Interstitial Medium Research Articles

Thermal contact analysis of Flip-Chip package considering microscopic contacts of double-layer thermal interface materials

Flip-chip packaging technology is widely used in the field of electronic packaging. The thermal contact resistances (TCRs) of its double-layer thermal interface materials (TIMs) impact its thermal characteristics. In this paper, a flip-chip package thermal contact model is first constructed considering the internal rough contact interface of double-layer TIMs. Secondly, the effects of friction coefficient, pressure, elastic modulus of double-layer TIMs, thermal conductivity of double-layer TIMs, interstitial medium, and convective heat transfer coefficient on the flip chip package's contact mechanics and thermal properties are analyzed. Finally, the influence of secondary thermal effects on contact mechanics and thermal properties is investigated. The results show that the friction coefficient, pressure, and elastic modulus of double-layer TIMs have a significant influence on the TCRs by changing the actual contact area, but the impact on the heat dissipation of the chip is limited, and the maximum temperature reduction does not exceed 10 K. However, the interstitial medium, convective heat transfer coefficient, and thermal conductivity of double-layer TIMs greatly influence the heat dissipation of the chip and maximum temperature by directly affecting heat transfer performance. Furthermore, secondary thermal effects have varying degrees of influence on contact stiffness, TCRs, and temperature distribution.

Modeling and characteristic analysis of viscous resistance in annulus gap of coalbed gas well drainage pump

The viscous resistance caused by the relative motion of plunger and pump barrel is an important factor in the dynamic analysis of the drainage and production mechanism during coalbed methane exploitation. Existing studies mostly focus on deep well (1000–3000 m) large-displacement pump (usually 80–300 m3/d), and the interstitial medium is mainly crude oil. Regression fitting is mainly carried out based on empirical formula or experimental simulation method, without considering the characteristics of shallower coalbed gas well (400–800 m) small-displacement pump (<10 m3/d). The variation of the clearance between plunger and barrel and the variation of viscous resistance between plunger and barrel are not revealed. Based on the Navier-Stokes equation and Newton's internal friction law, a mathematical model of the annular viscous resistance between the plunger and the pump barrel is established, and an analytical method is used to describe the influence of stroke times, annular clearance, and differential pressure between the upper and lower plungers on the viscous resistance. The results show that the plunger stroke is directly proportional to the variation range of viscous resistance, and low stroke is beneficial to reduce the viscous resistance. The effect of differential pressure between upper and lower plunger of rod pump on viscous resistance of small displacement coalbed gas well is significantly greater than that of plunger running speed. The annular clearance is directly proportional to the differential pressure between the upper and lower parts of the plunger, the inertia force of the plunger, and the shear force of the moving fluid. The annular viscous resistance model between plunger and pump barrel is helpful to improve the calculation accuracy of suspending point load of coalbed gas well pumping unit, analyze the working condition of coalbed gas drainage gas production process, and provide basis for the optimization design of coalbed gas well rod pump clearance.

The contribution of coherence field theory to a model of consciousness: electric currents, EM fields, and EM radiation in the brain.

A paradigm in neuroscience is developing which views resonance as the phenomenon responsible for consciousness. Much progress is being made in the investigation of how resonance as oscillating flows within the brain's electric field might result in production of mind from matter. But it's mostly unknown how vibrations among features of matter such as nanoscale atomic structures and photonic waves may participate in forming the basic substance of first-person consciousness, meaning percepts such as colors, textures, sounds, thoughts, feelings et cetera. Initial evidence at the leading edge of quantum biology suggests that light and atoms combine to form synchronously resonating structures of contiguous energy which I have termed coherence fields. My hypothesis is that coherence fields as atomic nodes within expanses of integrating photonic waves are the fundamental unit of first-person percepts insofar as they arise from electromagnetic matter. A concept of quantum coherence is formulated based on a new phenomenology of matter's nanoscale properties, and this is shown to tie what we have thus far discovered of neural anatomy into a comprehensive model of how electrical impulses travel through neurons as electron currents driven by coherence at the quantum scale. Transmembrane electric fields generated by ionic currents, synaptic phase regulation, and perhaps further mechanisms have been hypothesized as responsible for local field potentials (LFP) oscillations. Some insights into how emergent, macroscopic waves in the brain's electric field may reciprocally impact LFP propagation to control arousal, attention, and volition are briefly discussed. Activation of neural tissue is closely linked to temperature variation, and it is hypothesized that this is not merely a waste byproduct but constitutes a signature of coherence field modulation, with photonic waves of a primarily infrared spectral range functioning as an interstitial medium of the basic percept field. A variety of possible routes to coherence field modulation are outlined that derive from the mechanisms of electric currents, EM fields, EM radiation, and entanglement. If future experimental designs continue to validate coherence field theory, this could set science on course to resolve the mind/body problem.

