Interpretation Of Historical Process Research Articles

Конструирование образа прошлого в кино: кейс сериала «Слово пацана»

The article examines the problem of historical accuracy in cinema on the example of the popular Russian TV series “A hoodlum’s promise – blood on the asphalt”. In the context of the popularity of movies covering real historical events, the author gives a sociological interpretation of the artistic techniques used in the series aimed at constructing the image of the past. Based on their analysis, the authors identify the criteria that allow us to judge the plausibility and correspondence of the image of the past embodied in the film to the historical reality. These include: 1) the degree of authenticity of reconstruction of material culture of a particular time pe-riod; 2) authentic representation of mentality of a particular time period; and 3) filmmaker’s understanding and interpretation of historical processes, events, etc. It is emphasized that the modern trend is to move away from documentary authenticity in historical films, but it is also stressed that the key importance in this regard is the author’s intention, in some cases designed to convey to the viewer a certain social idea expressed by the skill of filmmakers.

ОБРАЗ ПЕТРА I И ЕГО ЭПОХИ В НАСТОЛЬНЫХ И КОМПЬЮТЕРНЫХ ИГРАХ

This article explores board and computer games, which represent the image of Peter I and his era. The authors analyzed 96 board games from the nineteenth century to the present, as well as 8 computer games of various genres. The review of games shows that they often touch on historical topics, including the era of Peter the Great. Creating a game for entertainment purposes in some cases implies an educational focus in the study of history. However, any game involves simplification and schematization in the interpretation of historical processes, which contributes to the mythologization of history. On the one hand, the historical content of games is based on the use and interpretation of stable images, stereotypes, myths, and on the other hand, it contributes to the reproduction of collectively shared ideas about the past. The creators of board and computer games include Peter the Great as an iconic figure in Russian history in the gaming context. Games dedicated exclusively to his personality also occupy a significant place in the gaming industry. In them, the image of the first Russian emperor is presented stereotypically and in accordance with the prevailing ideas about him, characteristic of the era to which the game belongs. Computer games are also not free from historical myths in the interpretation of the personality of Peter I and his era, they often act as an analogue of board games both in game mechanics and in terms of content, but at the same time they have wider possibilities for visualizing history.

Пореформене українське село в аграрних студіях науковців київської школи

Проаналізовано науковий доробок представників Київської школи істориків-аграрників доби незалежності, присвячений висвітленню проблематики життєдіяльності пореформеного українського села. Здійснено історіографічний аналіз сучасної вітчизняної наукової літератури щодо розкриття малодосліджених аспектів аграрної історії другої половини ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. загалом та історії українського селянства, зокрема. Зроблено спробу систематизувати досягнення сучасної вітчизняної історіографії з даної проблематики.

Representation of image of the past in modern Russian historical fiction films

This article examines the problems of representation of images of the past in modern historical fiction film and TV series. The relevance of the topic is substantiated by current popularity of this genre of cinematography among audience. The younger generation refers to the historical fiction films as an easy-to-grasp source of information on the historical facts, events, processes and personalities. However, such trend carries a threat of disorientation of mass audience regarding the historical past. The article analyzes the concept of “image”, “artistic image”, “image of the past” and their specific features in the context of the subject of research. Attention is turned to complexity of interrelation of the concept of “historical film” and the introduced into mass media terminology stable lexical construct “pseudohistorical film”. The combination of two approaches became the foundation for this research: culturological approach allowed viewing the degree of representation of images of the mast in historical fiction cinematography; while multifaceted nature of the subject of research and versatility of theoretical and empirical materials suggest referring to interdisciplinary approach. Based on the analysis of modern historical fiction feature films and TV series, the author highlights the criteria that allows assessing the adequacy of image of the past and historical reality depicted on the screen. Such criteria include: veracity of reconstruction of material culture of a specific historical period; events and occurrences, social and historical processes of the reproduced historical time; accuracy of interpretation of mentality of a particular cultural-historical period; original view of the film creators upon history; original understanding and interpretation of historical processes, events and phenomena, etc. Within the framework of this article, emphasis is made on the first two criteria.

