Prominent Interpretations Research Articles

Diagnostic reasoning and cognitive error in emergency medicine: Implications for teaching and learning.

Accurate diagnosis in emergency medicine (EM) is high stakes and challenging. Research into physicians' clinical reasoning has been ongoing since the late 1970s. The dual-process theory has established itself as a valid model, including in EM. It is based on the distinction between two information-processing systems. System 1 rapidly generates one or more diagnostic hypotheses almost instantaneously, driven by experiential knowledge, while System 2 proceeds more slowly and analytically, applying formal rules to arrive at a final diagnosis. We reviewed the literature on dual-process theory in the fields of cognitive science, medical education and emergency medicine. The literature reflects two prominent interpretations regarding the relationship between the fast and slow phases and these interpretations carry very different implications for the training of clinical learners. One interpretation, prominent in the EM community, presents it as a "check-and-balance" framework in which most diagnostic error is caused by cognitive biases originating within System 1. As a result, EM residents are frequently advised to deploy analytical (System 2) strategies to correct such biases. However, such teaching approaches are not supported by research into the nature of diagnostic reasoning. An alternative interpretation assumes a harmonious relationship between Systems 1 and 2 in which both fast and slow processes are driven by underlying knowledge that conditions performance and the occurrence of errors. Educational strategies corresponding to this alternative have not been explored in the EM literature. In this paper, we offer proposals for improving the teaching and learning of diagnostic reasoning by EM residents.

Democratic education as a matter of civility: retrieving Arendt’s institutionalism via Balibar

ABSTRACT In this paper, my aim is to reintroduce and reclaim the concept of civility for the ongoing debates on democratic education within the Arendt-inspired philosophy of education. I juxtapose a prominent interpretation related to theories of radical democracy and radical democratic education, referring to Gert Biesta’s work, which amends Arendt’s ideas with insights from Jacques Rancière. Conversely, I explore an alternative construction of what can be considered ‘an Arendtian perspective on democratic education’ coming from another French philosopher, Étienne Balibar. Within this perspective the role of institutions is redeemed, and the primary concern shifts from the political agency of individuals to the conditions that allow the space of politics to be constituted and preserved. The discussion includes an analysis of Marius von Mayenburg’s play ‘Martyr’ to illustrate importance of thinking about education, especially democratic education, as a matter of civility.

Labor, gender, and intercultural diplomacy: the emergence of Madame Montour as a professional interpreter in colonial North America

ABSTRACT Madame Montour, the child of a union forged by an Algonquin woman and French settler, leveraged her fluency in multiple indigenous and European languages to emerge as one of the most prominent interpreters in colonial New York and Pennsylvania. As the fur trade developed and new material culture was introduced in colonial North America, the labor of intercultural interpreters was invaluable as the interactions of diverse peoples, both settler and indigenous, intensified. This paper examines the distinguished career of Madame Montour as an interpreter engaged in intercultural diplomacy during an increasingly tumultuous and violent time that was marked by shifts in the relationship between gender and labor identity. I consider how payments in the form of cash, cloth, and clothing were entwined in the negotiation of an emerging colonial identity and how Madame Montour advocated to be recognized for her labor and to receive timely compensation for her skilled work.

Manhaj Abdullāh Ibn Fūdī fī Iḥtiṣāri Tafsīrihi “Ḍiyā' al-Taʾwīl fī Ma'āni al-Tanzīl" to "Kifāyat Du'afāʾ al-Sūdān fī Bayān Tafsīr al-Qurʾān”

