Interstate Communication Research Articles

ВИВЧЕННЯ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ ЯК МІЖДЕРЖАВНОЇ МОВИ У XVIII–XIX СТОЛІТТЯХ

The article presents the analysis of the geopolitical prerequisites for the development of English as a language of interstate communication, starting from the 18th to the middle of the 19th centuries. The goals and methods of its study by various peoples of the world, depending on the geopolitical, economic and educational levels of the states’ development and the needs of people in international contacts, have been studied. The priority of the educational goal of teaching foreign languages has been proven, and therefore the use of grammar-and-translation and lexical-and-translation teaching methods to achieve its implementation have been described. The study and the analysis of the historical events that took place in the XVIII– XIX centuries in most countries of Western Europe have been conducted. The characteristics of these teaching methods have been provided; their principles, advantages and disadvantages have been determined, as well as the signifi cance of their understanding for the improvement of modern foreign language technologies. The analysis of this historical period showed that: 1) the geopolitical prerequisites for the use of English as the language of interstate communication in the 18th century were the following: the development of the English fl eet as one of the most powerful in the world with a highly developed military and technical base and the largest trade and economic network, which caused the possession of the vast majority of sea routes by the British; 2) the fi rst offi cial method of teaching English was the grammar-and-translation method, which meant the realization of the educational goal through the awareness of the grammatical structure of the language in order to understand the content of the authentic texts and the ability to translate them into the native language; 3) the second offi cial method of teaching English was the lexical-and-translation method, which also meant the realization of the educational goal but on the basis of lexical knowledge, not a grammar one. The vocabulary was considered the main meaningful unit of speech. The speech was trained by reading authentic texts, their literary translation into the native language, and oral reproduction of their content. Both of these methods provided awareness of the linguistic foundations of the English language but did not contribute to the implementation of its communicative function. The study of these methods strengthens the signifi cance of the conscious, but exclusively practical mastery of linguistic phenomena for the achievement of normative foreign language communication. Key words: the English language, language of interstate communication, grammar-and-translation method, lexical-and-translation method, XVIII–XIX centuries.

Analysing inter-state communication dynamics and roles in the networks of the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation

The International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC) was an international organisation established post-World War I, aimed to foster intellectual relations for global peace. As this institution becomes centenary, the digitisation of archival records has democratised access, sparking renewed scholar interest and eventually enabling new research avenues. Here, we examine two letter collections from IIIC’s digitised funds, focusing on administrative and artistic/literary matters. By analysing recognisable sender-receiver pairs and their geographical origins, we construct networks revealing intricate international relationships. Notably, the community structures and roles differ between administrative and literary exchanges, suggesting distinct communication dynamics. Administrative matters depict a more egalitarian distribution. In contrast, relevant literary correspondents include Western European countries exclusively, reflecting the prominence of certain geocultural areas as well as potential geopolitical influence attempts, challenging the established historical narratives on centres and peripheries, inviting a revaluation of the IIIC’s geographical organisation and intellectual cooperation during the interwar period.

Inter-State Communications before UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies: Testing the Waters for Collective Communications

Abstract The awakening of inter-state communications with the first ever three cases before the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in 2018 has inspired new avenues of research about their potential and shortfalls. This article opens a new line of exploration, considering the mechanism’s potential as an avenue for collective action at a time when many States are responding to violations of international law, even when not directly affected by those violations. Those responses have included massive third-party interventions (Ukraine v Russia), and the initiation of proceedings before the icj by States not directly injured (The Gambia v Myanmar, Canada and the Netherlands v Syrian Arab Republic, South Africa v Israel). This article argues that enabling collective inter-state communications before UN treaty bodies could strengthen the mechanism as an avenue for treaty compliance and the protection of human rights, and for amplifying sovereign voices as part of peaceful dispute settlement processes.

