Interpretive Hermeneutic Approach Research Articles

Lived experience of using assistive technology for sandy beach based leisure for Australian people with mobility limitations

Purpose This study explores experiences of using beach assistive technology (AT), such as beach wheelchairs, powered wheelchairs, prosthetics and crutches, to participate in sandy beach-based leisure for people with mobility limitations. Methods Online semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 people, with mobility limitations and experience of using Beach AT. A phenomenological interpretative hermeneutic approach guided reflexive thematic analysis of verbatim transcripts. Findings Three overarching themes were identified as: The meaning of using Beach AT, Practicalities of using Beach AT and Responses to using Beach AT. Each overarching theme was underpinned by subthemes. Meaning included: AT connects me, AT impacts my identity and AT attracts attention. Practicalities included: using AT requires other people, AT impacts spontaneity, AT limitations and AT use differs in water. Responses to using Beach AT included: I didn’t think it was possible, adaptions to AT limitations and not everyone wants to own Beach AT. Conclusion This study illustrates the use of Beach AT as a facilitator for beach leisure, enabling connections to social groups and contributing to one’s identity as a beachgoer. Access to Beach AT is meaningful and may be made possible through personal Beach AT ownership or access to loaned AT. The unique nature of sand, water, and salt environments requires users to identify how they plan to use the devices, with realistic expectations that the Beach AT may not enable full independence. The study acknowledges the challenges related to size, storage, and propulsion, but emphasizes that these can be overcome through ingenuity.

Identification of characteristics of didactic and meta-didactic mathematical knowledge of novice and expert teachers when reflecting on class episodes

This article describes the didactic analysis carried out by an expert teacher and a novice teacher, based on the didactic suitability criteria (DSC) of the Onto Semiotic Approach (OSA) when analyzing episodes of a high school mathematics class in Costa Rica. This is a qualitative investigation with an interpretive hermeneutic approach. First, a questionnaire was applied to the two participants, to classify them as novice and expert, based on certain defined characteristics. Both teachers then analyzed three video segments using a guide for didactic analysis and, finally, an interview was conducted to elaborate on the reflections previously obtained. The data analysis focused on identification, classification, and comparison of elements in each of the video segments with reference to the OSA’s DSC indicators. The results show that there are differences and similarities between the didactic analysis carried out by these teachers. It is concluded that the novice teacher provides a more descriptive analysis, in which errors are not specified, and focuses on the activities carried out by his students, while the expert teacher, who provides a thoughtful evaluative analysis of, identifying errors in the concepts and focusing his analysis on the teacher’s actions and performance in the video segments.

Factors associated with condom use among sex workers of venezuelan origin in ColombiaFatores associados ao uso de preservativo em profissionais do sexo de origem venezuelana na Colômbia

To describe the factors that determine condom use in Venezuelan immigrant sex workers in Colombia. A qualitative study was conducted with an interpretive hermeneutic approach, using semi-structured interviews developed in the Metropolitan Area of Aburrá Valley, Bogotá, and the Colombian coffee-growing region. Fifty-five interviews were conducted. Of the total number of people interviewed, 60% were cisgender men, 31% were cisgender women, and 9% were transgender women. The average age of the participants was 27 years. Sixty-nine percent were irregular migrants in Colombia. Only 11% were affiliated with the health system. It was observed that condom use is inconsistent among sex workers, depending on personal and social factors. The factors that influence condom use in sex workers of Venezuelan origin in Colombia are determined by various factors, both personal and social. Personal factors relate to knowledge, support networks, and risk perception, while social factors are associated with substance use, stigma and discrimination, and the places where sex work is done. Social factors are the ones that most influence inconsistent condom use in cisgender men and transgender women.

