Intersection Delay Research Articles

Minimizing Intersection Delays: A Novel Fuzzy Logic-Based Architecture for Traffic Signal Control

Minimizing Intersection Delays: A Novel Fuzzy Logic-Based Architecture for Traffic Signal Control

Evaluating the performance of implementing regionally coordinating bus priority signals under different control schemes

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) proves its effectiveness in alleviating traffic congestion, especially in urban areas. The implementation of Transit Signal Priority (TSP) for BRT has shown a significant reduction in delays. However, in densely populated urban areas, this priority can inadvertently cause additional delays for other modes of transportation. In this paper, we propose a control strategy for Regionally Coordinating Bus Priority Signals Control (RCBPSC) at urban intersections. The aim is not only to reduce bus delays but also to consider minimizing delays for pedestrians and other vehicles. To achieve this, we modeled two consecutive intersections along the Amman BRT. Essentially, we evaluated three different control scenarios in addition to the current base scenario. These scenarios include adaptive traffic signal control, RCBPSC with no signal timing optimization, and RCBPSC with signal optimization. Simulation results indicate that the adaptive traffic signal timing has the worst operational performance in terms of average delay and Level of Service (LOS) compared to the base scenario. Additionally, the results show that BRT delays significantly decrease at both intersections when we implement RCBPSC scenarios. When implementing RCBPSC with optimization scenarios, the results show an average reduction of more than 60% in intersection delay, a decrease in emissions of more than 50%, and an improved LOS for system users compared to the base scenario. The findings of this work can help agencies improve the current operational condition of BRT when implementing RCBPSC.

Integrated Optimization Model of Lane Function and Signal Control for Tandem Intersections

This paper presents an integrated optimal controller for the tandem intersection with lane function design and signal control, aiming to improve intersection efficiency and service reliability with a multi-objective formulation. The tandem intersection is a type of unconventional intersection that can re-organize the vehicles at entrance lanes with sorting areas, and improve intersection capacity through the coordination of pre-signals and main signals. However, most existing studies related to tandem intersection control assume that the lane functions in the sorting areas for both the through and left-turn movements are the same, and the traffic demand remains static. To fill these gaps, this paper first identifies six different tandem control modes based on the different lane functions and phase sequence schemes in the sorting area, and the corresponding delay models for each mode are derived. Furthermore, an integrated optimization model is developed to minimize the mean and semistandard deviation of the intersection delay, and the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II is used to obtain the optimal solution. A case study is conducted in a real-world intersection in Melbourne, Australia, under various traffic conditions. The results show that the proposed method can decrease average delay and queue length by 19.61% and 20.94%, respectively, compared with conventional intersection design.

Detection and mitigation of vehicle platooning disruption attacks

In response to the escalating challenges posed by traffic bottlenecks, accidents, and intersection delays, the deployment of platooning mechanisms emerges as an imperative remedy. This investigation revolves around a pivotal scenario wherein a closely-knit platoon of cooperative vehicles approaches an intersection. Orchestrated by a lead vehicle, this convoy navigates the traffic light to expedite the journey of its followers towards their respective destinations. However, given that the size of the platoon can be increased, it will become difficult for the leader to manage it smoothly. Therefore, dividing the platoon into small groups led by co-leaders who deal directly with the leader is considered an ideal solution to speed up and facilitate the process of maintaining platoon stability. In this paper, we propose a Cooperative Adaptive Platooning Control Algorithm (CAPCA) for the hybrid communication topology in platooning. In fact, CAPCA aims to achieve stability in the platoon by distributing tasks in a parallel manner to mini-platoons. Moreover, inherent complexities arise as select members within the platoon strive to undermine its stability. Within this context, the research addresses the intricacies of Vehicle Platooning Disruption (VPD) attacks, a menacing phenomenon characterized by deliberate efforts to destabilize or seize control of a platoon. These attacks manifest through tactics such as false data injection (FDI) and replaying of control messages. In response, a robust and multifaceted countermeasure is conceptualized. The Vehicle Platooning Disruption Attacks Detection Protocol (VPD-ADP) takes center stage as a foundational component. By identifying instability within the platoon's dynamics model, VPD-ADP lays the essential groundwork for mitigating the repercussions of FDI and replay attacks. Employing advanced stochastic time series analysis, the impact of VPD attacks is scrutinized via anomalies in the Cartesian coordinates of vehicles deviations from the trajectory anticipated by the platoon. Moreover, the study introduces the Reputation-based Reliable Mitigation Protocol (RRMP), a pioneering approach that leverages collaborative data gleaned from neighboring vehicles. RRMP is devised to assess the veracity of received messages and gauge their reliability in real-time. Through extensive simulations and experiments, the proposed approach's effectiveness in fortifying the resilience of vehicle platooning systems against an array of disruption attacks is convincingly demonstrated.