This study aims to introduce Abdullah ibn Fodio and his works, with a particular focus on his approach to summarizing the tafsir of “Ḍiyāʾ al-Taʾwīl fī Maʿāni al-Tanzīl” to “Kifāyat Du’afāʾ al-Sūdān fī Bayān Tafsīr al-Qurʾān”, using Juz Amma as the focus of the research. This researcher is qualitative with a type of literature study. The research uses an interpretation approach. The data collection technique uses documentation. The data analysis uses content analysis. The results of the study say that “Ḍiyāʾ al-Taʾwīl” is one of the most important works of Abdullah ibn Fodio in the field of tafsīr, which he compiled based on various tafsīr books. The study results say that his interpretation of "Ḍiyāʾ al-Taʾwīl fī Maʿāni al-Tanzīl" is a linguistic interpretation to some extent and is based on several interpretations, making it very important in northern Nigeria. As for " Kifāyat Du’afāʾ al-Sūdān" is an abbreviation of the broad topic described in the previous interpretation. It enjoys narrative ease and simplification by focusing on the intended goals and some of Israel's stories and effects. The interpretation of " Ḍiyāʾ al-Taʾwīl fī Maʿāni al-Tanzīl" is suitable for researchers and advanced science students with experience and the ability to absorb details. At the same time, "Kifāyat Du’afāʾ al-Sūdān" is suitable for novice science students, as its simple and concise style characterizes it without digging into the details, making it one of the most prominent interpretations spread across northern Nigeria.

Revisiting the Percentage of K-12 Students in Need of Preventive Interventions in Schools in a "Peri-COVID" Era: Implications for the Implementation of Tiered Programming.

As the public health framework has been implemented in schools through multi-tiered systems of support, as in Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS), a prominent interpretation has been that 80% of students will benefit from universal or Tier 1 schoolwide behavior support, around 15% will require added selective or Tier 2 targeted support, and 5% will require the more intensive selective or Tier 3 intervention. The PBIS framework also emphasizes the use of tiered logic, with strengthened efforts at the universal and selective levels when student behavioral or mental health needs exceed expected levels. The prediction that 5% of students will require indicated support was based mostly on students at risk for discipline encounters (i.e., office discipline referral data) and, more recently, systematic screening data, but this percentage remains an interpretation of the public health framework. Further, epidemiologic data over the past decade show that rates of childhood mental health disorders have risen and are even higher now as schools struggle to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic-much higher than 15% and 5% for selective and indicated levels. Thus, we believe it is time to revisit projections of the number of students in need of Tier 2 and Tier 3 support. In this position paper, we review the evidence for escalating youth mental health needs and discuss the implications for the tiered prevention framework in schools. We describe strategies to expand the availability of preventive intervention supports beyond Tier 1 efforts and conclude with recommendations for practice, policy, and research in this peri-COVID recovery era.

Decoding the microbial universe with metagenomics: a brief insight.

A major part of any biological system on earth involves microorganisms, of which the majority are yet to be cultured. The conventional methods of culturing microbes have given fruitful outcomes yet have limitations. The curiosity for better understanding has led to the development of culture-independent molecular methods that help push aside the roadblocks of earlier methods. Metagenomics unifies the scientific community in search of a better understanding of the functioning of the ecosystem and its component organisms. This approach has opened a new paradigm in advanced research. It has brought to light the vast diversity and novelty among microbial communities and their genomes. This review focuses on the development of this field over time, the techniques and analysis of data generated through sequencing platforms, and its prominent interpretation and representation.

The Moral Habitat

<i>The Moral Habitat</i>

Eschatology and the Limits of Philosophy in the &lt;i&gt;Phaedo&lt;/i&gt;

An abiding puzzle in the Phaedo is the transition in the text from initial pessimism about the possibility of wisdom during human life to a more optimistic view. Prominent interpretations posit different kinds or degrees of wisdom at issue in the two sets of passages. By contrast, I argue that the pessimistic view rests on the implicit premise that the soul cannot be completely purified during human life—a premise which arises from an initial conception of impurity and its cause. In developing his eschatology, Socrates refines this conception and rejects the implicit premise. Because the embodied soul can be completely purified, it can achieve philosophical wisdom as well.

