Interrupted Technique Research Articles

Investigation of the frequency of wheezing and airway resistance using the interrupter technique in children born premature and over 3 years old

Aims: The term wheezy child is a complex condition that includes different phenotypes, differences in duration and course, and a group of diseases with distinct pathophysiology. Prematurity is a risk factor for early transient wheezing. However, its restrictive effect on respiratory function tests may also predispose to persistent wheezing. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of wheezing phenotypes and their effect on airway resistance in children born prematurely and over the age of 3. Methods: Prematurely born children over the age of 3 who were followed up in our hospital were included in our study. The effect of neonatal risk factors, especially prematurity, on persistent wheezing and increased airway resistance has been investigated. The presence of persistent wheezing and asthma in patients was investigated with the ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergic Diseases in Childhood) questionnaire. To evaluate respiratory functions, airway resistance was measured with the interrupter technique. Results: There was no significant correlation between rint values indicating airway resistance and week of gestation, birth weight, gender, mechanical ventilation, oxygen therapy, presence of BPD, and smoking exposure at home (p>0.05). Conclusion: Although there are studies in the literature showing a relationship between recurrent preschool wheezing and prematurity. Airway resistance was successfully measured and interpreted with Rint in preschool children who could not comply with the respiratory function test. Although prematurity is expected to increase airway resistance, it is interesting that we did not detect this effect in our patients, which may be due to the limited number of extremely premature patients.

Wound complication rates after anterior total hip arthroplasty: A case series comparison of interrupted vs. continuous sutures for skin closure

BackgroundThe anterior approach for total hip arthroplasty (THA) carries a higher risk of wound complications, which can significantly affect patient outcomes and increase healthcare costs. There is limited research comparing infection rates based on closure techniques in patients who undergo THA. Therefore, this study aims to compare wound complications based on interrupted or continuous sutures for skin closure after anterior approach THA. MethodsThis single-surgeon retrospective study extracted data from 388 patients who had undergone a primary THA using the anterior approach. Patient demographics, comorbidities, perioperative factors, and infection-related complications were recorded. All variables associated with a given infection complication were controlled for in a binary logistic regression model. ResultsAfter controlling for confounding variables, wound closure type was not associated with any infectious complications. BMI was a strongly associated factor in PJI (p = 0.028; 95 % CI = 1.02–1.34), prolonged drainage (p < 0.001; 95 % CI = 1.08–1.28), readmission (p = 0.023; 95 % CI = 1.01–1.20), and I&D and revision surgery (p = 0.021; 95 % CI = 1.02–1.31). ConclusionBody mass index was the sole factor associated with a higher risk of wound complications postoperatively. These findings suggest a non-inferiority between continuous and interrupted suture closure techniques regarding wound-related infectious complications in anterior total hip arthroplasty.

Efficacy and safety of laparoscopic urethral anastomosis in the repair of congenital urethral stricture in children: a systematic review

Introduction: Congenital urethral strictures are rare but significant defects in pediatric urology, causing urinary system abnormalities. These defects are difficult to manage in children due to differences in anatomy and physiology. Laparoscopic urethral anastomosis, a minimally invasive surgery, has become a popular option in pediatric urology.Objective: The research paper was aimed to assess the outcomes of laparoscopic urethral anastomosis in the pediatric patients with congenital urethral strictureMethods: This review article focuses on the effectiveness and safety of laparoscopic urethral anastomosis in pediatric patients. It includes studies focusing on pediatric patients, surgical outcomes, and published in peer-reviewed journals. Exclusions include adult populations, non-academic studies, non-academic methods, lack of adequate outcome data, and non-academic studies. Data integration and statistical evaluation are performed using a systematic review approach.Result: The studies were selected for the analysis, and the results showed that laparoscopic urethral repair is a secure method with positive postoperative results. The subcuticular uninterrupted suturing method exhibited a reduced complication rate compared to full-thickness interrupted stitches in distal hypospadias treatment. Various suturing methods such as close and open reported various complications. Interrupted suturing in the urological surgical procedure showed a tendency for reduced incidence of urethrocutaneous fistula development. The review indicated that urethral surgical intervention showed significant positive consequences.Conclusion: It was concluded that both interrupted and continuous suturing techniques were effective in treating pediatric patients with congenital urethral strictures. However interrupted suturing showed a potential benefit. The study highlighted the need for more large-scale, randomized controlled trials to validate these findings and improve surgical methodologies and postoperative outcomes

A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study of Stratafix versus Standard-of-Care for Deep Tissue Closure in Orthopedic Surgery.