Dynamic Lane Assignment and Signal-Timing Collaborative Optimization Considering the Effect of Lane Switching

Dynamic lane assignment (DLA) is an effective method to improve traffic flow and optimize urban road resources. However, lane switching can disrupt traffic under dynamic control due to clearance time and driving characteristics. Traditional rule-based methods hinder the selection of optimal schemes for DLA systems. On-site data analysis shows that lane switching increases saturated headway by 18.4% and reduces lane group utilization by 17.8% compared to fixed lanes in the same direction. To address these challenges, this study proposes an optimization method that integrates DLA and signal timing, considering the impact of lane switching. The proposed model aims to minimize total delay at intersections by optimizing the number and timing of lane switches within a given interval. Case studies and extensive numerical analyses demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the rule-based approach, reducing total intersection delay by 1.91%. Additionally, the average number of lane switches decreases by 13.8%, reducing safety risks associated with frequent lane switching. Sensitivity analysis reveals the superiority of the proposed method when the utilization rate of variable lanes is below 0.4 and the saturated headway caused by lane switching exceeds 2.9 seconds. Moreover, the proposed method outperforms inductive and adaptive control schemes when the traffic flow deviation coefficient is less than 0.3. This makes it suitable for implementation in cities where drivers have limited experience with variable lanes during the initial stage, when historical and real-time data are more consistent. Overall, the proposed method offers significant improvements in traffic flow efficiency and safety in DLA systems.

Advancing the white phase mobile traffic control paradigm to consider pedestrians

AbstractCurrent literature on joint optimization of intersection signal timing and connected automated vehicle (CAV) trajectory mostly focuses on vehicular movements paying no or little attention to pedestrians. This paper presents a methodology to safely incorporate pedestrians into signalized intersections with CAVs and connected human‐driven vehicles (CHVs). The movements of vehicles are controlled using both traffic lights and mobile CAV controllers during our newly introduced “white phase.” CAVs navigate platoons of CHVs through the intersection when the white phases are active. In addition to optimizing CAV trajectories, the model optimally selects the status of the traffic light signal among white and green indications for vehicular and walk and do‐not‐walk intervals for pedestrian movements. A receding horizon‐based methodology is used to capture the stochastic nature of the problem and to reduce computational complexity. The case study results show the successful operation of fleets consisting of pedestrians, CAVs, and CHVs with various demand levels through isolated intersections. The results also show that increasing the CAV market penetration rate (MPR) can decrease average intersection delay by up to 27%. Moreover, the average pedestrian, CHV, and CAV delays decrease as the CAV MPR increases and reach their minimum values with a fully CAV fleet. In addition, the presence of the white phase can decrease the intersection average delay by up to 14.7%.

Stability of Traffic Equilibria in a Day-to-Day Dynamic Model of Route Choice and Adaptive Signal Control

Adaptive traffic signal control has the potential to promote the efficient use of road intersections, thus contributing to the effectiveness of urban traffic management schemes. However, the reaction of drivers to repeatedly updated signal settings and the ensuing route choice dynamics may trigger the emergence of various kinds of network instability. In this study, the joint evolution of traffic flows and adaptive signal settings in a road network is investigated at the level of day-to-day dynamics with an explicit focus on the stability issue. We show how a Logit form signal control policy can be used, in interaction with route choice, to counter the emergence of instabilities possibly arising as a consequence of various behavioral factors and network conditions. After providing a general formulation of the model as a discrete time, deterministic nonlinear dynamical system, an explicit analysis of fixed-point stability is carried out for a simple network. Numerical results obtained from the implementation of the model on two example networks are presented in order to support the analytical findings of this study. We conclude that, in an integrated traffic management and information system, a properly calibrated adaptive signal control policy has the potential to offset the destabilizing effect of highly accurate driver information supplied by navigational aids. Our findings also suggest that the Logit-like control policy performs better than the Equisaturation signal setting method, in terms of average intersection delay at equilibrium, for all levels of driver information and travel demand tested in the experiment.