The Methodology of Muʿtazilah Exegesis: Study of Ḥākim Al-Jushamī’s Al-Tahdhīb Fī Al-Tafsīr

This article will discuss the method used throughout al-Tahdhīb fī al-Tafsīr by Ḥākim al-Jushamī, one of the most prominent interpreters of the Muʿtazilah school. Jushamī was a Muʿtazilah scholar who lived in the school’s final moments before its ruination. He is also a theologian of interpreters with a reputation for profound knowledge and one of Zamakhsharī’s teachers. The book of al-Tahdhīb is an Arabic commentary that discusses the entire 30 juz of the Qurʾān in 10 volumes, in the sequence of the Muṣḥaf. This commentary is one of the commentaries written by Muʿtazilah scholars that is available to us in its entirety. Jushamī described the passages of the Qurʾān based on the understanding of the Muʿtazilah school in his interpretation. The discussion in this article will center on a variety of topics, including Hakim al-Jushamī al-biography, his works, general information on al-Tahdhīb fi al-Tafsir, systematics of interpretation, reference materials, and the methodology behind his interpretation. This study employs a qualitative approach based on library research to focus on the major source of al-Tahdhīb fi al-Tafsīr’s as well as a variety of supplementary materials pertinent to the topic under discussion. The objective of this article is to introduce the interpretation of al-Tahdhīb, to explore the nature and technique of Muʿtazilah’s interpretation in the Middle Ages in general and Jushamī’s interpretation in particular.

Emma Bovary Re-Imagined

Abstract What to make of Emma Bovary’s dreaming constitutes a fundamental problem in the study of Flaubert’s novel. The dominant reading of Emma’s dream life adopts a critical stance toward her unwillingness, or incapacity, to accept her everyday reality. Showing how Flaubert’s text challenges our understanding of Emma as a sterile dreamer, this essay seeks to reevaluate her faculty of imagination as a powerful creative force. The argument is developed in two parts. Since no assessment of Emma’s relation to “unreality” can legitimately bypass a careful analysis of her reveries, the first part of this essay offers a detailed reading of the escape from reality that Emma fantasizes in chapter 12 of part 2 of the novel. Emma’s quixotic vision of a flight away from her husband is contrasted here with Charles Bovary’s realistic dream about their future together as a family. While Emma’s reverie seems at first glance only to throw into relief the magnanimity of Charles’s responsible but mimetically limited dreaming, a closer look at this passage reveals a textual complexity requiring further investigation into the mechanisms and implications of Emma’s dream production. This investigation is undertaken in the second part of the essay. Here, the findings that emerge from the analysis of the protagonist’s reverie will be tested against several prominent interpretations of Emma’s dreaming (by Albert Thibaudet, Gérard Genette, and Jonathan Culler). Noting their sympathetic but cautious evaluations of the enigma posed by Emma’s imagination, this essay concludes by suggesting a more radical affirmation of Emma’s force of imagination.

Huang Zongxi’s Confucian political moralism

Huang Zongxi (1610–1695) is one of the most important Chinese political philosophers of the seventeenth century. Since the early twentieth century, many prominent interpretations have focused on reading him as a liberal or republican thinker. In this paper, I argue that the similarities that he shares with liberalism and republicanism are superficial at best and ill-construed at worst. Instead, his political philosophy is best read as a distinctive Confucian political moralism. The Confucian moral virtues not only define the conditions under which power is justified but also formulate the common good that the political seeks to express. Moreover, the moral nature of government is congruent with the moral-metaphysical structure of the world. My arguments are based on a close reading of his seminal work on politics and take into account his metaphysics and philosophy of history more broadly.

Against Convergence Liberalism: A Feminist Critique

AbstractConvergence liberalism has emerged as a prominent interpretation of public reason liberalism. Yet, while its main rival in the public reason literature—the Rawlsian consensus account of public reason—has faced serious scrutiny regarding its ability to secure equal citizenship forallmembers of society, especially for members of historically subordinated groups, convergence liberalism has not. With this article, we hope to start a discussion about convergence liberalism and its (in)ability to address group-based social inequalities. In particular, we aim to show that given the core features of the viewandreal-world pluralism, the policies needed to secure gender equality and protect equal citizenship for women will not be justified. We make our case by considering various inequalities that are due to the gendered division of labor and potential convergence liberal responses.

