Interrogative Mood Research Articles

The Mood Types Analysis in Script of Nelson Mandela’s Speech at the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid

Nelson Mandela's impactful speeches at the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid have drawn considerable attention due to his global influence and eloquence in English. This study examines the mood types present in Mandela's speeches, focusing on their role within the interpersonal metafunction. Utilising a qualitative descriptive method, the researcher analysed a speech delivered by Mandela, sourcing data from a public address archived on the American Rhetoric website. The analysis involved labelling clause elements, segmenting clauses into mood and residue, and classifying mood types. The findings revealed that the distribution of mood types in Mandela's speech was as follows: Declarative accounted for 62%, Imperative for 19%, and Interrogative for 19%. Results showed a predominance of Declarative mood, indicating Mandela's emphasis on providing information and asserting historical events. Imperative mood was utilised for calls to action, while Interrogative mood prompted audience engagement. This research sheds light on Mandela's rhetorical strategies and the significance of mood types in his speeches.

A Comparative Mood Analysis of the English Speeches of General Qamar Javed Bajwa and General Pervaiz Musharraf

Mood refers to the transient emotional and mental state of an individual. This study delves into an examination of mood types present in the speeches of Qamar Javed Bajwa and Pervaiz Musharraf, drawing on M.A.K Halliday's theory. Its primary objective is to elucidate the prevalent mood structures within their speeches and to discern how these moods manifest the unique features of their oratory. Utilizing a descriptive qualitative approach and transcriptions of their speeches, the research scrutinized 316 lines of two army chiefs’ speeches. The findings unveiled the existence of three distinct mood types: declarative, interrogative, and imperative. Notably, Bajwa predominantly employed the declarative mood in 87% of his speech, while Musharraf consistently used it 90% of the time. The interrogative mood was a much rarer presence, appearing in just 1.15% of the speeches. The imperative mood featured in Bajwa's speech at a rate of 12% and in Musharraf's speech at 7.5%. It is worth noting that the declarative mood, which involves the provision of information, was the most frequently utilized mood in the speeches of both individuals.

Interrogatives, inquiries, and exam questions

AbstractThe speech act of inquiry is generally treated as a default kind of asking questions. The widespread norm states that one inquires whether p only if one does not know that p. However, the fact that inquiring is just one kind of asking questions has received little to no attention. Just as in the declarative mood we can perform not only assertions, but various other speech acts, like guesses or predictions, so in the interrogative mood we can also make various speech act types. I propose a speech-act-theoretic account of a distinct kind of question that I label exam questions. According to the proposed account, one performs an exam question p only if (i) one has access to the answer to p, and (ii) one does not officially know whether the hearer knows the answer to p. Exam questions satisfy all the necessary requirements of being a distinct kind of speech act. Additionally, my proposal contributes to the recent expansion of the normative approach to a variety of speech acts.

Mood and Modality in Interpersonal Meaning of Joseph Robinette Biden Victory Speech

Speech involves the articulation of one's ideas and emotions. Politicians must possess the skill to effectively utilize language. Prior research underscores the significance of studying the political language, as it empowers individuals to grasp how those aspiring to attain, wield, and retain authority employ language. The purpose of this study is to analyze how mood and modality were used in the victory speech. This research applies qualitative design. The transcription of Joe Biden's victory speech is the subject of this investigation. Mr. Biden convey commitments and responsibility connected with the program that he will run; however, we don't know whether it will be run or no. This research applied qualitative research. The analysis is using data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion. According to the findings of this study, there are three distinct categories: value, modality, and mood. Declarative mood is the most common type; 193 clauses, or about 94%, are in the imperative mood, followed by seven clauses, or 3,4%, and three clauses, or about 1,5 percent, in the interrogative mood. The dominant modality value is median, there are eighteen provisions or around 62,1%, then, at that point, trailed by eight clauses or around 27,6% as low worth and the latter is three conditions or 10,3% for high worth. The dominant type of modality is obligation. Eleven clauses, or approximately 37.9 percent, are classified as obligation, ten clauses, or approximately 34.5%, as probability, and eight clauses, or approximately 26.7 percent, as inclination.