Assessment of Traffic Characteristic at Major Urban Road Intersection of Kathmandu Valley: A Case Study of Khanivivag, Kesarmahal, and Narayanhiti Intersections

This study addresses the prevalent issue of traffic congestion at critical intersections in urban areas, leading to slowed traffic and increased queue lengths. The centralization of the Kathmandu Valley has contributed to a gradual rise in population thus impacting the efficiency of the traffic management system. This study focuses on three of the busiest intersections of the valley i.e. Kesharmahal, Narayanhiti, and Khanibhivag intersections and aims to provide insights into current traffic conditions and propose measures for enhancing traffic flow. Data collected is analyzed to determine current traffic flow, saturation flow, existing capacity, Level of Service (LOS), and intersection delay using the HCM Manual. The analysis involves assessing present conditions and making comparisons with standardized data. Three days of traffic volume data during peak hours and geometric features of the intersection were gathered. Results indicate that the intersections are experiencing over-saturation, exceeding their capacity based on existing geometry and signalization. Additionally, the vehicle replacement strategy showed limited effectiveness in reducing saturation flow, with the flow persisting at an over-saturated level. These findings highlight the need for targeted measures to address the challenges posed by congestion and enhance the efficiency of traffic management at these intersections for smooth traffic flow.

DAMPAK PEMBANGUNAN ABDUL RASYID TOWER TERHADAP PERUBAHAN ARUS LALU LINTAS DI KABUPATEN KOTAWARINGIN BARAT

In line with population growth, Pangkalan Bun City has now expanded to include linear pathways or the surrounding area, not only in the city center. This has resulted in the City of Pangkalan Bun having many large trading centers and one of them is the construction of the Abdul Rasyid Tower on Jalan Udan Said in front of the CBI Group head office, Pangkalan Bun, West Kotawaringin Regency, which will result in congestion / attraction of new trips in Pangkalan Bun City.
 Data collection was carried out by means of a direct survey at the Abdul Rasyid Tower intersection on Jalan Udan Said during peak hours in the morning, afternoon and evening from 06.00 – 18.00 WIB. From the survey results, grouping was carried out on each segment at the intersection and presented in the form of a vehicle table. In calculating the savings analysis using the 1997 Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual and Vissim Software. Traffic performance around the Abdul Rasyid Tower project site at the time prior to construction according to MKJI 1997 calculations, the biggest delay at the afternoon intersection at the first intersection was 7,45 second. The results of the Vissim Software the biggest intersection delay occurred in the morning at the first intersection, which was 7,98 second. Traffic performance around the Abdul Rasyid Tower project site during construction according to MKJI 1997 calculations, the largest intersection delay occurred in the afternoon at the first intersection of 9,47 second. The results of the Vissim Software, the biggest delay at the intersection occurred in the afternoon at the first intersection at 9,89 second. Traffic performance around the Abdul Rasyid Tower project site during post-construction according to MKJI 1997 calculations, the largest intersection delay during the day at the first intersection was 7,78 second. The results of the Vissim Software, the largest delay at the first intersection during the day is 8,21 second.

Research on coordinated control optimization of adjacent intersections based on numerical solution

In order to improve the efficiency of traffic flow and reduce the delay of arterial intersections, a coordinated signal control method based on numerical solution is proposed. Firstly, considering the factors such as the shortest green time and saturation of a single intersection, the intersection delay model is established. Secondly, the traffic capacity of the trunk line is improved by optimizing the public cycle and the green ratio of each intersection. Finally, an optimization model with minimum delay as the optimization objective is constructed, and the signal coordination of arterial intersections is realized by taking Yancheng City as an example. The results show that the coordinated control model of adjacent intersections based on the numerical method can reduce the average vehicle delay of two-way vehicles, achieve the purpose of green wave coordinated control of road sections, and improve the road traffic capacity.