Orthopedic deep surgical incisions require the approximation of 1 or multiple tissue layers. This prospective randomized controlled study aimed to assess the usefulness and effectiveness of a barbed suture technique (Stratafix symmetric PDS plus) versus the conventional interrupted knotted suture technique for deep tissue closure in orthopedic surgery by comparing deep fascia suture time, relative cost, and wound-related complications. A total of 254 patients with deep surgical incisions who underwent orthopedic surgery between October 1, 2020, and June 30, 2021, were recruited. Their general characteristics (age, sex, weight, height, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status score, total operation time, and length of deep incision) and factors related to deep incision wounds (suture type and number, wound closure time, and operation site outcomes) were collected. The general characteristics did not differ between the Stratafix and conventional groups. There were no between-group differences observed in total operation time or total anesthesia time. The wound suture times differed significantly. In the conventional group, the suture time per unit length was lower in the group with the length of deep incision under 20 cm but did not differ significantly for each wound size. In the Stratafix group, the suture time per unit length was lower in the group under 15 cm, with the shortest time observed for 10-14.9 cm, followed by 5.0-9.9 cm and the group under 5 cm. The conventional group developed 4 cases of superficial wound infection or surgical wound necrosis. One case of protruded suture tap occurred in the Stratafix group. The average suture time per unit length increased for lengths under 5 cm as barbed sutures required more time from the start of the first suture to finish of the last suture. There was no significant benefit for very short suture length. One barbed suture material allows a suture of approximately 10-12 cm; sutures beyond that require more time because the surgeon has to start again. The Stratafix group used less suture material than the conventional group.

Mastering Nature's Clock: Optimized Light Interruption Technique Propels Early Blooming and Record Yields in Chrysanthemum

Mastering Nature's Clock: Optimized Light Interruption Technique Propels Early Blooming and Record Yields in Chrysanthemum

Left bundle branch pacing guide by uninterrupted recording of intrinsic filtered and unfiltered intracardiac electrograms

BackgroundCurrently, the interrupted recording technique is commonly used to perform left bundle branch (LBB) pacing (LBBP). However, this method requires repeated testing to confirm that the LBB is captured and perforations are avoided. An automated solution may make this repetitive work easier. Case summaryLBBP was performed using an uninterrupted recording technique in an 86-year-old woman. Lead position and LBB capture was confirmed by the characteristics of the intrinsic filtered and unfiltered intracardiac electrograms. ConclusionContinuous mapping and recording technique may help achieve more accurate positioning of LBBP lead in the ventricular septum.

The Catheter Fell Out

BackgroundAccidental catheter removal or drain dislodgment, including tube thoracostomy, is a common, high-risk complication in hospitalized and ambulatory patients that often necessitates an additional procedure, increased length of stay, and increased cost. MethodsThe aim of this study was to compare the tensile strength of pigtail catheter fixation using a simple interrupted suture, a U-stitch suture, or 2 simple interrupted skin sutures in a standardized skin model. Catheters were sutured to the skin, penetrating the collagen layer, with 1 of the 3 suture techniques and varying suture combinations. ResultsFor each trial, breakage occurred at the suture or knot. The mean breakpoint varied significantly between 2 simple interrupted sutures and both the 1 simple interrupted suture and the U-stitch technique (analysis of variance post hoc test P < .001), with the 2 simple interrupted suture technique withholding nearly 40% more force. Using the strongest suture, 0 silk, on a deceased adult sheep to secure a pigtail thoracostomy catheter yielded identical data compared with the standardized skin model. ConclusionsIn conclusion, 2 simple interrupted skin sutures to secure a pigtail catheter has very low risk with a strongly positive benefit.