On the Road of Discovery with Systemic Exploratory Constellations: Potentials of Online Constellation Exercises about Sustainability Transitions

Sustainability transitions are shaped by specific dynamics, dependencies, and influences among the actors and elements that are part of the system. Systemic constellations as a social science research method can offer tangible visualizations of such system dynamics and thereby extract valuable, often hidden knowledge for research. This article builds on two online exploratory system constellation exercises about sustainability transitions, with two major objectives: (i) to introduce and disseminate (exploratory) systemic constellations as a method for (sustainability) research, and (ii) to extract their potential for (online) collaborative and transdisciplinary research, with a focus on sustainability transitions. Our exploratory research design includes participatory action research that took place during the virtual International Sustainability Transitions Conference 2020, Vienna, Austria. Data were analyzed following an interpretative-hermeneutic approach. The main findings consist of visualizations about sustainability transition dynamics between selected actors in Germany and Portugal that are discussed in light of the literature on constellation work and sustainability transitions, triggering new assumptions: (i) a strong sustainability narrative does not (necessarily) lead to action and transformation and (ii) transformation requires integrating narratives beyond weak and strong sustainability. We conclude with a list of potentials of exploratory constellations for sustainability research and online formats that offer novelties such as a constant bird-eye perspective on the system while simultaneously engaging with the system.

Exploration of Human-Bird Relationships: Oromo Proverbs Associated with the Northern Ground-Hornbill in Ethiopia

Knowledge and understanding about the cultural values of animal species aids to make informed conservation decisions. However, such information is lacking for many species globally due to resource constraints to collect ethnobiological data using traditional ethnographic survey approaches. In this study, a netnography research approach was employed to identify and interpret the meanings and sociocultural functions of Ethiopian Oromo society’s proverbs associated with different features of the Northern Ground-hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus), a vulnerable bird species. On 19 March 2019, a photo of the Northern Ground-hornbill and textual questions asking the local name and Oromo proverbs associated with the bird was posted on a popular Facebook community page, which then was shared by 261 Facebook users during the data collection peroid. Data used for this study were therefore text comments posted by Facebook users in response to this post. Data colletion involved both observation and participation techniques. In total, 332 distnict text comment posts from 59 Facebook pages (229 comments from the original page post and 93 from 58 Facebook pages who shared the original post) were downloaded on 27 December 2019 and analyzed. A thematic content analysis approach was applied to code and categorize the important concepts elucidating proverbial uses associated with the bird. Then, hermeneutic interpretive approach was followed to interpret the meanings and functions of the proverbs identified. In total, 16 Oromo proverbs associated with four Hornbill’s features (song, social interaction, habit and morphology) were identified and described. The proverbs appeared to have significant sociocultural functions, such as reflecting Oromo customary practices; correcting misbehavior/malpractices and settlement of disagreements; and reinforcement of solidarity and tolerances. These findings suggest that the Hornbill is a culturally significant bird species to the Oromo society where proverbs related to the species are used in constructing healthy social relationships. In conclusion, results of this study contribute to our understanding of the ways in which humans use a bird species’ traits in their daily communications.

Information technology literacy: the crucial factor in aged second-career academics’ sustainability

This study addresses the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4’s objective to increase the number of adults with relevant skills for employment and decent jobs by looking at the context of aged academics in the domain of digital academia. The literature review reveals that there is a scarcity of research studies related to aged second-career academics. Previous studies which have been carried out on second-career academics in business schools did not address the issue of information technology (IT) literacy. Therefore, this exploratory study aims to contribute to the conversation of increasing and sustaining the number of professionally and capably enriched aged second-career academics in digital academia. A hermeneutic interpretive approach is adopted, covering eight aged second-career academics from various types of higher education institutions across Malaysia. The findings from this study suggest that significant support, appropriate IT development and training programs in enhancing their information technology proficiency and literacy is crucial. The finding suggests that this is particularly pertinent for sustainability with respect to aged second-career academics. The study is expected to enhance the governance of universities with regard to introducing proper orientation and training for supporting and improving the information literacy of aged second-career academics in business schools especially for blended delivery of business education.

Exploration of human-bird relationships: Oromo proverbs associated with the Northern Ground-hornbill in Ethiopia