Cigarette Effects Mature Skin: Aspects on Aging Induction

Over the years many changes occur in our body reflecting directly on our skin, this intrinsic aging is natural and is part of the aging process, however some factors can greatly influence bringing an aspect of wrinkled, opaque skin without flush, and flabby, one of the factors that most destroy mainly facial skin is tobacco, as smoking is responsible for the decrease of oxygen in the blood, a hormonal drop in the tissues, teaching the cells causing premature aging, leaving the skin with an aged aspect. An excessive production of oxidants occurs that damages the walls of the blood vessel. Also, a reduction in the hydration of this skin, due to low oxygenation, that is, with the decrease in blood flow, the cells stop receiving oxygen and nutrients, thus accumulating toxic products in the interstitial medium. There is also a breakdown of collagen and elastin which are proteins responsible for the support and elasticity of the skin. The mechanical actions involving the use of the lips to keep the cigarette in the mouth and abnormal movement of the eyes due to eye irritation due to cigarette smoke can lead to greater muscle work and thus consequently trigger and / or aggravate the condition of wrinkles.

Amorphous F‐doped TiOx Caulked SnO2 Electron Transport Layer for Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency Exceeding 22.5%

AbstractFlexible perovskite solar cells (f‐PSCs) show great promise in portable‐power applications (e.g., chargers, drones) and low‐cost, scalable productions (e.g., roll‐to‐roll). However, in conventional n–i–p architecture f‐PSCs, the low‐temperature processed metal oxide electron transport layers (ETLs) usually suffer from high resistance and severe defects that limit the power conversion efficiency (PCE) improvement of f‐PSCs. Besides the enhancement in the mobility of metal oxide and passivation for perovskite/ETL interfacial defects reported in previous literature, herein, the electron transport loss between the metal oxide nanocrystallines within the ETL is studied by introducing an amorphous F‐doped TiOx (F‐TiOx) caulked crystalline SnO2 composite ETL. The F‐TiOx in this novel composite ETL acts as an interstitial medium between adjacent SnO2 nanocrystallines, which can provide more electron transport channels, effectively passivate oxygen vacancies, and optimize the energy level arrangement, thus significantly enhancing the electron mobility of ETL and reducing the charge transport losses. The composite ETL‐based f‐PSCs achieve a high PCE of 22.70% and good operational stability. Furthermore, a moderate roughness of the composite ETL endows f‐PSCs with superior mechanical reliability by virtue of a strong coupling at the ETL/perovskite interface, by which the f‐PSCs can maintain 82.11% of their initial PCE after 4000 bending cycles.

Abstract 6167: Pancreatic tumor environmental nutrients alter SREBP-mediated lipid homeostasis and drive reliance on extracellular lipids for growth

Abstract Both the cell-intrinsic metabolic network and the uniquely altered cell-extrinsic tumor microenvironment dictate tumor metabolism. However, while much is known about how cell-intrinsic factors regulate tumor metabolism, the effects of cell-extrinsic factors remain poorly understood. In particular, despite evidence that tumor nutrient availability extrinsically regulates tumor metabolism, further investigation has been hindered by the lack of models to study physiological nutrient availability in vitro.To accurately model the tumor nutrient microenvironment, our group quantified nutrient availability in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumor perfusate and created a medium to mimic this in vitro, called tumor interstitial fluid medium (TIFM). We compare the effects of TIFM-culture to maintenance in conventional culture medium (RPMI-1640) as a control for standard laboratory conditions. Using this model, I found that TIFM-cultured PDAC cells downregulate lipid synthesis, making TIFM-cultured cells uniquely reliant upon extracellular lipid uptake for growth. Analysis of murine PDAC tumors confirms downregulated lipogenesis in vivo, suggesting cell-extrinsic nutrients render lipogenesis dispensable—and lipid uptake necessary—for PDAC tumor growth. Notably, this contrasts studies in conventional culture media that claim lipogenesis is critical for PDAC growth.I am currently working to: (1) understand how the nutrient microenvironment alters lipid metabolism and (2) determine the extracellular lipids and transporters pancreatic cancer cells require for growth. Regarding the first question, transcriptomic analysis of TIFM-cultured cells revealed significant deactivation of SREBPs, master regulators of intracellular lipid and sterol synthesis, suggesting cell-extrinsic nutrient cues suppress lipogenesis by altering SREBP signaling. I am currently investigating which TIFM nutrients alter this signaling. I am also performing lipidomics analysis and lipid transporter knockdown experiments to identify lipids and transporters that TIFM-cultured cells require for growth. Collectively, these experiments will clarify the role extracellular nutrients play in driving changes to PDAC lipid metabolism and may suggest novel therapeutic treatment options for PDAC patients. Citation Format: Patrick Jonker, Alexander Muir. Pancreatic tumor environmental nutrients alter SREBP-mediated lipid homeostasis and drive reliance on extracellular lipids for growth [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 6167.