Return of the templates: Revisiting the Galactic Center excess with multimessenger observations

The Galactic center excess (GCE) remains one of the most intriguing discoveries from the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) observations. We revisit the characteristics of the GCE by first producing a new set of high-resolution galactic diffuse gamma-ray emission templates. This diffuse emission, which accounts for the bulk of the observed gamma rays, is ultimately due to cosmic-ray interactions with the interstellar medium. Using recent high-precision cosmic-ray observations, in addition to the continuing Fermi-LAT observations and observations from lower energy photons, we constrain the properties of the galactic diffuse emission. We describe a large set of diffuse gamma-ray emission templates which account for a very wide range of initial assumptions on the physical conditions in the inner galaxy. The broad properties of the GCE that we find in this work are qualitatively unchanged despite the introduction of this new set of templates, though its quantitative features appear mildly different than those obtained in previous analyses. In particular, we find a high-energy tail at higher significance than previously reported. This tail is very prominent in the northern hemisphere, and less so in the southern hemisphere. This strongly affects one prominent interpretation of the excess: known millisecond pulsars are incapable of producing this high-energy emission, even in the relatively softer southern hemisphere, and are therefore disfavored as the sole explanation of the GCE. The annihilation of dark matter particles of mass ${40}_{\ensuremath{-}7}^{+10}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ (95% CL) to $b$ quarks with a cross-section of $⟨{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{A}v⟩=1.{4}_{\ensuremath{-}0.3}^{+0.6}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}26}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ provides a good fit to the excess especially in the relatively cleaner southern sky. Dark matter of the same mass range annihilating to $b$ quarks or heavier dark matter particles annihilating to heavier Standard Model bosons can combine with millisecond pulsars to provide a good fit to the southern hemisphere emission as well, as can a broken power-law spectrum which would be related to recent cosmic-ray burst activity. As part of this paper, we make publicly available all of our templates and the data covariance matrix we have generated to account for systematic uncertainties.

The General Factors of Personality Disorder, Psychopathology, and Personality.

There is considerable interest in the study of the general factors of personality disorder (g-PD), psychopathology (p factor), and personality (GFP). One prominent interpretation of the g-PD is that it is defined by the self-interpersonal impairments of Criterion A of the DSM-5 Section III. However, no study has directly tested this hypothesis as no prior g-PD study has included a measure of Criterion A. The current study provides a direct test of this hypothesis, along with comparing g-PD with the general factors of psychopathology and personality. Also extracted was a common general factor across all three domains. Suggested herein is that the g-PD, the p factor, and the GFP reflect the impairments (e.g., social and occupational dysfunction) that are secondary to the traits and disorders rather than the traits and/or disorders themselves.

Relief and the Structure of Intentions in Late Palaeolithic Cave Art

AbstractArtworks at Lascaux and other late Palaeolithic caves integrate geological features or “relief” of the cave wall in a way that suggests a symbiotic relation between nature and culture. I argue this qualifies as “receptivity to a situation,” which is neither fully active nor merely passive and emerges as a necessary element of the intentions made apparent by such cave art. I argue against prominent interpretations of cave art, including the shamanist account and propose a structural interpretation attentive to particular cases. Seen in this way, cave art displays intentions that are analyzable as having a tripartite structure: mentally directed, embedded in actions and receptive to a situation. Moreover, the latter is the medium through which the other two elements are conjoined. Drawing on a range of archaeological and philosophical resources from both analytical philosophy and phenomenology, I argue that what I call cave art’s “intentional story” is important for the philosophy of intentions more generally.