Tenor Analysis of Selected Short Stories by Tariq Rahman: Applying Halliday's Interpersonal Metafunction

This study aims at exposing the role relationship among the characters and the way they make their interpersonal meaning (tenor) in the selected short stories which is concerned with clauses as exchanges. Since language involves interactions where the participants either initiate or respond to the act of giving (means inviting to receive) or demanding (means inviting to give) for goods-and-services or information, therefore, the principle grammatical system for this is the Mood network comprising of a choice between imperative and indicative. If indicative is chosen, there is a choice between declarative and interrogative. These choices are realized by manipulating the Mood elements. For analyzing the data, the design of this research uses both the quantitative and qualitative approaches. The data for this study have been collected from 2 short stories by Tariq Rahman. The findings reveal that the imperative mood is less used as compared to the declarative mood which is dominant in selected short stories with a little bit of interrogative mood for indicating the participants’ attitude of either giving or receiving more information from their counterparts. The contact among the participants is most of the time involved but sometimes uninvolved to show the power of the dominant social members. The analysis of affect highlights that the effect of the dominant social members’ conversation on the less powerful people remains almost positive because they are unable to challenge the authority of the powerful people but sometimes the affect is negative when the poor social members protest against the authority of the powerful people for getting rid of their violence which lead them to get more aggression.

The B-Sides of the Golden Record, and: Track Six: “The Interrogative Mood”

The B-Sides of the Golden Record, and: Track Six: “The Interrogative Mood”

한국어의 우호적 담화 형성의 언어적 기제에 대한 코퍼스기반 연구

The purpose of this study is to investigate the linguistic mechanisms for the formation of amicable discourses in random oral dialogue corpus in Korean. The four categories of linguistic mechanisms are explored in this paper: (i) interrogative mood markers and honorific Si- markers, (ii) adverbial and predicative modal hedges, (iii) first person pronoun markers Ce(I) and Wuri(we), and (iv) positive response markers Ye(yes) and Ney(yes). The following claims are made in this paper. First, the interrogative mood markers and honorific markers are used for the amicable discourse with the percentage of 0.8% and 0.9%, respectively. Second, the adverbial and predicative modal hedges are most frequently used with the percentage of 5.9%. Third, the 1SUPst/SUP person pronominal markers are used with the percentage of 1.5%. Fourth, the positive response markers are least frequently used mechanism with the percentage of 0.2%. Hence the linguistic mechanisms for amicable discourse are ranked as follows; adverbial and predicative modal hedges the 1SUPst/SUP person pronominal markers interrogative mood markers and honorific Si- markers the positive response markers.

Interpersonal Meaning in the Gettysburg Address (Systemic Functional Analysis)

This study aims to uncover the types of mood and modality used in the Gettysburg Address and how Abraham Lincoln uses them to give dedication and emphasize the struggle to achieve union and equality. This study employed descriptive qualitative research design in analyzing the data. the data were collected from the text of the Gettysburg Address. After the data were collected, they were categorized into their proper interpersonal meaning elements classification. Then, the writer determined whether the data are in declarative mood, imperative mood, or interrogative mood, and revealed the type, orientation, and value of the modalities. Finally, the writer explained the mood and modality used by the speaker to give dedication and emphasize the struggle to achieve union and equality. The result shows that declarative mood occurs the most compared to the imperative mood. By using declarative mood, the speaker explains that they are struggling to win the war, they are going to give dedication for the fallen soldiers, and they are continuing their unfinished work to achieve union and equality. Meanwhile, the speaker uses imperative mood to command the listener that they must dedicate a portion of the aftermath field for their fallen soldiers who struggled to achieve union and equality. In using modality, the speaker positions their messages in the degree of Probability, Obligation, Inclination, and usuality. Most of them are in a high value and the rest are in median and low value.