Experiments on floating bed rotating drums using magnetic particle tracking

AbstractMagnetic particle tracking (MPT) was employed to study a rotating drum filled with cork particles, using both air and water as interstitial medium. This noninvasive monitoring technique allows for the tracking of both particle translation and rotation in dry granular and liquid–solid systems. Measurements on the dry and floating bed rotating drum were compared and detailed analysis of the bed shape and velocity profiles was performed. It was found that the change of particle–wall and particle–particle interaction caused by the presence of water significantly affects the bed behavior. The decreased friction leads to slipping of the particles with respect to the wall, rendering the circulation rate largely insensitive to increased drum speed. It was also found that the liquid–particle interaction is determining for the behavior of the flowing layer. The well‐defined experiments and in‐depth characterization performed in this study provide an excellent validation case for multiphase flow models.

Effect of surface tension of interstitial fluid on the physicochemical properties of layered double magnesium and aluminum hydroxides obtained by solid-phase synthesis

The paper presents the results of studies of the effect of the surface tension of the interstitial fluid on the structural and surface properties (specific surface area and pore volume, pore diameter distribution) of layered magnesium and aluminum double hydroxides (Mg-Al LDH) obtained by the interaction of AlCl3·6H2O, MgCl2·6H2O and ammonium carbonate. The equations connecting the specific surface area and the specific pore volume of the synthesized Mg-Al LDH samples with the surface tension of the interstitial medium are obtained. It is shown that the substitution of the aqueous medium in the pore space for acetone before drying the synthesized Mg-Al LDH allows to significantly increase the capacity of the adsorption monolayer of products and does not significantly affect the mechanism of the sorption process.

The impact of multiple concurrent factors on the length of the ultrasound pulmonary vertical artifacts as illustrated through the experimental and numerical analysis of simple models.

Nowadays, the diagnostic value of the artefactual information provided by lung ultrasound images is widely recognized by physicians. By carefully observing each individual artifact, an expert physician can derive important information on the distribution of the aerated spaces at the pleural level and, consequently, on the nature of the pulmonary disease. In this paper, a specific visual characteristic of the vertical artifacts (their length) is addressed. The impact of the acoustic properties of the interstitial medium, of the imaging parameters, and of the trap geometry on the length of the vertical artifacts is illustrated through experimental results and through the theoretical analysis of a simple model.

Three-dimensional Fabry–Pérot cavities sculpted on fiber tips using a multiphoton polymerization process

This paper presents 3D Fabry–Pérot (FP) cavities fabricated directly onto cleaved ends of low-loss optical fibers by a two-photon polymerization (2PP) process. This fabrication technique is quick, simple, and inexpensive compared to planar microfabrication processes, which enables rapid prototyping and the ability to adapt to new requirements. These devices also utilize true 3D design freedom, facilitating the realization of microscale optical elements with challenging geometries. Three different device types were fabricated and evaluated: an unreleased single-cavity device, a released dual-cavity device, and a released hemispherical mirror dual-cavity device. Each iteration improved the quality of the FP cavity’s reflection spectrum. The unreleased device demonstrated an extinction ratio around 1.90, the released device achieved 61, and the hemispherical device achieved 253, providing a strong signal to observe changes in the free spectral range of the device’s reflection response. The reflectance of the photopolymer was also estimated to be between 0.2 and 0.3 over the spectrum of interest. The dual-cavity devices include both an open cavity, which can interact with an interstitial medium, and a second solid cavity, which provides a static reference reflection. The hemispherical dual-cavity device further improves the quality of the reflection signal with a more consistent resonance, and reduced sensitivity to misalignment. These advanced features, which are very challenging to realize with traditional planar microfabrication techniques, are fabricated in a single patterning step. The usability of these FP cavities as thermal radiation sensors with excellent linear response and sensitivity over a broad range of temperature is reported. The 3D structuring capability the 2PP process has enabled the creation of a suspended FP heat sensor that exhibited linear response over the temperature range of 20 ºC –120 ºC; temperature sensitivity of ∼50 pm ºC−1 at around 1550 nm wavelength; and sensitivity improvement of better than 9x of the solidly-mounted sensors.