Inter-States Disputes Under the Inter-American Human Rights System

Abstract Under the inter-American human rights system, inter-State disputes seem largely irrelevant. Such irrelevance contrasts with the European human rights system, where the amount of inter-State disputes is significant (and growing), and is similar to the African human rights regime, where there is a very low number of inter-State disputes. In more than four decades since the entry into force of the American Convention on Human Rights, there are only two inter-State disputes brought before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights—one of the two bodies that, along with the Inter-American Court, make up the regional human rights system. The virtual inexistence of inter-State complaints, however, does not mean an absence of human rights disputes among members of the Organization of American States (oas). In fact, States resort to other mechanisms to process their disputes. Therefore, to explore how inter-States disputes actually operate under inter-American human rights law, it is necessary to broaden the view and look beyond the specific mechanism of inter-State communications established in the American Convention. This article discusses the two inter-State communications that the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights has so far examined, and analyses other mechanisms—typically, advisory opinions by the Inter-American Court—that serve as a substitute for inter-State communications. The article shows how oas States use advisory opinions as a covert inter-State dispute mechanism and argues that the Inter-American Court should articulate a clear set of admissibility standards to address this practice.

Inter-State Cases under icerd as an Avenue to Protect Cultural Heritage

Abstract The most recent applications before the International Court of Justice (icj) under Article 22 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (icerd), Armenia v. Azerbaijan and Azerbaijan v. Armenia, both claim that the destruction of cultural heritage during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict constitutes a violation of the Convention. The applications have met with enthusiasm that icerd offers a potential new avenue for the protection of cultural heritage, as well as scepticism as to whether these claims fall within the scope of the treaty. Armenia and Azerbaijan bypassed the inter-State communications mechanism under Articles 11–13 before the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (cerd), as they are legally entitled to do. But the cerd perspective remains important. First, the Articles 11–13 mechanism is available in relation to 182 States Parties, whereas due to reservations, the Article 22 mechanism is available only in relation to 157 States Parties. Second, cerd practice in relation to cultural heritage ought to inform the determination of the Court. This article investigates the cerd approach to the protection of cultural heritage. It draws in related questions such as whether religious cultural heritage comes under a treaty on racial discrimination; the applicability of these protections in situations of armed conflict; and icerd’s relationship with other specialised instruments. It offers conclusions as to what extent an avenue for the protection of cultural heritage under icerd exists before the Committee and the Court.

The Path Less Taken? Interstate Conciliation and Human Rights

Abstract Though provided for in several treaties, including three universal human rights treaties, resort to interstate conciliation has been sparse. In 2018, however, the first three human rights interstate conciliations were initiated under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (cerd). While two of these have been suspended by mutual agreement, the third, Palestine v. Israel, is ongoing after the cerd Committee has concluded that it has jurisdiction to establish a conciliation commission. This article examines how suited conciliation is to advance the goals of interstate communications in human rights treaties, as well as conciliation more broadly. It also tries to identify critical factors that may determine the success or failure of such conciliations, particularly by drawing on lessons learned from the recent conciliation between Timor Leste and Australia under the UN Convention for the Law of the Sea, which successfully concluded with a delimitation treaty.

Remote Work: Challenges and strategies for Effective Management

The development of remote employment has affected workplace practices. This study examines the complexities of remote work and proposes management methods to address its issues. Owing to global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of remote work is rapidly increasing, necessitating managers to reconsider their approaches. Interstate communication is a significant concern. Employers need to use Slack and Skype as means to assess the communication proficiency of job candidates. The study highlights the need of maintaining employee well-being by effectively managing a combination of flexibility and structured routines to combat fatigue and the blurring of work and personal life boundaries. Essential components include secure cloud solutions, standardised hardware, and measures to ensure data integrity. Effective remote project management necessitates a harmonious blend of autonomy and accountability, hence it is advisable to use technology that minimise distractions and rely on cloud-based solutions. Identifying and developing talent in remote teams involves specified performance targets and career development criteria. Virtual environments pose challenges to visibility and consistency, yet digital technology enable progress monitoring and foster a unified organisational culture. Retention is vital, hence virtual meetings and work-life balance are encouraged. The study revealed that directly addressing these challenges may lead to the development of a robust and productive remote workforce, ensuring success in the evolving work environment.