Later Mohist ethics and philosophical progress in ancient China

ABSTRACT The writings of the later Mohists are generally taken to contain several updates to the consequentialist ethical view held by the Mohist school. In this paper, I defend one interpretation of those updates and how they may have served, within the Mohists’ argumentative context, to make their views more defensible. I argue that we should reject A.C. Graham’s prominent interpretation, on which the later Mohists’ argumentative strategy is to develop a conception of the a priori and to ground their ethical view in a form of a priori rationalism. I contend, instead, that the strength of the later Mohists’ ethical view comes largely from their adoption of a subjective criterion for identifying what counts as a benefit within their consequentialist view. I show how the adoption of this subjective criterion fits within a larger trend in later Mohist thought of coming to terms with the diversity of people’s evaluative standpoints, and further show how it equips the later Mohists with worthwhile responses to their philosophical rivals.

In Defense of “Doctrinal Exegesis”: A Proposal, with Reference to Trinitarian Theology and the Fourth Gospel

ABSTRACT Many definitions and descriptions of “theological interpretation” often leave the “theology” in “theological” unspecified. A kind of generalized understanding of “theology” often eclipses more robustly confessional, doctrinal, or magisterial commitments, leading to theological interpretations of the Bible that occlude any particular ecclesial or traditional allegiance. This article proposes that attending to “doctrinal exegesis”—with “doctrine” being understood as a reference to specific ecclesial and theological traditions and loci—can help refocus the enterprise of reading Scripture with theological ends in view. With that goal in mind, the article examines the doctrine of the Trinity in “social Trinitarian” and “classical” perspectives, via Jürgen Moltmann and Richard Bauckham’s engagement with the Fourth Gospel and Thomas Aquinas’s commentary on the same text respectively, and concludes that thinking about doctrinal or dogmatic loci and their prominent interpreters may help one become a more focused theological exegete.

