Natural Interpretation Research Articles

Two Interpretations of Nietzschean Concept of Nature: C. Alamariu and V. Lemm

Nietzsche criticises religious interpretations of nature (Natur) and advocates the ‘naturalisation of humanity’. The various usages of the term ‘nature’ (Natur) have no clear, systematic definition in Nietzsche’s works, which is why the interpretations of this concept in Nietzsche’s studies are controversial. Two opposing perspectives emerge: Vanessa Lemm interprets nature as a Dionysian chaos which promotes an emancipatory rejection of the prevailing ideas, while Costin Alamariu sees it as an aristocratic phusis that fosters higher human types. This article argues that these seemingly contradictory views are compatible. Nietzsche uses the concept of nature as chaos to criticize anthropocentric views, while presenting the possibility of an understanding of nature detached from the human perspective. This paper analyses and criticizes Lemm’s illustration of this concept through sex differences. Finally, it is argued that Alamariu’s interpretation is in line with Nietzsche’s later positive ethico-political aspirations, often ignored in Nietzschean scholarship, concerning the development of higher human types.

Interpretation of Buddhist Scriptures from the Perspective of Sinicization of Buddhism

The interpretation of Buddhist scriptures from the perspective of Sinicization of Buddhism has undergone a long and fruitful development process. From the initial period of Buddhist transmission with grid-meaning translation, to the elaboration of Buddhist doctrines during the Wei, Jin, Northern, and Southern Dynasties, to the doctrinal taxonomy in the Sui and Tang dynasties, and then to the interpretation of mind and nature during the Song and Ming dynasties, up to the modern trend of humanistic Buddhism, the interpretation of Buddhist scriptures has always interacted with the spirit of Chinese native culture, presenting a unique landscape of integration and innovation. The Sinicized interpretation of Buddhist scriptures not only demonstrates cultural confidence but also provides wisdom and inspiration for modern society. In the future, cross-cultural dialogue with the world, interdisciplinary integration and development, digital humanities research, and innovative communication methods will become new directions and challenges for the Sinicized interpretation of Buddhist scriptures.

Levin-Wen is a Gauge Theory: Entanglement from Topology

We show that the Levin-Wen model of a unitary fusion category C\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\mathcal {C}}$$\\end{document} is a gauge theory with gauge symmetry given by the tube algebra Tube(C)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ ext {Tube}}({\\mathcal {C}})$$\\end{document}. In particular, we define a model corresponding to a Tube(C)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ ext {Tube}}({\\mathcal {C}})$$\\end{document} symmetry protected topological phase, and we provide a gauging procedure which results in the corresponding Levin-Wen model. In the case C=Hilb(G,ω)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\mathcal {C}}=\ extsf{Hilb}(G,\\omega )$$\\end{document}, we show how our procedure reduces to the twisted gauging of a trival G-SPT to produce the Twisted Quantum Double. We further provide an example which is outside the bounds of the current literature, the trivial Fibbonacci SPT, whose gauge theory results in the doubled Fibonacci string-net. Our formalism has a natural topological interpretation with string diagrams living on a punctured sphere. We provide diagrams to supplement our mathematical proofs and to give the reader an intuitive understanding of the subject matter.

The Great Loop: From Conformal Cyclic Cosmology to Aeon Monism

AbstractPenrose’s conformal cyclic cosmology describes the cosmos as a collection of successive universes, the so-called aeons. The beginning and ending of our universe are directly connected to two other, anterior and posterior, universes. Penrose considers but rules out a different interpretation of conformal cyclic cosmology: that the beginning of our universe is connected to its own end in a cosmic loop. The paper argues that the view, aeon monism, should be regarded as a natural interpretation of conformal cyclic cosmology and discusses its implications for the concept of eternal return in light of the most popular metaphysics of time.

Revisiting the time-ordering issue of TMD soft factors: causality, coordinate space analyticity and new equalities

We show that as a result of causality-constrained coordinate space analyticity, the Drell-Yan-shape transverse-momentum dependent soft factor in the exponential regulator allows Euclidean-type parametric representations without cuts, to all orders in perturbation theory. Moreover, it is identical to another soft factor defined with a single time-ordering that has a natural interpretation as a space-like form factor. Furthermore, this relation continues to hold for a larger class of TMD soft factors that interpolate between three different rapidity regulators: the off-light-cone regulator, the finite light-front length regulator, and the exponential regulator.

Constructive holography

We consider the collective field theory description of the singlet sector of a free and massless matrix field in d dimensions. The k-local collective fields are functions of (d − 1)k + 1 coordinates. We provide a map between the collective fields and fields in the dual gravitational theory defined on AdSd+1 spacetime. The coordinates of the collective field have a natural interpretation: the k-local collective field is a field defined on an AdSd+1×Sk−1×S(d−2)(k−2)×Sd−3 spacetime. The modes of a harmonic expansion on the Sk−1×S(d−2)(k−2)×Sd−3 portion of the spacetime leads to the spinning bulk fields of the dual gravity theory.