Virtual dialogues in monologic political discourse

AbstractThis paper describes ways in which political speakers define and legitimize future policies by construing different policy options in terms of ‘privileged’ and ‘oppositional’ futures. Privileged and oppositional futures are conceptual projections of alternative policy visions occurring in quasi-dialogic chunks of speech, revealing specific evidential, mood, and modality patterns. Privileged future involves the speaker’s preferred, or at least acknowledged vision and is articulated through absolute modality and evidential markers which derive from factual evidence, history, and reason. Oppositional future involves an antagonistic and plainly threatening vision, expressed by probabilistic modality and (usually) the interrogative mood. Following the principle of psychological consistency in belief, oppositional future is normally communicated first, allowing for a swift and strong response from the privileged future expressed in the speaker-preferred vision.

The Analysis of Interpersonal Function in BTS’ Speech at UNGA 2020

This article investigates the Interpersonal function in the speech by BTS at the 75th UN General Assembly. The objective is to find out the Mood types and to describe the Interpersonal function realized in BTS’ speech. Qualitative method is used in this study. The data were collected from the clauses in BTS’ speech at UNGA. Through this study, it is found that the Mood types in BTS’ speech at UNGA are Declarative mood (92,30%), Imperative mood (6,59%), and Interrogative mood (1,09%). The findings also revealed the dominant Mood types is Declarative which is used to share or to give information to the audience. For the Interpersonal function, it is realized through Mood structures which contains the Mood and Residue elements. Through Mood elements, it is found that there are Subject, Finite, and Mood Adjunct. While in Residue elements, there are Predicator, Complement, and Circumstantial Adjunct.

A Textual Analysis of Modality in the 2015 Matriculation Speech of Prof. W. O. Ellis

Speech presentation varies from political, religious, economic, and academic to social issues. Over the years, in academia, some research works have been carried out in various fields of speech presentation. However, studies on the modality in the speeches of educational leaders in Ghana are not pronounced. Consequently, this paper is a textual analysis of the mood choices deployed in the 2015 matriculation ceremony speech of Prof W. O. Ellis, who is one of the past vice-chancellors of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Ghana. The matriculation ceremony was for the 2015/2016 graduate students in the Institute of Distance Learning (IDL), KNUST. With prior permission, the data (Vice Chancellor’s speech) was purposively selected from the University’s portal. The research design used for this study was qualitative. Accordingly, the speech (data) was analysed using the content analysis method. With this method, we identified the various mood structures, the conditions that necessitate a particular mood, and how the mood choices were interpreted manually. The findings showed that the mood choices used in the selected speech were declarative and imperative. Of these two mood choices, declarative was predominant (86%). However, the study revealed that interrogative mood was absent from the speech. The study recommends that, in the future, such speeches should include interrogative moods. The basis is that the interrogative moods (especially rhetorical questions) have the propensity of maintaining the interpersonal relationship between the speaker and the listener.

INTERPERSONAL METAPHOR IN R. S. REGIN SILVEST AND MALINI GANAPATHY’S ANTHOLOGY OF COVID-19 POEMS.

This study investigates Interpersonal Metaphor in R.S. Regin Silvest and Malini Ganapathy’s Anthology of Covid-19 Poems. The objectives of the study are (1) to analyze the kinds of interpersonal metaphor applied in R.S. Regin Silvest and Malini Ganapathy’s Anthology of Covid-19 Poems, (2) to describe how the interpersonal metaphor applied in R.S. Regin Silvest and Malini Ganapathy’s Anthology of Covid-19 Poems, (3) and to explain the reason for the realization of interpersonal metaphor in R.S. Regin Silvest and Malini Ganapathy’s Anthology of Covid-19 Poems. This study conducted qualitative research, and as the result of fifty poems there are thirty five Poems of Covid-19 that indicate as Interpersonal Metaphor. Result revealed that there were sixty-three Interpersonal metaphor found in this study namely, Interpersonal metaphor of Mood were thirty-seven and Interpersonal Metaphor of Modality were twenty-six, Interpersonal Metaphor of Mood applied in the Speech Function, namely, Question in Declarative Mood were 18 (49%), Command in Declarative Mood were 13 (35%), Statement in Interrogative Mood were 5 (13%), Question in Imperative Mood 1 (3%), And Interpersonal Metaphor of Modality applied in kinds of modality namely, Modalization were 14 (54%) and Modulation were 12 (46%). From thirty five poems of Covid-19 which consist of Interpersonal Metaphor, there were four meanings and messages found, Expressing the fear of Covid-19 were 15 (43%), Expressing advice and lesson about Covid-19 11 were (31%), Delivering the spirit and positive energy during Covid-19 Pandemic were 5 were (14%) and Expressing hope for better days were 4 (12%).