Interrupter Technique Revisited: Building an Experimental Mechanical Ventilator to Assess Respiratory Mechanics in Large Animals

Interrupter Technique Revisited: Building an Experimental Mechanical Ventilator to Assess Respiratory Mechanics in Large Animals

A Practical Guide to Train the Side-to-side Anastomosis: Tips, Tricks and Technical Nuances

Microanastomosis presents a challenge in neurosurgical procedures, requiring specialized skills. Regular practice outside the operating room is crucial. This study aims to provide a detailed description of the side-to-side anastomosis technique and analyze its advantages in preventing failures compared with other variations. We examined the technique, characteristics, and outcomes of side-to-side bypass procedures for complex aneurysms in the anterior cerebral artery territory at our institution over the past decade. We compared our technique with those described in the literature by other groups. The Far East Neurosurgical Institute (FENI) technique was used in 15 patients, with 17 side-to-side anastomoses performed. The average anastomosis time was 27.5 minutes, with 100% patency in follow-up. Our technique demonstrated safety and effectiveness in treating intracranial aneurysms, yielding satisfactory short- and long-term functionality outcomes. We highlight the importance of maintaining a curvilinear arteriotomy shape, at least 3 times the diameter of the artery, and utilizing an interrupted suturing technique on the anterior wall. This paper presents the first comprehensive description of the side-to-side anastomosis technique, supported with images and videos for training and replicability. Our technique enhances flow dynamics and reduces the risk of acute thrombus formation. Training in simulators and microsurgery practice centers outside the operating room is essential for acquiring and refining microsurgical skills.

Validation of Novel Microsurgical Vessel Anastomosis Techniques: A Systematic Review.

Thorough validation of novel microsurgical techniques is deemed essential before their integration into clinical practice. To achieve proper validation, the design of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) should be undertaken, accompanied by the execution of comprehensive statistical analyses, including confounder adjustment and power analysis. This systematic review aims to provide an encompassing overview of the validation methodologies employed in microsurgical studies, with a specific focus on innovative vessel anastomosis techniques. A literature search was conducted in PubMed for articles describing the validation of novel microsurgical vessel anastomosis techniques in animal or human subjects. The literature search yielded 6,658 articles. A total of 6,564 articles were excluded based on title and abstract. Ninety-four articles were assessed for full-text eligibility. Forty-eight articles were included in this systematic review. Out of 30 comparative studies, 9 studies validated novel modified interrupted suture techniques, 6 studies modified continuous techniques, 6 studies modified sleeve anastomosis techniques, 1 study a modified vesselotomy technique, 7 studies sutureless techniques, and 1 study a modified lymphaticovenular anastomosis technique. Twenty-eight studies contained animals (n = 1,998). Fifteen animal studies were RCTs. Two studies contained human/cadaveric subjects (n = 29). Statistical power analysis and confounder adjustment were performed in one animal study. Out of 18 noncomparative studies, 5 studies validated novel modified interrupted suture techniques, 1 study a modified continuous technique, 2 studies modified sleeve anastomosis techniques, 4 studies modified vesselotomy techniques, 4 studies sutureless techniques, and 2 studies modified lymphaticovenular anastomosis techniques. Ten studies contained animal subjects (n = 320), with two RCTs. Eight studies contained human subjects (n = 173). Statistical power analysis and confounder adjustment were performed in none of the animal or human studies. The current methods of microsurgical technique validation should be reconsidered due to poor study design. Statistical analysis including confounder adjustment and power analysis should be performed as a standard method of novel technique validation.

The mesenteric entry site as a potential weak point in gastrointestinal anastomoses – findings from an ex-vivo biomechanical analysis

PurposeGastrointestinal disorders frequently necessitate surgery involving intestinal resection and anastomosis formation, potentially leading to severe complications like anastomotic leakage (AL) which is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and adverse oncologic outcomes. While extensive research has explored the biology of anastomotic healing, there is limited understanding of the biomechanical properties of gastrointestinal anastomoses, which was aimed to be unraveled in this study.MethodsAn ex-vivo model was developed for the biomechanical analysis of 32 handsewn porcine end-to-end anastomoses, using interrupted and continuous suture techniques subjected to different flow models. While multiple cameras captured different angles of the anastomosis, comprehensive data recording of pressure, time, and temperature was performed simultaneously. Special focus was laid on monitoring time, location and pressure of anastomotic leakage (LP) and bursting pressures (BP) depending on suture techniques and flow models.ResultsSignificant differences in LP, BP, and time intervals were observed based on the flow model but not on the suture techniques applied. Interestingly, anastomoses at the insertion site of the mesentery exhibited significantly higher rates of leakage and bursting compared to other sections of the anastomosis.ConclusionThe developed ex-vivo model facilitated comparable, reproducible, and user-independent biomechanical analyses. Assessing biomechanical properties of anastomoses offers an advantage in identifying technical weak points to refine surgical techniques, potentially reducing complications like AL. The results indicate that mesenteric insertion serves as a potential weak spot for AL, warranting further investigations and refinements in surgical techniques to optimize outcomes in this critical area of anastomotic procedures.