Analisis Kinerja Simpang Taman Tirto Agung Semarang

The development of transportation in the city of Semarang, especially in the Banyumanik area, has an impact on increasing the movement of people, stuff and services. this greatly encourages an increase in transportation facilities and infrastructure in the Banyumanik area. An increase in the number of vehicles that is not matched by the development of infrastructure will cause conflicts on the road, especially at intersections or roundabouts. So far, on roads in the Banyumanik area, at certain hours there is often an ineffective traffic rush with road performance being an important infrastructure in transportation. This study used calculations based on MKJI 1997. The data collection was carried out by survey directly at the intersection location in this study determined 5 days and 3 observation sessions every day. It was found that the tirto agung intersection had 322 types of intersection and the highest traffic was on Wednesday 21 June 2023 with a traffic flow value of 3528 pcu/hour, capacity 2722 pcu/hour, degree of saturation 1.296, intersection delay 92.938 sec/pcu, queue probability 69.225% - 143.302%. Based on the research results, the performance value of the Tirto Agung intersection does not meet the 1997 MKJI requirements where the degree of saturation allowed for the unsignalized intersection type is <0.75, it is necessary to have a physical intersection engineering (APILL) or non-physical (Traffic Engineering) at the intersection location.

Pemodelan Kinerja Simpang Sebidang Bersinyal Menggunakan Perangkat Lunak Vissim

A signalized level intersection is the meeting point for vehicles heading towards the intersection and vehicles leaving the intersection. The problem at road intersections is the potential for queues and delays because vehicles will reduce their speed when passing through the intersection. Traffic control at signalized intersections is by using signals or traffic lights with the aim of minimizing queues and delays. As time goes by, there is an increase in traffic volume, this will result in a decrease in intersection performance, so an evaluation of intersection performance needs to be carried out. The aim of this research is to evaluate the performance of one of the signalized intersections in the city of Balikpapan, namely Simpang Lab Coal/BDS, in existing conditions and in the next 5 years. Evaluation of the performance of this intersection uses the guidelines of the Indonesian Road Capacity Manual (MKJI 1997) and modeling using Vissim software. The results of the performance evaluation based on MKJI 1997 in existing conditions showed that the intersection capacity was 4854.6 pcu/hour. The degree of saturation was obtained at 1.003, the intersection delay was 49.7 pcu/sec, the average queue length was 36.80 m. The results of modeling using Vissim software, in existing conditions, the average queue length is 60 meters. the average delay at the intersection is 17 pcu/sec and the intersection performance is at level of service C. At the intersection conditions in the next 5 years, the queue length is obtained at 144 meters, the largest

The Integrated optimization of intermittent lane intersection design and dynamic signal control: efficiency, safety, and fuel consumption

ABSTRACT Existing unconventional intersection designs can enhance the capacity of intersections to deal with repaid pressure on urban commuting, whereas they force vehicles to multi-stop and reorganize, resulting in safety risks and high fuel consumption. This paper proposes the Intermittent Lane Intersection (ILI) that combines the advantages of variable lane intersection and CTE (Combining the tandem control and exit lanes for left-turn control). An integrated optimization model is established to obtain the optimal geometric and signal control parameters, and a homothermic genetic algorithm is used to solve the model. Then, the application of ILI in different traffic demands of the Tianfu Third Street intersection is analyzed. Compared with the benchmark design (TI, CTE, and CTE with signal coordinated control), ILI can effectively reduce intersection delay, fuel consumption, and parking times. Additionally, ILI has great application superiority when the traffic arrival rate is [1500,1700] and the left-turn ratio is [0.40,0.60].