Enseñanza de la historia en la escuela: Una aproximación desde el análisis del texto escolar

This article presents the analysis of the teaching of history in the context of school education. For this, the curricular guidelines proposed by the Ministry of Education and the methodological guidelines present in the study text of 6th year of basic education in Chile are described. Specifically, it investigates the ways to approach the themes related to the history of the 20th century in Chile, pointing out the existence of pedagogical and historiographic perspectives that are transmitted through official educational instruments. The methodology used is qualitative, using the documentary review of texts as the methodology for collecting information. Based on these principles, the main results show a strong emphasis on factual content linked mainly to the memorization of political concepts and historical events. The teaching and learning processes are approached from an interpretive and scarcely analytical conception of the Social Sciences. Mainly oriented to the development of first-rate skills: knowing, understanding, and memorizing. Finally, the conclusions raise the need to critically analyze the role that official study texts assign to teachers and students since both are conceived as passive agents of learning processes. While in a second instance, there is concern about the transmission of a didactic approach focused on the transmission of knowledge and the interpretation of historical processes in a factual way.

The Idea of Cyclicity as a Paradigm for the Explanation of Historical Reality

The article discusses the explanatory potential of the idea of historical cyclicity and its role in the modern theories of social development. The historical cyclicity is considered as a paradigm for modeling historical reality that provides the unity of the past-present-future in the historical movement of humanity. The problem is reviewed in the framework of the socio-philosophical interpretation of historical process, which presumes that the historical process has points of bifurcation, interruptions in its gradualness and is accompanied by a change of social ideals, moral priorities, spiritual values and models of social practice. In this regard, the author refers to A.S. Akhiezer’s study Russia: A Criticique of Historical Experience, to his interpretation of cyclicity as a “pulsation” of the mass characteristics of society in the periods of the repetitions in history, the periods of “movements in the opposite direction.” The author demonstrates that each time in such periods the emergence of dual oppositions takes place. In this regard, it is important to use critical reflection, which provides an understanding of the situation through the dialogue of oppositions and assists to avoid the absolutization of polarities in assessments of cultural phenomena. In other words, the critical reflection provide a reconciliation based on mutual understanding of common cultural and moral values and norms. This reconciliation is a mediation, way out of social and cultural confrontation. The author argues that the historical development is of complex nature and cannot be reduced to rectilinear motion. Any social system does not have an ultimate finish, even if a system is at the stage of its decline. Thus, any civilization retains elements of the old cultures, includes them in the present and remains open to the future. The author concludes that there is a certain cultural and historical symmetry between the spiritual life of society and its historical cycles. Therefore, the meaning of cyclicity as a historical phenomenon can be considered only in the unity of all the components (social, economic, political, moral, religious and cultural) of historical process. Such an understanding is achieved through the joint efforts of philosophers, historians, economists, political scientists and cultural researchers.

Interpretation of Historical Processes of the Epoch of Amir Temur and Temurids in the Works of Academician Bartold

The article is devoted to interpretation of historical processes of the epoch of Amir Temur and Temurids in the works of Academician Vasily Bartold. It shows the degree of change in the interpretation of historical processes in the scientific heritage of the scientist due to political changes in Russia. A historiographic analysis of the most important works of the scientist dedicated to the history of the epoch of Amir Temur and Temurids shows how views of the scholar changed depending of political and national circumstances.
 
 The enormous scientific legacy of V. Bartold on the study of the epoch of Amir Temur and Temurids has not been completely investigated and published yet. The most important views of V. Bartold, scattered in various publications that have become a bibliographic rarity these days, should be reprinted with the necessary scientific commentaries in the light of the new achievements of oriental studies. All this serve to determine the contribution of the peoples of Central Asia to the world civilization in the time of Amir Temur and Temurids, especially in the fields of culture, science, architecture and fine arts.

The Subject of Social Philosophy in the Context of Contemporary Challenges

The article considers the transformation of social philosophy object in the context of modern social development challenges. The author proves the actual idea that contemporary social philosophy, retaining its traditional object scope, is transformed due to fast social changes. According to the author, it is caused by following challenges: change of person problem status in social philosophy object field, theoretical sociological knowledge influence, knowledge structures evolution, new methodological approaches, including social constructivism, and geopolitical and modern civilization development challenges. Contemporary social philosophy, describing the picture of social transformations, underlines the transition from the interpretation of historical process as a change of external world to its interpretation as a process of human self-development, his self-change and self-realization. That is why contemporary post-industrial society, orientated on an innovation development, actualizes problematic of human potential and human capital development. The author concludes that the object of social philosophy undergoes substantial changes, and its problems are considered from a new perspective.