Evolution of techno-nationalism: The role of the space factor

Technological changes of the last four decades (1980s ‒ 2020s) encourage scientists of various fields to assess the impact of technologies on the transformation of the system of international relations and national strategies of states. In particular, the main focus of many studies is devoted to the system of relations between countries with conflicting technological interests. Therefore, in the presented article, let’s focus on the theoretical understanding of the evolution of the concept of techno-nationalism. Consideration of techno-nationalism through the prism of space policy, in particular US-China relations, is appropriate from the point of view of determining the relevance of the obtained research results. In view of this, the research methodology is based on an interdisciplinary approach, which made it possible to look at the problem through the perspective of historical, economic, political sciences and the theory of international relations. The analysis of publications on this issue shows that the development of techno-nationalism took place in a dichotomous relationship with techno-globalism. In the context of the end of the Cold War, techno-nationalism was used to refer to the protectionist policies of states that opposed the free exchange of technology. Space technology, which is an indicator of leadership and has a dual purpose, has become an important element of interstate communication in the post-bipolar era. Changes in this system led to an attempt by the United States to balance the interests of national security and commercial benefits from the use of space. However, these efforts led to a further strengthening of the export control regime from the second half of the 1990s. These restrictions were mainly based on concerns about the transfer of space technology to China, which was showing signs of military modernization. Thus, the leadership challenge facing the US and China in the space industry continued to strengthen the techno-nationalist elements of innovation systems throughout the 2000s and 2010s. Based on the views of the studied scientists, the author of the article provides his own definition of techno-nationalism as a state policy, scientific approach and ideology where national factors play a key role. The results of the study showed that the components of technological systems can be affected by the process of globalization to varying degrees. And therefore, techno-globalism and techno-nationalism are components of these systems and demonstrate interdependence. In this light, such categories as digital nationalism, digital identity, and techno-authoritarianism need further development.

Testing the power-law hypothesis of the interconflict interval

War is an extreme form of collective human behaviour characterized by coordinated violence. We show that this nature of war is substantiated in the temporal patterns of conflict occurrence that obey power law. The focal metric is the interconflict interval (ICI), the interval between the end of a conflict in a dyad (i.e. a pair of states) and the start of the subsequent conflict in the same dyad. Using elaborate statistical tests, we confirmed that ICI samples compiled from the history of interstate conflicts from 1816 to 2014 followed a power-law distribution. We then demonstrate that the power-law properties of ICIs can be explained by a hypothetical model assuming an information-theoretic formulation of the Clausewitz thesis on war: the use of force is a means of interstate communication. Our findings help us to understand the nature of wars between regular states, the significance of which has increased since the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022.

Legal Consequences of Dual and Multiple Nationality: Practice of International Legal Regulation

Introduction. The article dwells on the international legal cooperation on resolution of the consequences of dual and multiple nationality concerning extradition of bi- and polypatrids, resolution of investment disputes with their participation and provision of diplomatic protection. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The theoretical basis of the present study was based on doctrinal and legal sources, as well as legal precedents in the field of extradition of persons with dual and multiple nationality, resolution of investment disputes, and diplomatic protection. Formal-legal, comparative-legal, historical, and predictive methods were used in the research. Results. Dual and multiple nationality appear more and more widespread phenomena which is caused by the tendencies of modern interstate communication. In the absence of effective international legal regulation, in particular treaty regulation, a large number of disputes arises in connection with the legal status of bi- and polypatrids, among which the most urgent are those in the field of extradition, resolution of investment disputes and provision of diplomatic protection. The well-established approach in the area of bi- and polipatrizm implies the application of the principle of “effective nationality” in cases involving such persons. Discussion and Conclusion. The admissibility and conditions for application of effective nationality principle are frequently not stipulated in the international treaties (on extradition, on protection of investments, on dual nationality), therefore it seems advisable to supplement this kind of treaties with appropriate provisions on the procedure of effective nationality principle application.