Abstract Knowledge and understanding about the cultural values of animal species aids to make informed conservation decisions. However, such information is lacking for many species globally due to resource constraints to collect ethno-biological data using traditional ethnographic survey approaches. In this study, a netnography research approach was employed to identify and interpret the meanings and sociocultural functions of Ethiopian Oromo society's proverbs associated with different features of the Northern Ground-hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus), a vulnerable bird species. On 19 March 2019, a photo of the Northern Ground-hornbill and textual questions asking the local name and Oromo proverbs associated with the bird was posted on a popular Facebook community page, which then was shared by 261 Facebook users during the data collection period. Data used for this study were therefore text comments posted by Facebook users in response to this post. Data collection involved both observation and participation techniques. In total, 332 distinct text comment posts from 59 Facebook pages (229 comments from the original page post and 93 from 58 Facebook pages who shared the original post) were downloaded on 27 December 2019 and analysed. A thematic content analysis approach was applied to code and categorize the important concepts elucidating proverbial uses associated with the bird. Then, hermeneutic interpretive approach was followed to interpret the meanings and functions of the proverbs identified. In total, 16 Oromo proverbs associated with four Hornbill's features (call, social interaction, habit and morphology) were identified and described. The proverbs appeared to have significant sociocultural functions, such as reflecting Oromo customary practices; correcting misbehaviour/malpractices and settlement of disagreements; and reinforcement of solidarity and tolerances. These findings suggest that the Hornbill is a culturally significant bird species to the Oromo society where proverbs related to the species are used in constructing healthy social relationships. In conclusion, results of this study contribute to our understanding of the strong links existing between humans and their local biodiversity and the ways in which humans use a bird species' traits in their daily communications.

The compound role of a coordinator for home-dwelling persons with dementia and their informal caregivers: qualitative study

BackgroundAs the number of persons with dementia is increasing, there has been a call for establishing sustainable clinical pathways for coordinating care and support for this group. The LIVE@Home.Path trial is a multicomponent, multi-disciplinary intervention combining learning, innovation, volunteer support and empowerment. To implement the intervention, a municipal coordinator has a crucial role. Implementation research on multicomponent interventions is complex and we conducted a qualitative study, aiming to explore the coordinator role and how a coordinator may empower persons with dementia in decision-making processes.MethodsQualitative program evaluation combined with a hermeneutic interpretive approach was chosen as methodological approach. Sixteen dyads, consisting of the person with dementia and their main informal caregiver received the intervention by two coordinators. Of these, six dyads, three informal caregivers alone and the two care coordinators along with their leader, in sum, eighteen persons, participated in in-depth or focus group interviews, sharing their experiences after 6 months intervention.ResultsWe found that the coordinators fulfilled three functions for the participating dyads: being a safety net, meaning that the dyads might have little needs at the moment, but found safety in a relation to someone who might help if the situation should change; being a pathfinder, meaning that they supported the dyads in finding their way through the complicated system of care and support services; being a source for emotional care and support, meaning that they listened, acknowledged and gave counsel in times of distress. The coordinators emphasized that a trusting leader and work environment was crucial for them to fulfill these functions. We also found that it was challenging for the coordinators to build a relation to the persons with dementia in order to pursue genuine empowerment in decision-making processes.ConclusionWe found the framework for follow-up to be a feasible starting point for establishing empowering coordination and a sustainable care pathway for persons with dementia and their informal caregivers. More meeting points between coordinator and person with dementia should be pursued in order to fulfill the persons’ fundamental rights to participate in decision-making processes.

Shaping tourists’ wellbeing through guided slow adventures

Against the backdrop of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 3, good health and wellbeing, this paper reports on a study that examined how outdoor guides perceive their role in facilitating the psychological wellbeing of tourists who consume slow adventure experiences. These experiences, such as canoeing, stargazing or foraging, are characterised by a slower passage of time, immersion in the natural world and a sense of belonging to small social groups. Grounded in research on wellbeing from a positive psychology perspective, the study utilised semi-structured, in-depth, interviews with ten outdoor adventure guides in the Scottish Highlands and Islands. Following a hermeneutic interpretive approach to analyse the interview transcripts, the findings revealed how perceptions of time, meaningful moments and a sense of togetherness are choreographed by slow adventure guides to shape tourists’ psychological wellbeing through immersive guided experiences, ultimately helping tourists to re-establish a much-yearned-for connection with nature. The study adds to tourism, wellbeing and sustainability literature by providing new perspectives on psychological wellbeing through guided slow adventures. In particular the findings contribute to positive tourism, or tourism and positive psychology field of research, by revealing how mindful and eudaimonic visitor experiences are organised by adventure tour guides in natural settings.