فرقة الإباضیة ومنهجهم فی التفسیر دراسة وصفیة لبعض تفاسیرهم

مها محمد رومي العنزي إدارة الدراسات الإسلامية، وزارة الأوقاف، دولة الکويت البريد الالکترونى: mm.mostafa@yahoo.com الملخص: هذا البحث يتناول فرقة الإباضية ومنهجهم في تفسير القرآن، وذلک من خلال عرض ما يتعلق بتاريخ فرقة الإباضية وأفکارها العقائدية، ووصف منهجها في الاستدلال، وأبان البحث عن التشابه العقدي الکبير بين الإباضية والخوارج والمعتزلة، على الرغم من أن الإباضية لا يعدون من غلاة فرق الخوارج. ثم عرض البحث لاثنين من أبرز تفاسير الإباضية، أحدهما متقدم هو تفسير (هود بن محکم الهواري)، وهو من أئمة الإباضية المتقدمين، وکان تفسيره اختصارا لتفسير ابن سلام، وقد انتصر فيه لآراء الإباضية، مع عنايته بالآثار فيما سوى ذلک، وحاول تأويل آي القرآن لتناسب معتقد الإباضية. والآخر تفسير متأخر وهو تفسير محمد يوسف اطفيس في کتابه (تيسير التفسير)، وبين عنايته بالتفسير اللغوي، وعرض علوم الآية وعلوم السورة، واتخاذه منهج الانتصار للفکر الإباضي في التفسير من خلال تأويل الآيات العقدية لتتوافق مع معتقد الإباضي. وکان من أهم نتائج البحث: 1- الإباضية فرق إسلامية اشتهر أنها على نهج الخوارج، تنسب إلى عبد الله بن أباض، ولکنهم ليسوا من غلاة الخوارج کالأزارقة مثلا، لکنهم يتفقون مع الخوارج في مسائل عدة. 2- کان النتاج التفسيرى للإباضية قليلا على مر العصور، ظهر أولا في تفسير هود بن محکم الذي اختصر تفسير يحيى بن سلام، مع بثه لعقيدته في تفسيره، وعدم محافظته على التقريرات العقدية ليحيى بن سلام، ثم نشطت حرکة التفسير عندهم في العصور المتأخرة. Ibadi Group and their Method in Interpretation A descriptive study of some of their interpretations Maha Muhammad Rumi Al-Anzi Islamic Studies teacher, Ministry of Awqaf, State of Kuwait Email: mm.mostafa@yahoo.com Abstract: This research addresses the Ibadi group and their method in interpreting the Qur’an, through presenting what is related to the history of the Ibadi group and its doctrinal ideas, and describing its method of reasoning. The research shows the great doctrinal similarity between the Ibadi and the Khawarij and the Mu'tazila, despite that Ibadi is not considered one of the extreme groups of the Khawarij. Then the research presented two of the most prominent interpretations of Ibadi. One of them is advanced which is the interpretation of (Hood bin Muhkam al-Hawari), who is one of the first imams of the Ibadis, and his interpretation was an abbreviation of the interpretation of Ibn Salam, and he sided with the views of Ibadi, with his interest to the effects in anything other than that, and tried to interpret the verses of the Qur’an to fit the Ibadi belief. The other is a late interpretation, which is the interpretation of Muhammad Yusuf Itfayyesh in his book (TayseerAttafsir), in which he showed his interestin the linguistic interpretation, presented the science of the verse and the sciences of the Surah, and his method which sided with the Ibadi’s opinion in the interpretation through the interpretation of the doctrinal verses to harmonize with the Ibadi belief. The study reaches a number of conclusions including the following. First, the Ibadi group is an Islamic group that is known to be following Khawarij. It is named after Abdullah bin Abad, but they are not from the extreme Khawarij, such as the Azraqites, but they agree with the Khawarij on several issues. Second, the interpretation literature of the Ibadi group was little throughout ages; it first appeared in the interpretation of Hood bin Mahkam, who briefly explained the interpretation of Yahya bin Salam, while transmitting his belief in his interpretation, and ignoring the doctrinal attestations of Yahya bin Salam; afterwards, the movement of interpretation became active in later times.

Leibniz’s Early Theodicy and its Unwelcome Implications

To explain why God is not the author of sin, despite grounding all features of the world, the early Leibniz marginalized the divine will and defined existence as harmony. These moves support each other. It is easier to nearly eliminate the divine will from creation if existence itself is something wholly intelligible, and easier to identify existence with an internal feature of the possibles if the divine will is not responsible for creation. Both moves, however, commit Leibniz to a necessitarianism that is stronger than what prominent interpreters such as Robert Sleigh and Mogens Lærke have found in the early Leibniz, and stronger than the necessitarianism that threatens his later philosophy. I defend this reading of Leibniz and propose that some features of Leibniz’s later metaphysics, including his “striving possibles” doctrine, are an artifact of the effort to rescue the early theodicy from its unwelcome implications.

A DEFENSE OF MILL’S ARGUMENT FOR THE “PRACTICAL INSEPARABILITY” OF THE LIBERTIES OF CONSCIENCE (AND THE ABSOLUTISM IT ENTAILS)

AbstractMill advocated an unqualified defense of the liberty of conscience in the most comprehensive sense, which he understood to include not just the freedom to hold but also to express any opinion or sentiment. Yet considerable dispute persists about the nature of Mill’s argument for freedom of expression and whether his premises can support so strong a conclusion. Two prominent interpretations of Mill that threaten to undermine his uncompromising defense of free speech are considered and refuted. A better interpretation can be founded on Mill’s claim that the liberties of conscience are inseparable in practice. This claim can be defended with modern psychological insight about the nature of cognitive bias, and epistemological insight about why justification of creedal beliefs requires the universal toleration of opinion, insights which are largely anticipated by Mill. This argument is especially vital because it highlights the divide between classical liberalism and progressivism that has become a flashpoint in the current political debate over free speech.