Enhancement of natural convection for improvement of Trombe wall performance. An experimental study

This experimental work shows that the natural convective heat transfer in the active enclosure of a conventional Trombe wall assembly is enhanced by the interposition of transparent and vertical partitions. Quantification of the average Nusselt number corresponding to both versions with and without partitions was carried out by means of a 1/5 scale assembly. The glass cover is maintained isothermal at cold temperature while the active wall generates a variable heat flux simulating the incident solar radiation. The distance between the two active and parallel walls is variable. Four ratios between this distance and the height of the wall are considered, associated with a wide range of Rayleigh number reaching 4.1 × 109. An error calculation is carried out for all the processed configurations, taking into account the experimental uncertainties of the measured physical parameters. The maximum error found on the average Nusselt number is low, of about 5%. Measurements made by means of an interstitial medium without partitions are consistent with the results of other work carried out by experimental and numerical approaches in specific ranges of Rayleigh number. This study reveals the partitions effectiveness, since the natural convective heat transfer's increase lies between 10.0% and 14.4% according to the considered configuration. Correlations are proposed in the present work in order to calculate the average natural convective Nusselt number for the conventional Trombe wall without partitions and for its improved version, for any aspect ratio and in the whole range of the considered Rayleigh number. They contribute to the optimization of the thermal design of this interesting assembly.

The Combined Thermal and Mechanical Effect of an Interstitial Gas on Thermal Rectification Between Periodically Grooved Surfaces

This paper presents a study on the combined thermal and mechanical effect of interstitial gas on thermal rectification between a periodically grooved surface and a flat one. To evaluate the interstitial medium influence, the analytico-numerical solution to the corresponding thermoelastic contact problem is constructed taking into account the effect of thermal strains on gap deformation. The results are provided for the Stainless Steel AISI 304 – Aluminum Alloy A380 pair in the presence of air or krypton in the interface gaps. The effects of the gas thermal conductivity and pressure, the imposed pressure and heat flux, and the maximum groove height on the effective thermal contact resistance and the level of thermal rectification are analyzed. It is revealed that taking into account the mechanical effect of the gap filler leads to lower values of thermal rectification level. Also, the change of the gap filler thermal conductivity has more pronounced effect that the change of its pressure.

A multi-block lattice Boltzmann method for the thermal contact resistance at the interface of two solids

In the present paper, a patching type multi-block lattice Boltzmann method is adopted to predict the thermal contact resistance (TCR) at the interface of two solids. The rough surfaces of contact materials are reconstructed based on the fractal theory and the contact pressure is obtained based on the plastic deformation model. The accuracy of the patching type multi-block lattice Boltzmann method is validated by some benchmarks. After validations, effects of the contact pressure, roughness, thermal conductivity of contact material, thermal conductivity of interstitial medium, temperature and radiation on TCR are investigated. The results show that: the TCR decreases when the contact pressure increases, but increases with the root-mean-square roughness; the TCR of two contact aluminums decreases faster than that of stainless steels when contact pressure increases; a higher thermal conductivity of contact materials leads to a smaller TCR; when the thermal conductivity of interstitial medium is close to zero or the gap is in vacuum, the TCR is much larger than that filled with air, especially at low contact pressure; at the high temperature, the contribution of the radiation to the TCR becomes appreciable if the thermal conductivity of the interstitial medium is low. Especially when the gap is in vacuum, the contribution of radiation on the TCR cannot be neglected.

The thermoelastic contact problem for wavy surfaces with a heat-conducting medium in interface gaps

This paper presents a study on the thermoelastic contact between a wavy surface and a flat surface in the presence of a heat-conducting interstitial medium in interface gaps. The influence of applied mechanical and thermal loads on the deformation of the gaps is taken into account. The contact problem is reduced to a system of singular integro-differential equations for a temperature jump across the gaps and the height of the gaps. Solutions are obtained for the cases of thermoinsulated and heat-conducting gaps. It is shown that, in contrast to the thermoinsulated gap model, the use of the heat-conducting gap model makes it possible to construct a physically correct solution of the contact problem. It is revealed that the wavy interface with heat-conducting gaps exhibits thermal rectification. The effects of the medium’s thermal conductivity, the pressure and heat flow magnitudes and the waviness amplitude on the effective thermal contact resistance and the level of thermal rectification are analysed.