Donald Trump’s grammar: How to trivialize facts on coronavirus

This current research reveals how President Trump grammatically constructed his clauses to trivialize the coronavirus (COVID-19). This research uses a discourse analysis approach with a qualitative design. The research data are President Trump’s trivializing clauses (192 main clauses) taken from his speeches, press interviews, remarks, and tweets from January 2020 to June 2020. Hallidayan SFL and Straker’s technique of trivialization are used as the basis of analysis. The result shows that most of the trivializing clauses are declarative while the others are interrogative and imperative. It is also identified that the declarative mood (statements of opinion and fact) reflects the techniques of sneaking through, trivializing the target, and discounting the target. The interrogative mood (rhetorical questions) demonstrates the technique of discounting the target. In addition, the imperative mood (directives) reflects the technique of sneaking through. Finally, the result also shows that oversimplification, severity decrease, and exaggeration characterize President Trump’s trivializing clauses.

A Pragmatic Assessment of the Polarity and Modality in J. P. Clark’s “Streamside Exchange”

Sociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic features as established by elements of Modality and Polarity usually constitute a crucial part to explication of the language of literary texts. In J.P. Clark’s poem, “Streamside Exchange”, the special application of transitivity as indicated by lexico-semantic features offers a peculiar reading which yields insightful meanings. At a superficial level of reading, there appears, as many scholars hold, an apparent simplicity of texture or wording. However, at a more informed examination of the poem, there is a display of compelling complexity especially at the levels beyond lexis or wording. The interactive session reflects a structural dichotomy between the interrogative MOOD of the child’s statement, which is polar in nature, and the response of the bird which displays a combination of declarative and imperative features. The study is mainly for a clearer understanding of underlying linguistic features in the short conversation between the child and the bird that feature as interlocutors. Moreover, the analysis is also in partial response to previous readings and rendition of the text, particularly the substitution of ‘shall’ with ‘has’ in latter versions of the poem which has shown remarkable accounts that appear less objective if reviewed from a purely linguistic approach.

ФУНКЦИИ ВОПРОСОВ В УЧЕБНОМ ТЕКСТЕ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ШКОЛЬНЫХ УЧЕБНИКОВ)

The article adopts a sociopragmatic approach to the study of expository text and considers it as a mode of educational interaction. The purpose of the study is to provide a sociopragmatic investigation of interrogative mood in expository texts. The material of the study is (Russian) expository texts from secondary school textbooks in Biology, Geography, History, Russian Language, Social Sciences, and Physics. By making the discourse analysis of text material and by drawing heavily on Relevance theory, the author illuminates five types of questions the textbooks include: expository questions, speculative questions, guess questions, exam questions, and rhetorical questions. The article describes four educational functions of interrogative mood in expository texts: increasing text-based interest, unfolding problem-based exposition, text structuring, and knowledge-building.

Contingency of Empathy and Muhsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist

At a time when global interdependence has become our destiny more than ever, empathy and the ability to empathize have been increasingly praised as skills necessary for better social and political interactions. However, as the studies on international politics of emotion to empathy have argued, empathy is culturally and historically contingent and its productive possibilities might be limited by differentials of power. The present paper engages the politics of empathy with a focus on Muhsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist as a transnational text to show problems on the way of empathetic engagement with the Muslim other in the aftermath of 9/11. It will argue that by creating an interrogative mood and especially by depicting two scenarios of successful and unsuccessful empathetic engagement which indicate empathy as a site of tense power dynamics contingent on positionalities of those involved, the novel offers a critique of the detached, goal oriented perspective which forms and informs American empire’s economic and political plans. The novel also invites readers to engage in a productive process of self-interrogation by considering one’s standing in conversations on empathy..

