several days, all the sensors responded simultaneously to the same eventual radon variations. An ionization chamber device, the AlphaGUARD designed with a long-time stable calibration factor and an inherent QA-System, was used as reference calibration of the different radon detectors. The results indicate that the higher sensitivity of 2–4 orders of magnitude exhibited by gamma sensors even with narrow dimensions (1 × 3 BGO detector) are preferred for long-term radon monitoring in comparison to the solid-state alpha detectors and ionization chambers.

Miniaturised eight‐channel impedance spectroscopy unit as sensor platform for biosensor applications

AbstractA miniaturised, low cost impedance analyser is developed to ease the use of impedance spectroscopy in biological setups. This could form the first step towards fully standalone, hand‐held biosensor applications. The system is capable of performing quasi‐simultaneous time resolved impedance measurements on eight different channels in a frequency range of 10 Hz–100 kHz. The unit is accurate in a broad impedance range and is able to perform stable measurements over intervals of several days. The system is characterised by passive components, a temperature controlled wet cell based impedance setup and a biomimetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based histamine sensor. The test results all indicate accurate and stable functioning of the unit, making it suitable for bioanalytical applications.