강제실종방지협약의 이행감시절차와 한국의 이행

On January 4, 2023, Republic of Korea acceded to the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. With this accession, Korea is now a party to eight of nine core UN human rights treaties, excluding the International Convention on the Rights of Migrant Workers.
 The Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance adopts various procedures to monitor the implementation and compliance of State Parties' obligations and establishes the Committee on Enforced Disappearances as the body to operate them. By acceding to the Convention, Korea is automatically subject to the Convention's procedures such as States Parties reports, urgent action, and country visits. In addition, the optional procedures of individual communication and inter-state communication are also available to Korea as it has declared its acceptance of the relevant provisions. As Korea is already subject to similar implementation monitoring procedures to the Convention, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention Against Torture, and the Working Group on Enforced Disappearances, there are actually no additional sovereignty constraints or obligations that would be added by Korea’s accession to the Convention. For now, the Convention requires the submission of a national report by February 3, 2025, and while there is a need to align domestic legislation with the Convention's standards and reflect this in the national report, the Convention is a single reporting system, meaning that once the first national report is completed, the burden of reporting will be lessened in subsequent years.
 Withe the accession to the Convention, Korea has ratified or acceded to most of the UN human rights treaties, further solidifying its position as a key member of the UN human rights treaty system. Unfortunately, the Convention is limited in its universal application due to the slow pace of ratification and non-recognition of individual communication and inter-state communication. In this respect, Korea's accession is significant in terms of the spread and development of the Convention. Korea is the only country in the Asia-Pacific region that has accepted individual communication and inter-state communication at the same time as it accessed the Convention, which confirms its commitment to human rights protection and its participation in the international human rights protection system.

Prerequisites for the Emergence of Dual and Multiple Citizenship in Modern International Law

A wide range of phenomena that today are integral attributes of interstate communication generates dual and multiple citizenship. Often, bi- and polypatrism arises due to objective reasons, in the absence of the individual’s intentions, and sometimes even without his knowledge. This, of course, does not exclude the interest of the person and his purposeful actions to obtain the status of bi- or polypatride, which in certain cases may mean additional rights for the individual. The paper analyzes the reasons for the emergence of dual and multiple citizenship, the conditions due to which the existence of such reasons is possible today, as well as the impact of the international community on certain prerequisites by domestic and international mechanisms, both institutional and contractual. The author concludes that dual and multiple citizenship are generated by different reasons, which once again confirms the thesis about the different content of these phenomena.

Dual Nationality or Bipatrism as a Result of Bilateral Cooperation Between States

The subject of the study is dual nationality or bipatrism as a result of bilateral cooperation of states on issues of nationality. International legal cooperation of states on issues of nationality, in particular dual and multiple nationalities, is implemented through the conventional mechanism, that is, through the conclusion of bilateral and multilateral treaties. Treaty settlement of problems caused by the status of bi- and polypatrism is currently the most effective tool, because domestic norms, due to their unilateral action, are not able to fully respond to the newly emerging phenomena of interstate communication, among which the most urgent are the issues of nationality, in particular dual and multiple nationality. The author examines the differences between the terms "multiple nationality" and "dual nationality" on the basis of international agreements, in connection with which the conclusion is made about the lack of similarity in the content of these terms due to different legal regulation. The author analyzes the treaty practice on issues of dual nationality on the example of bilateral agreements. The author gives a modern classification of treaties on dual and multiple nationality, reflecting the current approaches of the states to these phenomena. The author concludes that despite the large number of bilateral agreements it is necessary to develop a new universal approach to the international legal regulation of multiple and dual nationality, which would reflect the current practice of legal regulation of bi- and polypatrism.