An Efficient Road Traffic Modeling through a Novel Real Time Traffic Simulator

Dynamic traffic control is a challenging task that involves meeting rising traffic demands and cutting down on intersection delays. The existing yellow/red/green light fixed transition periods used by traffic controllers make it impossible for them to adapt to changing real-time traffic conditions at intersections. Furthermore, it would be impractical to hire traffic officers for every intersection throughout the day due to a lack of personnel, and even if sufficient personnel are available, it would be a very expensive set up. A fuzzy based traffic model was designed and simulated in real time conditions using the developed traffic simulator algorithm to control the traffic jamming at road intersections. The developed fuzzy model was based on three fuzzy inputs and its performance was measured for 13 cases of varying road width. The developed model outperformed the traditional fixed-time delay model in all the cases and the level of improvement was further increased when the congestion was high. Narrower roads were more congested and the improvement with fuzzy systems as compared to its fixed time delay counterparts was as high as 26%. This research findings clearly support the use of fuzzy logic for handling the most challenging problem of traffic congestion in densely populated regions.

Analisa Kinerja Simpang Bersinyal di Kota Jambi

Traffic control at intersections with a high volume of vehicle traffic requires regulation with traffic lights. With the regulation using traffic lights, it is hoped that it can reduce the number of queues experienced by vehicles, compared to those that do not use traffic lights. One of the intersections located in the Jambi City area which is equipped with vehicle traffic control using traffic lights is Hajj Dormitory Intersection. This intersection is a confluence of four arms of the road namely, Jl. H. Agus Salim – Jl. H. Adam Malik – Jl. H. Yunus Sanis – Jl. H. A. Roni Sani, located in the Handil Jaya Village area, Jelutung District, Jambi City. This intersection is a connecting road between regions including; office areas, shops, schools, markets, hospitals, campuses, tourist attractions, settlements, and various other destinations. At these intersections often experience traffic congestion problems, especially during the morning rush hour, afternoon rush hour and evening rush hour. This problem can be seen from the long queue of vehicles that occur. This study aims to analyze the traffic performance of the intersection, as well as obtain the service level of the existing intersection at the intersection of the Hajj Dormitory in Jambi City. The method used in calculating the analysis uses the 2014 Indonesian Road Capacity Guidelines for the capacity of the APILL intersection. The results of the study obtained several conclusions in the form of (1) the performance of the Jambi City Hajj Dormitory intersection, the existing conditions work less than optimally in serving the existing vehicle traffic flow, where the delay value that occurs is greater than 60 seconds/skr for all approaches. For Jl. H. Agus Salim the delay value is 74 seconds/skr and the queue length is 144 meters, Jl. H. Adam Malik delay value of 106 seconds/skr and queue length of 156 meters, Jl. H. Yunus Sanis the delay value is 134 seconds/skr and the queue length is 140 meters, and Jl. H. A. Roni Sani has a delay value of 228 seconds/skr and a queue length of 166 meters. (2) The service level for all approaches is F, where the delay value is greater than 60 seconds/skr. With an average intersection delay value of 116 sec/skr, the level of service F.

Kinerja Simpang Tak Bersinyal Pada Persimpangan Jl. Damang Batu – Jl. Pilau Kota Palangka Raya

An intersection refers to a designated area on the road network where traffic on vehicles sourced from several directions meets. The intersection of Damang Batu Road - Pilau Road is located in the urban area of Palangka Raya. This intersection is a very important traffic meeting point as it must facilitate rapid movement throughout the area. Analyzing the performance of the intersection is an important factor in identifying the most effective strategies to improve its efficiency. This study was conducted with the aim of analysing the intersection performance and obtaining alternatives to optimise the intersection performance. This research uses observational methodology, where data collection is carried out in a field situation. After all the data both primary and secondary are collected, the data will be analysed using the MKJI 1997. According to the results, under current conditions it has shown good results. The capacity value is 2434 smp/hour. And the degree of saturation is 0.51. Meanwhile, the intersection delay is 10.779 sec/smp. And the upper limit for queuing opportunities is 25%, the lower limit is 11%. So that the service level at that intersection falls into category B, indicating a good level of service.