공공문화콘텐츠로서의 산림교육과 자연해설에 대한 해석적 연구: 프리먼 틸든의 ‘해설’ 개념을 중심으로

This study is an interpretive research on the philosophical orientation of forest education, a public cultural content utilizing forest resources. Forest education professionals such as ‘forest interpreters’, ‘early childhood forest guides’, and ‘forest trail and mountain guides’ are trained to provide public cultural content services that mediate between citizens and nature. This practice originated in the historical context of nature preservation and management through state-led national parks, which began in the West, particularly in the United States. Forest education in Korea, such as forest interpretation, is equivalent to ‘nature interpretation’ in the West. The various literatures produced on nature interpretation have had a significant impact on Korean forest education policy, and this study aims to identify the ideological roots of nature interpretation, which have been largely unexplored. The study first approached nature interpretation activities by collecting examples from Europe, Northern Europe, and Canada, confirming that nature preservation is a common goal and purpose. Through a historical approach, the researchers examined the preservationism that influenced the introduction of nature interpretation in the West and realized that the philosophical origin of nature interpretation is the idea of combining nature preservation and spirituality. To understand nature interpretation, we examine Freeman Tilden's concept of interpretation, which continued this early preservationist spirit but constructively transformed it and shaped nature interpretation today. The study explored the core concept of ‘the Thing Itself’ in the context of Romantic texts such as those by Novalis and Carl von Linné, centering on Kant's influence on Romanticism. Most importantly, the researchers interpreted Tilden's concept of ‘interpretation’ as a theory of the sublime to explore the philosophical roots of nature interpretation. Through this study, it is argued that the essential meaning of the field of nature interpretation is the unity of nature and human beings and the love of nature through personal experience and recognition of the sublime in nature.

Bertrand’s theorem and the double copy of relativistic field theories

Which relativistic field theories give rise to Kepler dynamics in the two-body problem? We consider a class of Hamiltonians that is the unique relativistic extension of the Kepler problem preserving its so(4) algebra, and have orbits related through time reparametrisation to orbits of the original Kepler problem. For three explicit examples, we give a natural interpretation in terms of spin-0,-1 and -2 interacting field theories in 5D. These are organically connected via the classical double copy, which therefore preserves maximal superintegrability.

Annealing approach to root finding.

The Newton-Raphson method is a fundamental root-finding technique with numerous applications in physics. In this study, we propose a parameterized variant of the Newton-Raphson method, inspired by principles from physics. Through analytical and empirical validation, we demonstrate that this approach offers increased robustness and faster convergence during root-finding iterations. Furthermore, we establish connections to the Adomian series method and provide a natural interpretation within a series framework. Remarkably, the introduced parameter, akin to a temperature variable, enables an annealing approach. This advancement sets the stage for a fresh exploration of numerical iterative root-finding methodologies.

THE CONCEPTS OF TEACHING, UPBRINGING, EDUCATION AND THE QUESTION OF THEIR CORRELATION

The concepts of education, teaching and upbringing, as well as the question of their correlation are relevant for modern philosophical research. One of the terminological problems is the use of the word «education» as a synonym for «upbringing» or a synonym for «teaching». The purpose is to provide a logical systematization of the main variants of the definition of the concept of education in its relation to the concepts of teaching and upbringing. The authors identify three main characteristic variants of the correlation between the concepts of education, teaching and upbringing. The first option is a one-component scheme, for which the concepts of teaching, upbringing and education are identical. Education is teaching or upbringing. This scheme is quite common at the everyday and theoretical levels. The authors analyze the historical origins of such identifications. Firstly, it is the New European rationalist interpretation of human nature, which considers the formation of man as a primarily intelligent and knowledgeable being. Secondly, it is the Soviet heritage, which viewed education as a systemic pedagogical concept. The equation of education, teaching, and upbringing also has an etymological basis, as it is similar to the multivalent Greek term paideia and the Latin word discipline. The second option is a two-component scheme. In this scheme, education is a broader concept that includes teaching and upbringing without leveling or identifying them. Teaching reflects the meanings of education in the professional and intellectual sphere, and upbringing in the worldview and moral sphere. The third option is a three-component scheme that includes training, education and development as components of education. This scheme, although interesting, is still in the process of its terminological formation.