Radicalisation and Violent Extremism in Europe. Security Communication, Cultural Tools, Limits and Future Prospects

After a health pandemic and an ongoing war, the research context on violent extremism and radicalization in Europe becomes an extremely complex arena. For years, researchers have been working across different academic disciplines (political science, international relations, sociology, criminology, religious studies, etc.) on specific violent extremism issues using various qualitative and quantitative methods. Despite the high volume of research material, many, both within and outside the academic community, recognize the need to synthesize the scientific literature and take stock of evidence-based research. Much of the academic work on countering violent extremism is based on theories and anecdotes rather than hard data demonstrated through rigorous scientific methods. As Rohlwing (2016) notes, there is currently a chronic lack of good quality empirical studies and qualitative and quantitative evidence to support - or challenge - common assumptions about countering violent extremism practices and policies. As well observed and described at the RAN Research Seminar, despite compelling academic contributions, there is an urgent need to focus on better quality and interdisciplinary engagement, as well as identifying research on priority issues to prevent and counter violent extremism. The purpose of this paper presented here is to take stock of research, which is characterized by fragmentation, to identify and fill knowledge gaps, especially in the area of European security policies and inter-state communications from before the new global health and war shocks, which are still ongoing.

Towards an Amicable Solution: The Inter-State Communications Procedure under ICERD

Abstract Articles 11–13 ICERD provide for inter-State communications before the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. The mechanism was triggered for the first time in 2018, with three inter-State communications – Qatar v. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Qatar v. United Arab Emirates and Palestine v. Israel. This article offers a detailed, article-by-article analysis of the ICERD inter-State communications mechanism. It looks back at CERD decision-making under Article 11, which pioneered rules of procedure and practice in inter-State communications before a UN treaty body. It considers the composition of the ad hoc Conciliation Commissions under Article 12. It looks forward to the role of the ad hoc Conciliation Commissions under Article 13 in terms of fact-finding, an amicable solution and recommendations. In conclusion, the potential of the Articles 11–13 mechanism as a global contentious human rights jurisdiction is emphasised.

Military Muscle-Flexing as Interstate Communication: Russian NOTAM Warnings off the Coast of Norway, 2015–2021

Military Muscle-Flexing as Interstate Communication: Russian NOTAM Warnings off the Coast of Norway, 2015–2021

Роль "организации сотрудничества социалистических стран в области электрической и почтовой связи" в формировании межгосударственной системы электросвязи (конец 1950-х гг.)

The article examines the process of creating an international organization in the post-war period to ensure scientific and technical cooperation in the field of electrical and postal communications between socialist states and its role in solving the priority tasks and development strategy of the interstate communications system. It is shown how the logic of the unfolding “cold war” forced the Soviet Union, as one of the poles of the emerging bipolar world, to undertake efforts to build its own relatively autonomous “external” electrical communication system (including wire telegraph and telephone communication and radio channels ), which united the national communication systems of the states of the socialist camp - including for lobbying their interests in international communication organizations of the world scale. It is emphasized that the rapid development of technologies, due to the beginning of the scientific and technological revolution in electrical communications, brought to the fore the issues of operational management and rational operation of international segments of communication systems of socialist states: the development of uniform instructions, technical requirements, methodological approaches, unified automation and tariffication of the international network, etc. The need to establish a regular exchange of scientific and technical knowledge is also shown - to coordinate scientific research and eliminate parallelism in their conduct. In preparing the article, materials were used from the funds of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications of the GDR, as well as the Institute of Postal and Electrical Communications of the GDR, dedicated to the activities of international organizations in the field of communications and stored in the Federal Archives of Germany (Bundesarchiv, Lichterfelde - Berlin). These documentary materials are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