Continuous or interrupted pledgeted suture technique in stented bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement: a comparison of in-hospital outcomes

BackgroundThere is ambiguity in the literature regarding the continuous suture technique (CST) for aortic valve replacement (AVR). At our center, there has been a gradual shift towards CST over the interrupted pledgeted technique (IPT). This study aims at comparing outcomes for both techniques.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of a single-center study of patients undergoing AVR between January 2011 and July 2020. Patients were divided into two groups: Continuous suture technique and interrupted pledget-reinforced sutures. The pre-operative and In-hospital clinical characteristics and echocardiographic hemodynamics (i.e. transvalvular gradients and paravalvular leakage) were compared between CST and IPT.ResultsWe compared 791 patients with CST to 568 patients with IPT (median age: 73 and 74 years, respectively, p = 0.02). In CST there were 35% concomitant procedure vs. 31% in IPT (p = 0.16). Early mortality was 3.2% in CST versus 4.8% in IPT (p = 0.15), and a second cross-clamp due to a paravalvular-leak in 0.5% vs. 1.2%, respectively (p = 0.22). The CST was not associated with new-onset conduction-blocks mandating pacemaker implants(OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.54–2.14; P = 0.85). The postoperative gradients on echocardiography were lower in CST compared to IPT, especially in smaller annuli (peak gradients: 15.7mmHg vs. 20.5mmHg, in valve size < 23 mm, p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe continuous suture technique was associated with lower postoperative gradients and shorter cross-clamp time compared to interrupted pledgeted technique. Differences in paravalvular leaks were non-significant, although slightly less in the continuous suture technique. There were no further differences in valve-related complications. Hence, continues suture technique is safe, with better hemodynamics compared to the interrupted pledgeted technique. This may be of clinical importance, especially in smaller size annular size.

Herringbone stitch technique versus interrupted suturing technique for rectus closure in emergency laparotomy: A comparative study

Background: Midline laparotomy incisions provide easy and rapid access to the peritoneal cavity in case of emergency surgery and effective closure of the abdominal wall is crucial for optimal healing and reduced complications. Secure abdominal wall closure after any laparotomy is every surgeon’s aim. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to choose the better method of rectus closure by comparing the herringbone stitch technique with the interrupted suturing technique for rectus closure in emergency laparotomy. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients who underwent midline emergency laparotomy at MGM Medical College and MY Hospital, Indore, between January 2023 and April 2023 were included in our study. In 25 patients (Group A) herringbone stitch technique was used whereas in the other 25 patients (Group B) interrupted suturing technique for rectus closure was used and they were assessed based on the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI), superficial wound dehiscence, fascial dehiscence, and incidence of incisional hernia. Results: The incidence of SSI was comparable in both groups but the incidence of superficial wound dehiscence, fascial dehiscence, and incisional hernia is less in Group A. Conclusion: The herringbone stitch technique is better as compared to the interrupted suturing technique for rectus closure in emergency laparotomy.

Continuous versus interrupted anastomotic technique for the hepaticojejunostomy: a prospective cohort study.