Second-Career Academics and the Quality of Business Education

Strong competition among business schools globally exerts pressure for improvement in the delivery of quality business education. This has resulted in business schools recruiting business practitioners and professionals as academics, who are known as second-career academics. The quality of business education depends on, among other things, the academics who teach the business units. Accordingly, this study explores how these second-career academics impact the quality of business education through insights into their lived experience in teaching business units. Hence, a hermeneutic interpretive approach is adopted within a narrative inquiry for this study. Thirty-one second-career academics from business schools at eight universities across Malaysia were interviewed individually and in focus group discussions. The dataset was analysed thematically. The findings suggest that the values that they bring towards improvement in the quality of business education are their ability to facilitate authentic learning and holistic education.

Immediacy pandemic: consumer problem-solving styles and adaptation strategies

Purpose This paper aims to delve into the complexity and multiplicity of consumer experiences in relation to mobile and virtual technology, and provides a lived-experience account of the Consumer Immediacy Pandemic (CIP) and related consumer experiences and responses. Design/methodology/approach Using open-ended, in-depth interviews, as well as personal essays, the research questions are addressed through the interpretive hermeneutic approach. Findings The CIP is an important, multifaceted consumer shift, whose ramifications are traceable in consumer behavior. It encompasses three consumer problem-solving styles (i.e. real-time, mobile and virtual problem-solving). Consumers adapt to the CIP through such strategies as unbundling of presence, temporal gain and synchronization, task continuity, work-fun integration and multi-tasking. Research limitations/implications With conventional theories ineffectively explaining consumer experiences with such products as smart phone, social media and selfie stick, this paper provides fruitful directions for studying consumer-technology relationships. Practical implications The findings point to untapped and novel needs rooted in consumer experience with mobile and virtual technology such as the needs for personal information management and/or professional counseling. Social implications The paper provides evidence as to a deep-seated shift in the role of technology in consumer life. Underestimating the ongoing and future success and power of mobile and virtual technology can be too costly for society at large. Originality/value This study exposes the dialogical interplay between consumer agency and structural influences that compels consumers to internalize immediacy as a taken-for-granted expectation. Such pandemic alters the ways consumers go about satisfying their needs and wants. The findings can help understand the twenty-first century consumer, theorize product agency and chart marketing and policy directions.

Sobre la relación entre memoria y política Contribuciones del pensamiento de Hannah Arendt para el campo de estudios de la memoria

With the aim of contributing towards the theoretical discussion within the field of memory studies, in this paper I analyse the relationship between memory and politics on Hannah Arendt’s thought. Using an interpretative-hermeneutic approach as a methodological perspective to study their work, I revise her notion of politics and its connection with her notions of history, storytelling and remembrance. Her work, I sustain, allow us to affirm the existence of a constitutive bond between memory and politics, because of the essential role that memory plays in the establishment and maintenance of the public realm, which is necessary for the deployment of the political action.

SISTEMAS DE RESPONSABILIDADE CIVIL DOS PROVEDORES DE APLICAÇÕES DA INTERNET POR ATO DE TERCEIROS: BRASIL, UNIÃO EUROPEIA E ESTADOS UNIDOS DA AMÉRICA

O presente artigo analisa a confluência entre os Sistemas de Responsabilidade Civil dos provedores de aplicações da internet por ato de terceiros no Brasil, União Europeia e Estados Unidos da América. O artigo analisa em perspectiva comparada o Marco Civil da Internet, a Diretiva Europeia (E-commerce Directive) e a Lei Americana (Decency Millenium Copyright Act – DMCA). A metodologia fundamenta-se na técnica analítica, na qual são avaliados os aspectos formalistas da sistematização das regras e normas jurídicas, com foco no ordenamento jurídico e suas relações internas, somado ao enfoque hermenêutico interpretativo. Concluiu-se que o Marco Civil da Internet não acatou a regra da responsabilidade objetiva e, por outro lado, os provedores fundamentam sua defesa na aplicação da responsabilidade subsidiária, no exercício da liberdade de expressão. Além disso, alegam também que não podem e não devem fazer vigilância e verificar todas as movimentações dos seus usuários, o que além de ser impossível, poderia ser encarado como censura.

Barriers faced by adults with intellectual disabilities who experience sexual assault: A systematic review and meta-synthesis.