On three-dimensional ALE finite element model for simulating deformed interstitial medium in the presence of a moving needle

The effect of inserted needle on the subcutaneous interstitial flow is studied. Our goal is to describe the physical stress affecting cells during acupuncture needling. The convective Brinkman equations are considered to describe the flow through a fibrous medium. Three-dimensional simulations are carried out by employing an ALE finite element model. Numerical studies illustrate the acute physical stress developed by the implantation of a needle.

An Implantable Depot That Can Generate Oxygen in Situ for Overcoming Hypoxia-Induced Resistance to Anticancer Drugs in Chemotherapy.

In the absence of adequate oxygen, cancer cells that are grown in hypoxic solid tumors resist treatment using antitumor drugs (such as doxorubicin, DOX), owing to their attenuated intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy favorably improves oxygen transport to the hypoxic tumor tissues, thereby increasing the sensitivity of tumor cells to DOX. However, the use of HBO with DOX potentiates the ROS-mediated cytotoxicity of the drug toward normal tissues. In this work, we hypothesize that regional oxygen treatment by an implanted oxygen-generating depot may enhance the cytotoxicity of DOX against malignant tissues in a highly site-specific manner, without raising systemic oxygen levels. Upon implantation close to the tumor, the oxygen-generating depot reacts with the interstitial medium to produce oxygen in situ, effectively shrinking the hypoxic regions in the tumor tissues. Increasing the local availability of oxygen causes the cytotoxicity of DOX that is accumulated in the tumors to be significantly enhanced by the elevated production of ROS, ultimately allaying the hypoxia-induced DOX resistance in solid malignancies. Importantly, this enhancement of cytotoxicity is limited to the site of the tumors, and this feature of the system that is proposed herein is unique.

Study on the validity of 3 × 3 Mueller matrix decomposition.

Using Monte Carlo simulations based on previously developed scattering models consisting of spherical and cylindrical scatterers imbedded in birefringent interstitial medium, we compare the polarization parameters extracted from the 3×3 and 4×4 Mueller matrix decomposition methods in forward and backward scattering directions. The results show that the parameters derived from the 3×3 Mueller matrix decomposition are usually not the same as those from the 4×4 Mueller matrix decomposition but display similar qualitative relations to changes in the microstructure of the sample, such as the density, size, and orientation distributions of the scatterers, and birefringence of the interstitial medium. The simulations are backed up by experiments when suitable samples are available.

Ultrasonic Investigation of the Effect of Carbon Content in Carbon Steels on Bulk Residual Stress

Formation of residual stress as a result of welding process is a familiar fact, but its relation with material composition is unknown. This study aims to investigate the effect of carbon content on welding residual stress in carbon steels. For this purpose, samples of ultra-low carbon interstitial free, low carbon and medium carbon steels are selected. Welding is performed as a beam on plate in spite of a joining process. Weld grooves are prepared at center of the rectangular samples. Automated submerged arc technique is preferred for welding process in order to ensure same welding parameters at each sample. Ultrasonic sound waves are used to determine residual stress. This non-destructive technique provides bulk residual stress which is average of shear and normal stresses through thickness of a material. A new approach is practiced to verify experimentally determined bulk residual stress with finite element simulation results. The model geometry of numerical analysis is divided into equivalent parts and average of shear and normal stresses is calculated. Non-destructive ultrasonic technique seems to be in good agreement with finite element analysis.

Alteration Styles in the Orion Central Volcanic Complex, Fort a la Corne Kimberlite Field, Saskatchewan, and Their Effects on Primary Volcaniclastic Textures: Implications for Facies Mapping and Diamond Exploration