Non-relativistic intersecting branes, Newton-Cartan geometry and AdS/CFT

We discuss non-relativistic variants of four-dimensional N\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\mathcal{N} $$\\end{document} = 4 super-Yang-Mills theory obtained from generalised Newton-Cartan geometric limits of D3-branes in ten-dimensional spacetime. We argue that the natural interpretation of these limits is that they correspond to non-relativistic D1-branes or D3-branes intersecting the original D3-branes. The resulting gauge theories have dynamics that reduce to quantum mechanics on monopole moduli space or two-dimensional sigma-models on Hitchin moduli space respectively. We show that these theories possess interesting infinite-dimensional symmetries and we discuss the dual AdS geometries.

Reconstructing the metric in group field theory

Abstract We study a group field theory (GFT) for quantum gravity coupled to four massless scalar fields, using these matter fields to define a (relational) coordinate system. We exploit symmetries of the GFT action, in particular under shifts in the values of the scalar fields, to derive a set of classically conserved currents, and show that the same conservation laws hold exactly at the quantum level regardless of the choice of state. We propose a natural interpretation of the conserved currents which implies that the matter fields always satisfy the Klein–Gordon equation in GFT. We then observe that in our matter reference frame, the same conserved currents can be used to extract all components of an effective GFT spacetime metric. Finally, we apply this construction to the simple example of a spatially flat homogeneous and isotropic Universe, where we derive an effective Friedmann equation directly from this metric. The Friedmann equation displays a bounce and a late-time limit equivalent to general relativity with a single scalar field. Our proposal goes substantially beyond the GFT literature in which only specific geometric quantities such as the total volume or volume perturbations could be defined, opening up the possibility to study more general geometries as emerging from GFT.

The plant blindness and the humans-as-non-animals bias cycles in the educational system. The need to overcome them

ABSTRACT Plant blindness is the inability to see or consider plants as living beings. In this work we show that primary, secondary, and high school education students exhibit this tendency to not see plants as living beings, or to tend to see animals more readily as such, and also a tendency to not perceive humans as animals. The same thing happens with future teachers, completing a cycle in which those who are learning, and those who will later teach, harbour the same biases. These findings suggest that to break this cycle it is necessary to work with pre-service teachers at the university level so that they are aware of this phenomenon and willing to embrace a more balanced and accurate interpretation of nature, teaching youth the importance of interpreting the environment in which they live.

Testing independence based on Spearman’s footrule in high dimensions

. Spearman’s footrule is a widely used tool to discover the relationship between two continuous random variables, mainly because of its robustness, natural interpretation, and simplicity of calculation. In this article, we propose a new test statistic based on the sum of squares of pairwise Spearman’s footrule, to test the mutual independence of a high dimensional random vector. The large sample properties of the proposed test method are established. Simulation results show that the new test has higher power than existing test methods under some circumstances. An example with real life data is discussed to illustrate the usefulness and effectiveness of the proposed test statistic.

The dressing field method for diffeomorphisms: a relational framework

The dressing field method (DFM) is a tool to reduce gauge symmetries. Here we extend it to cover the case of diffeomorphisms. The resulting framework is a systematic scheme to produce Diff(M) -invariant objects, which has a natural relational interpretation. Its precise formulation relies on a clear understanding of the bundle geometry of field space. By detailing it, among other things we stress the geometric nature of field-independent and field-dependent diffeomorphisms, and highlight that the heuristic ‘extended bracket’ for field-dependent vector fields often featuring in the covariant phase space literature can be understood as arising from the Frölicher-Nijenhuis bracket. Furthermore, by articulating this bundle geometry with the covariant phase space approach, we give a streamlined account of the elementary objects of the (pre)symplectic structure of a Diff(M) -theory: Noether charges and their bracket, as induced by the standard prescription for the presymplectic potential and 2-form. We give conceptually transparent expressions allowing to read the integrability conditions and the circumstances under which the bracket of charge is Lie, and the resulting Poisson algebras of charges are central extensions of the Lie algebras of field-independent ( diff(M) ) and field-dependent vector fields.We show that, applying the DFM, one obtains a Diff(M) -invariant and manifestly relational formulation of a general relativistic field theory. Relying on results just mentioned, we easily derive the ‘dressed’ (relational) presymplectic structure of the theory. This reproduces or extends results from the gravitational edge modes and gravitational dressings literature. In addition to simplified technical derivations, the conceptual clarity of the framework supplies several insights and allows us to dispel misconceptions.

Reconstructing the spacetime dual to a free matrix

In this paper we consider the collective field theory description of the singlet sector of a free matrix field in 2+1 dimensions. This necessarily involves the study of k-local collective fields, which are functions of 2k + 1 coordinates. We argue that these coordinates have a natural interpretation: the k-local collective field is a field defined on an AdS4×Sk−2×Sk−1 spacetime. The modes of a harmonic expansion on the Sk−2×Sk−1 portion of the spacetime leads to the spinning bulk fields of the dual gravity theory.