Interrupted sutures is the gold standard technique of hepaticojejunostomy (HJ) for bilioenteric anastomosis. This study compares the safety and early complications of continuous and interrupted suture HJ. A prospective study involving all elective HJ between September 2019 and June 2021 was conducted. Patients with type IV or V biliary strictures, duct diameter less than 8mm and/or associated vascular injury, and bilateral HJ were excluded. The study patients were divided into two random groups; interrupted and continuous anastomotic technique. Patient demographics, preoperative parameters including pathology (benign vs. malignant), HJ leak, suture time, and postoperative morbidity were recorded. Total 34 patients were enroled. Eighteen (52.9%) were into interrupted and 16 (47.1%) patients into the continuous group. Both the groups were comparable with regards to demographics, haemoglobin, serum albumin, preoperative cholangitis and biliary stenting. Total three (8.8%) patients in the entire study developed bile leak; interrupted-2 and continuous-1, which was not significant statistically (P=1.0). Similarly, total number of sutures used and the mean operating time to complete anastomosis in the continuous group was significantly lesser than the interrupted group (2.3±0.5 versus 9.6±1.6, P<0.001) and (16.2±3.1 versus 38.6±9.2min, P<0.001), respectively. There were three (18.8%) re-exploration in the continuous anastomotic technique. Among them, only one re-operation was due to HJ anastomosis failure without mortality, remaining had re-exploration for bleeding (non-HJ). Both the techniques is safe with comparable morbidity. Further, continuous has an added advantage of decreased anastomotic time and cost.

Answering the call: An evaluation of the Educate to Innovate campaign’s efforts to increase and diversify science, technology, engineering, and mathematics college graduates

Increasing and diversifying STEM college graduates, and consequently the STEM workforce, remains a pressing national priority. As such, the purpose of this quantitative study was to evaluate the Educate to Innovate campaign within higher education. Using preexisting public survey data together with interrupted and comparative interrupted time series techniques, this inquiry aimed to determine whether STEM education has been rejuvenated and broadened or if there remains work to be done. Results ultimately showed that the campaign exerted a statistically significant positive effect on the trend of STEM college graduates. However, no significant difference in the trend between STEM college graduates who are women and STEM college graduates who are men or between minority and nonminority STEM college graduates was observed. Such comprehension is both timely and useful as individuals and organizations along with federal, state, and local policymakers continue to refine and tailor the development of future STEM education interventions.

Current Interrupt Technique to Fully Characterize PEMWE Cells

It is common practice to characterize cells in polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Tafel analysis, which require special equipment and operation procedures. Additionally, these techniques are not suitable for large industrial size cells with very low impedances. We present a simpler approach based on a novel evaluation of the current interrupt (CI) technique. The CI technique utilizes the voltage response after an instantaneous drop of electric current to identify the ohmic resistance R Ω, charge transfer resistance R ct and double-layer capacity C dl in a simplified equivalent circuit (EC) of the cell. A direct link to results of typical EIS and Tafel analysis can be defined by using the improved CI method which considers a non-linear activation resistance instead of a constant charge transfer resistance. Thereby, access to equivalent information as the established standard method is granted, while being applicable to all cell and stack sizes without requiring special equipment (e.g. impedance spectrometer). The agreement with experimental data is significantly improved over the assumption of a constant charge transfer coefficient. Consistency of the proposed interpretation with explicit EIS and Tafel analysis is demonstrated and options for industrial application of the evaluation scheme are discussed.

Effectiveness of Continuous versus Interrupted Closure of Midline Wound in Emergency Laparotomies in Terms of Wound Dehiscence

Background: Midline laparotomy is widely recognized as the preferred technique for abdominal surgeries due to its simplicity and the effective exposure it provides. Despite its prevalence, the optimal method for closing the incision remains a topic of debate among surgeons, particularly when balancing the risk of wound dehiscence with the practicalities of surgical practice. The mechanical properties of suture materials and techniques, such as continuous versus interrupted suturing, directly influence wound integrity during the critical postoperative period. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness and complication rates of continuous versus interrupted suturing techniques in midline laparotomies, with a focus on the incidence of wound dehiscence. Methods: This randomized controlled trial included 180 patients undergoing emergency laparotomy, divided into two groups: continuous closure (Group A) and interrupted closure (Group B). The study was conducted at Lady Reading Hospital MTI, Peshawar, with ethical committee approval. Participants were informed, consented, and demographic data were recorded. Suture techniques were performed by an experienced surgeon, and patients were monitored for wound dehiscence up to the 15th postoperative day. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: Group A reported a wound dehiscence rate of 14.4%, with an effectiveness rate of 85.6%. In comparison, Group B showed a significantly lower dehiscence rate of 5.6% and an effectiveness rate of 94.4%. The age-wise distribution of effectiveness indicated no statistically significant difference between the groups across various age ranges, with P-values ranging from 0.2766 to 0.6037. Gender-wise, males and females also did not show significant differences in effectiveness between the two groups. Conclusion: Interrupted suturing for midline laparotomy closures showed a lower incidence of wound dehiscence compared to continuous suturing. However, factors such as increased surgery time and cost, along with postoperative issues like stitch sinus formation, need consideration. Further large-scale studies are recommended to evaluate the long-term outcomes and provide a more comprehensive assessment of the two techniques.