Coordination Optimization of Real-Time Signal Priority of Self-Driving Buses at Arterial Intersections Considering Private Vehicles

Transit Signal Priority (TSP) is a system designed to grant right-of-way to buses, yet it can lead to delays for private vehicles. With the rapid advancement of network technology, self-driving buses have the capability to efficiently acquire road information and optimize the coordination between vehicle arrival and signal timing. However, the complexity of arterial intersections poses challenges for conventional algorithms and models in adapting to real-time signal priority. In this paper, a novel real-time signal-priority optimization method is proposed for self-driving buses based on the CACC model and the powerful deep Q-network (DQN) algorithm. The proposed method leverages the DQN algorithm to facilitate rapid data collection, analysis, and feedback in self-driving scenarios. Based on the arrival states of both the bus and private vehicles, appropriate actions are chosen to adjust the current-phase green time or switch to the next phase while calculating the duration of the green light. In order to optimize traffic balance, the reward function incorporates an equalization reward term. Through simulation analysis using the SUMO framework with self-driving buses in Zhengzhou, the results demonstrate that the DQN-controlled self-driving TSP optimization method reduces intersection delay by 27.77% and 30.55% compared to scenarios without TSP and with traditional active transit signal priority (ATSP), respectively. Furthermore, the queue length is reduced by 33.41% and 38.21% compared to scenarios without TSP and with traditional ATSP, respectively. These findings highlight the superior control effectiveness of the proposed method, particularly during peak hours and in high-traffic volume scenarios.

A Two-Stage Real-Time Optimization Model of Arterial Signal Coordination Based on Reverse Causal-Effect Modeling Approach

The arterial signal coordination is an effective method to improve traffic operational efficiency and reduce vehicle delay. In this paper, a two-stage arterial signal coordination model under dynamic traffic demands is established, and the signal timing and offset are adjusted according to the dynamic traffic demands. The objective is to minimize the expected intersection delay and the overflow of the coordinated direction. In the first stage, a calculation model for intersection signal timing based on phase clearing reliability is proposed by the reverse causal-effect modeling approach, which can calculate the signal timing of each intersection in real time. In the second stage, an offset calculation model is established to achieve the goal of minimizing delay in the coordinated direction, which can calculate the offset of trunk coordination in real time. The concept of phase clearance reliability is introduced in the model, which can dynamically adjust the balance between the coordinated phase and the non-coordinated phase, thus taking the overall control efficiency of intersections into account. We then develop an algorithm to solve the problem and then apply the model and the solution algorithm to an arterial road with three intersections to investigate and compare its performance with the Allsop’s method and the Webster’s method. A comparison between the proposed coordinated two-stage logic and a coordinated actuated logic is also conducted in the case study to show the advantages and disadvantages.

EMARLIN: Distributed Coordinated Adaptive Traffic Signal Control with Topology-Embedding Propagation

In this paper, we examine the practical problem of minimizing the delay in traffic networks that are controlled at each intersection independently, without a centralized supervisory computer and with limited communication bandwidth. We find that existing learning algorithms have lackluster performance or are too computationally complex to be implemented in the field. Instead, we introduce a simple yet efficient and effective approach using multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) that applies the Deep Q-Network (DQN) learning algorithm in a fully decentralized setting. First, we decouple the DQN into per-intersection Q-networks and then transmit the output of each Q-network’s hidden layer to its intersection neighbors. We show that our method is computationally efficient compared with other MARL methods, with minimal additional overhead compared with a naive isolated learning approach with no communication. This property enables our method to be implemented in real-world scenarios with less computation power. Finally, we conduct experiments for both synthetic and real-world scenarios and show that our method achieves better performance in minimizing intersection delay than other methods.

Severity analysis of red-light–running behavior at signalized intersections

Red-light running (RLR) is one of the riskiest behaviors at signalized intersections. This study utilizes intersection- and corridor-level characteristics to identify variables that impact the frequency and severity of RLR violations. The severity of RLR is defined based on the time when the violations happened. That is, less severe violations are the ones that occur within 3 seconds of the signal light turning red (RLR3), while more severe violations happen between 3 and 10 seconds of the signal light turning red (RLR10). Results of the zero-inflated negative binomial model showed that an increase in intersection delay and split failure increases the frequency of both types of RLR severities. An increase in the yellow interval, cycle length, and number of lanes reduces the frequency of RLR3 but increases the frequency of RLR10. Furthermore, based on the factor importance analysis conducted through the random forest, it was shown that split failure is one of the most predictive variables for RLR3 and RLR10. The findings of this research could help transportation agencies in different geographic jurisdictions utilize the calibrated models to understand the impact of varying intersection- and corridor-based characteristics on the frequency and severity of RLR.