Sexual violence is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The incidence of sexual violence against adults with intellectual disability is significantly higher than in the general population. The aim of this systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis was to explore the barriers faced by adults with intellectual disability in reporting sexual assault from the perspective of different stakeholders. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies. A hermeneutic interpretive approach was employed to review and assess the methodological quality of the studies. Findings were meta-synthesized and juxtaposed to identify themes, concepts and interpretations. Thirteen studies were included. Three overarching themes emerged from an interpersonal, professional and social context, and within these domains, eight subthemes emerged as barriers to reporting sexual assault, including fear, communication, sexual knowledge and understanding, intellectual disability identification, lack of collaboration between service providers, presumption of capacity/credibility, lack of resources, myths and misconceptions. The research demonstrates that deficiencies in communication and collaboration among agencies, a lack of appropriate legislation and specific training needs and education programmes are significant barriers in the reporting of sexual assault by people with intellectual disability. These findings are not unique to adults with intellectual disability and have also been identified among people from the general population who experience sexual assault. However, adults with intellectual disability have additional barriers to overcome in order to access equal rights to healthcare, education and the legal system.

Midwives' perceptions of women's preferences related to midwifery care in Germany: A focus group study

ObjectiveTo explore how midwives perceive patient preferences related to midwifery care in Germany. DesignThis qualitative study, which was part of a larger study, used a hermeneutic-interpretive approach and involved focus group interviews with midwives. Data collection and analysis were done in a conjoined fashion between April 2015 and September 2016. SettingFour focus group interviews were conducted in four different federal states of Germany. ParticipantsThe sample of 20 qualified midwives was heterogeneous with regards to age, educational level, professional experience, type of midwifery care provided, and setting (employed, caseload, education) in which they provided services. FindingsThree main themes were identified: Strengths and limitations of midwives' present professional profile (midwives’ area of responsibility, range of services, and competency); lack of midwives and midwifery services; women's experiences of conflict in interprofessional care. Each main theme is broken down into several aspects of content.Many women are not aware of the scope of professional knowledge and expertise of midwives. Moreover, the poor delineation of midwives' and obstetricians' areas of competency in Germany's hospitals seems to be disadvantageous for the women.Midwives feel that due to context implications they cannot live up to the quality of midwifery care they aspire to. Lack of midwives results in midwives being overwhelmed, women underserved, and both disappointed. Conclusions/implications for practiceOn the one hand, new models of midwifery/maternity care need to be developed to solve some of the existing problems; on the other hand, new forms of interprofessional cooperation and management of transition of care points are required. Overall it is important that changes are implemented in such a way that women are enabled, and welcome, to clearly state their preferences for midwifery and maternity care. Particularly in Germany, tertiary education of midwives is needed to broaden their expertise and place them on an equal footing with obstetricians.

Reframing healthy risk taking: Parents’ dilemmas and strategies to promote children’s well-being

ABSTRACTThis paper reports findings of a qualitative study regarding dilemmas adults experience in balancing protecting children and offering age-appropriate risk taking opportunities. It outlines strategies adults used to manage their own uncertainties as they supported children to become autonomous. Twenty seven parents of typically developing children and 10 parents of children living with social or physical disabilities engaged in a card sort; they identified and prioritized attributes for their children as a prelude to semi-structured, in-depth interviews about how risk helps children reach these goals. Eight teachers of the typically-developing children also participated in interviews about risk in everyday life and their observations of parents’ views about children’s risk taking. We took a hermeneutic interpretive approach to analyzing interview transcripts to gain an understanding of these adults’ dilemmas and strategies they used to offer children age-appropriate occupations with gradually increasing challenge and responsibility. This study provides unique insights into ways adults manage uncertainties and employ strategies to offer children practice in managing risks in everyday life. These practices supported children in developing qualities and characteristics that contributed both to children’s own well-being and to collective well-being of families, schools and communities.

‘They’re a very sick group of individuals’: Correctional officers, emotions, and sex offenders

In this article, we analyze the politics of emotions within the occupational culture of correctional officers by focusing attention on how sex offenders are constituted as objects of fear and disgust. We draw on in-depth semi-structured interviews with 100 Canadian men and women with experience working as correctional officers in provincial prisons (e.g. New Brunswick, Ontario, Alberta, Nunavut, Prince Edward Island) to understand how sex offenders are viewed within their occupational culture. Utilizing an interpretive hermeneutic approach, this article analyzes Canadian correctional officers’ interpretations of sex offenders. We show the effects of sex offenders’ construction as objects of fear and disgust, in terms of their identities and positionality in the general prison population, and the level of protection and services they receive while in prison.