Integrated Pest Management Strategies to Control Varroa Mites and Their Effect on Viral Loads in Honey Bee Colonies.

Honey bee viruses in combination with varroa mite are very damaging for honey bee colonies worldwide. There are no effective methods to control the viral load in honey bee colonies except regular and effective control of mites. Integrated Pest Management strategies are required to effectively control mites with veterinary medicines based on organic compounds. We evaluated the effect of two brood interruption techniques, queen caging (QC) and trapping comb (TC), followed by an oxalic acid treatment, on the mite fall, colony strength, and viral load of Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) and Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV). In this paper, we report the data obtained in two experimental sites, in Slovenia and Italy, in terms of the varroacide efficacy, colony strength, and viral load. The number of adult bees after the adoption of the two techniques showed similar decreasing trends in both locations. The viral load of Acute Bee Paralysis Virus did not show any significant reduction after 25 days, reported as the number of Real-Time PCR cycles needed to detect the virus. The viral load of DWV also did not show a significant reduction after 25 days. The acaricidal efficacy of the applied protocols was high in both experimental groups and in both apiaries. Both the queen caging and trapping comb techniques, followed by an oxalic acid treatment, can be considered effective varroa treatment strategies, but further studies should be carried out to evaluate the long-term effects on viral loads to plan the Integrated Pest Management strategy with the right timing before wintering.

Repairing ribbon bus bar interruptions in photovoltaic modules using non-intrusive interruption location

Ribbon bus bar interruptions in photovoltaic modules represent approximately a 10 % of photovoltaic module failures. The purpose of the present work is to repair this failures using the simplest, fastest and cheapest techniques. Twin and single intercell interruptions are defined. The first one, twin intercell interruptions, cut off electrical current flow between two cells while the second one permits current flow between cells through just one ribbon bus bar at the cost of module efficiency reduction. We propose non-intrusive methods to find precise location of single and twin intercell interruptions. A simple technique for intercell interruption repairing is described. Three modules were repaired, multiplying its power production in two cases by 4, when comparing with its non-repaired power production. The third module did not produce any electricity before repairing, and after being repaired produced a power similar to its nominal value. The proposal of repairing can be put into practice in modestly equipped factories and laboratories, without using expensive and time consuming techniques.

Developmental or Procedural Vena Cava Interruption and Venous Thromboembolism: A Review.

The inferior vena cava (IVC) and superior vena cava are the main conduits of the systemic venous circulation into the right atrium. Developmental or procedural interruptions of vena cava might predispose to stasis and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) distal to the anomaly and may impact the subsequent rate of pulmonary embolism (PE). This study aimed to review the various etiologies of developmental or procedural vena cava interruption and their impact on venous thromboembolism. A systematic search was performed in PubMed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines per each clinical question. For management questions with no high-quality evidence and no mutual agreements between authors, Delphi methods were used. IVC agenesis is the most common form of congenital vena cava interruption, is associated with an increased risk of DVT, and should be suspected in young patients with unexpected extensive bilateral DVT. Surgical techniques for vena cava interruption (ligation, clipping, and plication) to prevent PE have been largely abandoned due to short-term procedural risks and long-term complications, although survivors of prior procedures are occasionally encountered. Vena cava filters are now the most commonly used method of procedural interruption, frequently placed in the infrarenal IVC. The most agreed-upon indication for vena cava filters is for patients with acute venous thromboembolism and coexisting contraindications to anticoagulation. Familiarity with different forms of vena cava interruption and their local and systemic adverse effects is important to minimize complications and thrombotic events.