INTERPERSONAL METAPHOR OF MOOD IN ANTHONY DOERR’S NOVEL ALL THE LIGHT WE CANNOT SEE

This study aims to explore the transference of mood in interpersonal metaphor. The design method is descriptive and the approach is qualitative research. The main data are taken from the novel All the Light We Cannot See written by Anthony Doerr. The analysis is done by identifying the interpersonal metaphor of mood in the novel, describing them, and determining the dominant transference by using the percentage formula. 160 pages or one-third of the novel were taken as the data of this study. By completing the steps of the objectives, the significance is to give a thorough comprehension about interpersonal metaphor of mood and the transferences occurred in the sentences whether it is in texts or in speeches. The finding shows that the dominant mood found in the novel is declarative which reaches 44% occurrences. The second mood which often occurs in the novel is interrogative with 40%. The third is command in interrogative mood with 12%occurences and the statement in imperative mood follows with 4% occurrences; while there two patterns which cannot be found in the novel. They are question in declarative mood and imperative mood. It implies that most sentences in the novel give command in declarative form.

Towards a typological profile of the North Siberian substrate

The paper deals with a number of typologically rare features present in the languages of Northern Siberia (Nenets, Enets, Nganasan, Ewenki, Neghidal, Ewen, to some extent also Yukaghir and Chukchi); these features are: interrogative mood of the verbs, intraclitics, nominal tense, polysemy ‘real’ / ‘autochtonous’. They are absent in the languages spoken to the south, including other Uralic and Tungusic languages, thus being of clearly areal character. On the other hand, none of the existing languages can be regarded as a source of these features, so that their origin must be due to a common substrate. Interestingly, all the four features are well attested in the Eskaleut languages. These features allow us to make some hypotheses about the typological profi le of the languages spoken in Northern Siberia about 1000–2000 years ago. They must have been diff erent from the Uralo-Altaic type, but probably were typologically close to the present-day Eskaleut (Unangan-Yupik-Inuit).

Alternative futures in political discourse

This paper describes ways in which political speakers define and legitimize future policies by construing different policy options in terms of ‘privileged’ and ‘oppositional’ futures. Privileged and oppositional futures are conceptual projections of alternative policy visions occurring in quasi-dialogic chunks of speech, revealing specific evidential, mood, and modality patterns. Privileged future involves speaker’s preferred vision and is articulated through absolute modality and evidential markers which derive from factual evidence, history, and reason. Oppositional future involves antagonistic and plainly threatening vision, expressed by probabilistic modality and interrogative mood. For psychological reasons, oppositional future is normally communicated first, allowing a swift response from the privileged future expressed in the speaker-preferred vision. The paper demonstrates that privileged and oppositional futures blur traditional distinctions between dialog and monolog and thus invite heterogeneous methods and instruments of analysis. It discusses the most productive interdisciplinary tools (critical, SFL and rhetorical tools, socio-psychological models), and their implementation in analysis of lexical manifestations of alternative futures in political discourse, such as immigration and anti-terrorist discourse.

Coherent Function of Interrogative Mood Metaphor in Academic Discourse: Thematic Progression Pattern Perspective

This paper investigated the coherent functions of interrogative mood metaphors in an academic context based on Halliday' model of mood metaphor [1] and Zhu's theory of thematic progression (TP) pattern [2]. With a focus on the strategies of linking the themes and rhemes in the metaphorical clause to those of surrounding clauses, this paper identified three main modes of information flow patterns. In the mood metaphor (S) and the sentence before it (S-1), the information current is often progressed in a concentrated way since the metaphorical questions often serve as enforcements of its former sentence. Concentrated Progression is also often used in the S and the sentence after it (S+1) to answer the previous metaphorical questions, serving the purpose of appealing to authority. Besides, Constant Progression, as a simple liner pattern of message current, occurs in S and S+1 to enhance the reading comprehensibility when introducing a concept to readers or to highlight the key viewpoints as evaluating the proposition in S. This paper has pedagogical implications for academic reading and writing practices of native and non-native researchers.