D-terms in generalised complex geometry

Generalised Complex Geometry provides a natural interpretation of the N\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\mathcal{N} $$\\end{document} = 1 supersymmetry conditions for warped solutions of type II supergravity as differential equations on polyforms on the internal manifold. Written in this language the supersymmetry conditions correspond to calibration conditions for probe D-branes: D-string, domain-wall or space-filling branes, depending on the directions they span in the non-compact four-dimensional space. The BPS condition corresponding to the calibration of space-filling D-branes has been reformulated by Tomasiello, eliminating the explicit dependence on the metric. We generalise this derivation to the case of non-supersymmetric backgrounds violating the domain-wall and D-string calibration conditions. We use this reformulation to derive constraints that the ten-dimensional solutions with BPS space-filling sources must respect in order to dimensionally reduce to solutions of four-dimensional N\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\mathcal{N} $$\\end{document} = 1 supergravity with non-vanishing F-terms and potentially non-vanishing D-terms. We give the equations of motion for the class of type II vacua satisfying these constraints in the language of pure spinors. We investigate how restrictive these constraints are for the class of type IIB SU(3) backgrounds with BPS space-filling O5-planes.

Francis Bacon and the Scientific Revolution: a new interpretation of nature?

This article examines the interpretation of nature from the perspective of Francis Bacon (1561-1626), highlighting how his ideas influenced the development of modern science. Francis Bacon proposed a revolutionary approach to scientific and philosophical investigation, emphasizing empirical observation and controlled experimentation. His main work, Novum Organum, published in 1620, introduced the inductive method as a means of discovering truths about nature, criticizing the Aristotelian deductive approach. Furthermore, Bacon emphasized the importance of experimentation as a way to avoid biases and distortions in human thought, introducing the theory of idols to explain the pitfalls of thinking. His contributions to modern science include the promotion of the scientific method and the valuing of experimentation as pathways to seeking truth. It is concluded that the philosopher left an indelible mark on the history of science, reminding us of the importance of empirical observation, experimentation, and the systematization of knowledge, which ultimately influenced the development of science in the following centuries.

Dressing fields for supersymmetry: the cases of the Rarita-Schwinger and gravitino fields

In this paper we argue that the gauge-fixing conditions typically used to extract the (off-shell) degrees of freedom of the Rarita-Schwinger spinor-vector and gravitino, respectively in rigid supersymmetric field theory and supergravity, are actually instances of the dressing field method of symmetry reduction. Since the latter has a natural relation interpretation, solving the “gauge-fixing condition” — or, better, “dressing functional constraints” — actually realises the Rarita-Schwinger spinor-vector and the gravitino fields as (non-local) relational variables. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of the dressing field method to supersymmetric theories.

Some Skorohod-type results

AbstractLet S be a metric space, $$g:S\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$$ g : S → R a Borel function, and $$(\mu _n:n\ge 0)$$ ( μ n : n ≥ 0 ) a sequence of tight probability measures on $$\mathcal {B}(S)$$ B ( S ) . If $$\mu _n=\mu _0$$ μ n = μ 0 on $$\sigma (g)$$ σ ( g ) , there are S-valued random variables $$X_n$$ X n , all defined on the same probability space, such that $$X_n\sim \mu _n$$ X n ∼ μ n and $$g(X_n)=g(X_0)$$ g ( X n ) = g ( X 0 ) for all $$n\ge 0$$ n ≥ 0 . Moreover, $$X_n\overset{a.s.}{\longrightarrow }X_0$$ X n ⟶ a . s . X 0 if and only if $$E_{\mu _n}(f\mid g)\,\overset{\mu _0-a.s.}{\longrightarrow }\,E_{\mu _0}(f\mid g)$$ E μ n ( f ∣ g ) ⟶ μ 0 - a . s . E μ 0 ( f ∣ g ) for each $$f\in C_b(S)$$ f ∈ C b ( S ) . This result, proved in Pratelli and Rigo (J Theoret Probab 36:372-389, 2023) , is the starting point of this paper. Three types of contributions are provided. First, $$\sigma (g)$$ σ ( g ) is replaced by an arbitrary sub-$$\sigma $$ σ -field $$\mathcal {G}\subset \mathcal {B}(S)$$ G ⊂ B ( S ) . Second, the result is applied to some specific frameworks, including equivalence couplings, total variation distances, and the decomposition of cadlag processes with finhite activity. Third, following Hansen et al. (Tempered Bayesian analysis, Unpublished manuscript, 2024), the result is extended to models and kernels. This extension has a fairly natural interpretation in terms of decision theory, mass transportation and statistics.