Diamond grade distributions within individual kimberlite bodies are controlled by physical emplacement processes, which are generally determined from volcaniclastic facies characteristics. However, the effects and distribution of secondary alteration styles, which usually mask primary kimberlite facies, have been given little attention. At the Fort a la Corne kimberlite field, Saskatchewan, complex overprinting alteration textures and mineral phases are recognized. This study documents the characteristics, overprinting relationships, and spatial distribution of alteration styles within a crater-filling volcaniclastic deposit, Body 219 of the Orion Central volcanic complex. Data were acquired from macroscopic drill core observations, microscopic petrography, SEM imaging, EDS element mapping, and XRD analyses. Olivine crystals display a mesh fracture pattern and have been replaced by multiple generations of serpentine and magnetite. Late-stage serpentine has migrated into the interstitial medium. Bulk-rock alteration textures include (1) fine-grained crystal-rich domains, which are alteration pseudoclasts and/or relict juvenile pyroclasts; (2) a heterogeneous interstitial medium, varying from early-stage disseminated calcite-rich serpentine to amorphous serpentine and crystalline calcite; and (3) overprinting serpentine, carbonate and magnetite veins, and serpentine nodules. Alteration styles defined by unique alteration characteristics are spatially zoned through the Body 219 volcaniclastic deposit, and this is a result of multiple reaction fronts associated with the influx of fluids of varying composition over time and permeating different parts of the deposit. Recognition of alteration processes, their paragenesis and spatial controls can assist in defining and constraining the distribution of primary kimberlite facies, and by consequence the distribution of diamond grades.

Quantification of Nitric Oxide Produced By Breast Cancer Cells Stimulated By Persistent Luminescent Nanoparticles: A Study of Nanotoxicity Mechanism

Optical imaging is a rapidly developing field of research aimed at noninvasively interrogating animals for disease progression, evaluating the effects of a drug, assessing the pharmacokinetic behavior, or identifying molecular biomarkers of disease. The ZnGa1 .995O4:Cr0.005 nanoparticles (ZGO-NP) are innovative persistent luminescence materials interesting for optical imaging. This property allows overcoming the auto-fluorescence signals produced by biological tissues.For nanoparticles, which can be seen as foreign materials by the cells, the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and NOS, respectively) as a reaction to these foreign species is quite standard. An increase in the presence of ROS and NOS in the cellular environment has the potential to damage or disrupt a host of key cellular processes. Generally, luminescent nanoparticles can be activated with light and generate reactive oxidative species, which cause cytotoxicity due to photo-oxidative processes. In addition, nitric oxide produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase is able to be released from the cytoplasm to the interstitial medium across the cellular membrane. For persistent luminescent nanoparticles, the induction of oxidative stress upon cell labeling has not before established. Systematic studies are essential and should be based on free radical quantification by stimulation of nanoparticles, driving to the understanding of their effects on cellular viability and function in relevant model systems.On this work, the nitric oxide (NO) production by breast cancer cell line was analyzed and quantified by modified ultramicrolectrodes after interaction with ZGO persistent luminescent nanoparticles graphed with different functional groups.Ultramicroelectrodes permits fast measures in highly resistive solutions, in steady-state conditions, and in vitro and in vivo performances. The catalytic activity of nickel tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine (NiTSPC) deposited over UME surface has been demonstrated for the NO oxidation, that joint to the selectivity provided by the polyphenol membranes, results in an electrochemical sensor with a wide field of applications.The platinum working ultramicroelectrode (25 μm) was initially modified with a niquel tetrasulphonate phthalocyanine film, deposited in basic media by cyclic voltammetry (50 consecutive cycles, at ν=100 mV.s-1), to improve catalytic activity and specificity for the nitric oxide oxidation. Afterward, a permoselective polyphenol membrane was also electro deposited by cyclic voltammetry during 10 consecutive cycles at ν=10 mV.s-1 to discriminate possible interferences. A silver/silver chloride wire (Ag/AgCl) was used as counter electrode and pseudo-reference electrode.The electrodes system was inserted into cell culture system to evaluate the NO production by cells in contact to modified-ZGO-NP in real time. Quantitative sensing of extracellular NO released from breast cancer cells treated with different concentrations of NP was per-formed by chronoamperometry at 800 mV. The measurements of NO molecules showed low detection and quantification limits of 12.8 and 38.4 nmol.L-1, respectively at 37 °C.The influence of different functional groups as hydroxyl, aminosilane, and polyethylene glycol (negative, positive and neutral charge, respectively) presents in the nanoparticle surface was evaluated. The capillary electrophoresis analysis was also used to evaluate nanoparticle-cell interactions and complement the electrochemical measurements to have a best understanding of nanoparticle and cell interactions at interphase level. The level of induced NO is related to the total amount internalized NPs by the cells, which is greatly affected by the functional groups present in surface of the NPs.The NO concentrations after treatment by nanoparticles continuously increased up until sub-micromolar levels. We confirmed that the coating of the NPs also plays an important role in interactions with cancerous cells in different way according to their specific surface properties. In conclusion, nitric oxide electrochemical biosensors are of great help for the toxicity assessment of nanomaterials, and for a major understanding of the reactions and mechanisms involved in nanotoxicity at cellular level.