CULTURAL DIPLOMACY OF UKRAINE: EXPERIENCE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

Cultural diplomacy is a fairly new concept, but it is a powerful tool for interethnic and interstate communication. Consideration of theoretical and applied experience in the formation of the concept of cultural diplomacy clarifies its effectiveness as a means of lobbying national interests. Emphasis is placed on the existence of elements of cultural diplomacy, even in ancient civilizations, which confirms the effectiveness of this instrument of «soft power». The main tendencies of Ukraine's development as a sovereign and fully-fledged actor in the international arena are outlined. The necessity of introduction of progressive diplomacy methods by the modern Ukrainian state for establishment in the geopolitical and cultural world is determined.The historical experience of using cultural diplomacy to determine effective forms and methods of its application in the process of forming a positive image of the state is considered. Emphasis is placed on the experience of many modern European countries, especially France, Germany, Great Britain, Poland and the United States. It has been found that cultural diplomacy is currently an important area of foreign policy in many countries. The process of development of cultural diplomacy in Ukraine is viewed. The main stages and key elements of public policy in the field of public diplomacy are identified. The activity of state and public organizations in the field of popularization of Ukrainian culture, inside the country and abroad is outlined. The conditions for the effective realization of national interests through cultural initiatives are determined. The creation of quality content for export, that is a product of effective coordination of efforts of domestic political, social forces and other stakeholders is outlined. The author highlights that cultural diplomacy is a "soft power" for Ukraine, a strategic element of foreign policy, through which support can be found in other countries at the public level. However, currently the state strategy for the development of cultural diplomacy is just being formed, it is gaining new forms, adopting the European experience.

PREREQUISITES FOR THE CREATION OF ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IN UKRAINE

The relevance of the article is determined by the global direction towards the greening of the environment which finds its manifestations both in scientific research in various fields of knowledge and in the general policy of developed countries. Nowadays, the problems of climate, environmental friendliness and biodiversity are of vital importance. The current approach to land use leads to fragmentation of natural environment, stagnation of natural habitat, degradation of ecological systems, which affects nature-related anthropogenic culture.
 The article considers political measures that are the basis for the methodology of environmental regulation at global level. This research shows how they are reflected in the Ukrainian legal framework and provides specific results.
 The analysis of legislative and literary sources allowed finding out that the creation of the ecological network of Ukraine has a deep level of integration into the European ecological programs and is a part of the ecological network of a higher order. The study found that the organization of the ecological network of Ukraine takes place immediately at the national, regional and local levels. The national level ensures the establishment of state strategies and directions of the ecological network, the establishment of interstate communications on the organization of transboundary ecological objects as well as the positioning of the state ecological network as a part of the "Green Infrastructure" (GI). At this level there is communication with world environmental organizations, setting goals, directives and compliance with environmental programs.
 The regional and local levels determine the activities of regional and district councils in relation to specific environmental measures aimed at the protection and reproduction of natural biological and landscape diversity, its protection, regulation of land use in protected areas. The article highlights the hierarchical model of ecological networks organization (Regional Ecological Network Scheme - Consolidated Scheme of Ecological Network of Ukraine - European Ecological Network Scheme "Green Infrastructure"), which reveals the relationship between the initial global environmental initiative and the scheme of ecological network formation in Ukraine.

Inter-State Communication under ICERD: From ad hoc Conciliation to Collective Enforcement?

Abstract The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) contains the inter-State communication procedure within which the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) received the following three communications in 2018: Qatar v Saudi Arabia, Qatar v the United Arab Emirates, and Palestine v Israel. In these cases, CERD characterized this procedure as relating to collective enforcement, analogous to the inter-State application procedure within the order/regime of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). However, unlike the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), ICERD does not refer to ‘collective enforcement’, but merely contains ad hoc conciliation, that is a bilateral means for reaching a mutually agreed solution to a dispute. This article aims, rather critically, to assess whether, and to which extent, it is justified to view the CERD ad hoc conciliation procedure as a means of collective enforcement.