"It's not about treatment, it's how to improve your life": The lived experience of occupational therapy in palliative care.

A key aim of palliative care is to improve the quality-of-life of people with a life-threatening illness. Occupational therapists are well positioned to contribute to this aim due to their broad range of interventions, client-centeredness and focus on occupation. However, there is a limited understanding of how occupational therapy contributes to the end-of-life experience, which is crucial to providing optimal care. The aim of this study is to investigate the lived experience of occupational therapy in palliative care for people with a life-threatening illness. A hermeneutic interpretive phenomenological approach was adopted. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight participants recruited from inpatient and outpatient sectors of a specialist palliative care hospital in Sydney, Australia. The two themes developed from participant responses were: (1) occupational therapy provides comfort and safety and (2) trusting the occupational therapist to know what is needed. This study gives insight into the ways in which people with a life-threatening illness experience occupational therapy in palliative care. In addition, it provides a starting point to guide practice that is attentive to the needs of people with a life-threatening illness at end-of-life, thus enhancing client-centered care.

CSR: the co-evolution of grocery multiples in the UK (2005-2010)

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate if CSR is balanced between firm and wider society interests.Design/methodology/approach– A qualitative interpretive hermeneutic approach is used to analyse a variety of publically published secondary sources on the CSR of Tesco, Sainsburys, Morrisons and Co-operative in the UK grocery multiple sector (2005-2010).Findings– CSR strategic outcomes currently favour the firm more than society interests. A multilayered framework in the form of Social Responsibility of the Corporation (SRC) is designed and offered in support of balancing the business-society relationship more evenly.Research limitations/implications– This study is limited to firms originating from within the UK grocery multiple sector. Asda could not be included in the study as it does not publish CSR reports annually in the UK after becoming part of Walmart group.Practical implications– A framework for multi-level standardised definition of CSR in the form of SRC is offered. The inclusion of employees and members of the public on CSR/SRC boards is recommended to foster wider collaboration. The SRC framework promotes standardisation at global level while respecting diversity and firm heterogeneity at firm level. The findings may further contribute to GRI; UN Global Compact; WEF dialogues.Social implications– Recommendations are made to extend CSR board diversity for improved dialogue with communities. The SRC framework may be applied at global; national; industry and firm level. The framework can be applied internationally or locally. Future studies may offer quantitative attributes for balancing CSR/SRC.Originality/value– A globally unique and universally applicable framework for evaluating CSR activities is proposed. Future studies may extend the authors' framework to other industries, national environments or globally in the pursuit of balance between firm and society. Furthermore, firms may also adopt the framework to support CSR activities.

Introducing the anatomy of disciplinary discernment: an example from astronomy

Education is increasingly being framed by a competence mindset; the value of knowledge lies much more in competence performativity and innovation than in simply knowing. Reaching such competency in areas such as astronomy and physics has long been known to be challenging. The movement from everyday conceptions of the world around us to a disciplinary interpretation is fraught with pitfalls and problems. Thus, what underpins the characteristics of the disciplinary trajectory to competence becomes an important educational consideration. In this article we report on a study involving what students and lecturers discern from the same disciplinary semiotic resource. We use this to propose an Anatomy of Disciplinary Discernment (ADD), a hierarchy of what is focused on and how it is interpreted in an appropriate, disciplinary manner, as an overarching fundamental aspect of disciplinary learning. Students and lecturers in astronomy and physics were asked to describe what they could discern from a video simulation of travel through our Galaxy and beyond. In all, 137 people from nine countries participated. The descriptions were analysed using a hermeneutic interpretive study approach. The analysis resulted in the formulation of five qualitatively different categories of discernment; the ADD, reflecting a view of participants’ competence levels. The ADD reveals four increasing levels of disciplinary discernment: Identification, Explanation, Appreciation, and Evaluation. This facilitates the identification of a clear relationship between educational level and the level of disciplinary discernment. The analytical outcomes of the study suggest how teachers of science, after using the ADD to assess the students disciplinary knowledge, may attain new insights into how to create more effective learning environments by explicitly crafting their teaching to support the crossing of boundaries in the ADD model.