THE CONCEPTS OF HISTORICAL AND NON-HISTORICAL IN AESTHETIC AND PHILOSOPHICAL SYSTEM OF THE NOVEL “THE AVIATOR” BY E. VODOLAZKIN

The article reviews correlation between the concepts of historical and non-historical which form the author’s artistic philosophy in E. Vodolazkin’s novel “The Aviator”. The interpretation of historical process in the novel is analyzed in the context of theories by M. Blok, A. Gurevich, B. Uspensky as well as philological works by E. Vodolazkin which help to characterize the author’s intent with better precision. The reflections about time and history occupy an important part in The Aviator, the concept is being formed both from the viewpoint of the main character Innokenty as well as in the polylog of the collective diary writings. The main source of the concept is the whole complex of E. Vodolazkin’s scientific views consistently stated in his work World History in the Literature of Ancient Rus (based on the material of chronographic and the Palaea narrative of the XI-XV centuries).

Rationalité, relativisme, évolution sociale. Une analyse critique du modèle cognitiviste de Boudon-Weber

Cet article traite, en premier lieu, du problème de la définition d'une méthode d'enquête, appropriée à l'analyse et à la compréhension de la réalité sociale. Il le fait en partant de la critique du modèle cognitiviste-comportementaliste que l'on peut relier aux noms de Boudon et Weber. Les intérêts, mais aussi et surtout les carences de ce modèle sont mis en évidence. Etant donné qu'il occupe, parmi les schémas méthodologiques apprêtés à la recherche sociologique, une place d'honneur pour sa rigueur et sa fécondité analytique, ses carences soulignent avec une clarté particulière non seulement les difficultés que la pensée sociale rencontre dans le domaine de la méthode, mais aussi les conséquences négatives de celles-ci sur la scientificité de l’élaboration théorique, entendue comme la capacité à interpréter et à expliquer la réalité de référence. La critique de l’élaboration de R. Boudon sur la méthode aide aussi à mettre en évidence, par contraste, les motifs, les caractéristiques et les potentialités de notre proposition méthodologique, qui est présentée tout de suite après. Sur la base de cette proposition, que nous appelons objectivisme social, nous avons formulé non seulement des objections au relativisme culturel de Weber et à l'anti-relativisme culturel et cognitif de R. Boudon, mais aussi à la notion de rationalité et à la théorie sur l’évolution sociale de ce dernier auteur. Parallèlement, sont proposées une notion de rationalité différente et une explication alternative des processus sociaux, laquelle embrasse des aspects concernant tant l’évolution que l'organisation des sociétés humaines et qui peut être facilement étendue aussi à l'interprétation des processus historiques.

Exploring Sociocultural Evolution: Intensive Modality and the Promise of the Third Sector

This paper seeks to articulate some of the frames, conditions, and alternatives for sociocultural evolution in the new millennium. Two frameworks are applied to this task: Francis Fukuyama's interpretation of historical process and Ervin Laszlo's concepts of intensive and extensive evolutionary modalities. In the context of the dynamics of the global economy, the paper considers the need to improve contemporary democracy, the role of artists in this struggle, and the importance of social networks and trust in underlining the functioning of society and economy. It also contemplates the possibilities of the voluntary sector as a realm where fiduciary arrangements give way to community bonds, and considers whether a social economy model could become an alternate institutional framework for civilizations in transition.

Marksizmas, ateizmas, žmogus

Remiantis ateistinės propagandinės literatūros apibendrinimu, straipsnyje bandoma nustatyti kai kurias šios propagandos nepakankamo efektyvumo priežastis. Pagrindine tokia priežastimi autorius įvardija propagandos autorių nepakankamai marksistines, dažnai netgi idealistines, metafizines ir švietėjiškąsias religijos socialinio vaidmens sampratas. Marksizmo socialinės metodologijos požiūriu, religinis tikėjimas nėra vien tamsumo ir apgaulės objektas, o pozityviai, dėsningai paaiškinamas visuomenės vystymosi produktas, savotiška, iliuzinė pasaulio koncepcija, be kurios neįmanomas žmonių gyvenimas ir veikla klasinės visuomenės sąlygomis. Remiantis istorinio proceso aiškinimo marksistine metodologija, straipsnyje ginamas teiginys, jog ateizmas turi atskleisti su religija susijusias žmogaus gyvenimo realias problemas ir visapusiškai parodyti jų vaidmenį visuomenėje bei atskiro individo gyvenime.

Husserl und Kant: eine Untersuchung �ber Husserls Verh�ltnis zu Kant und zum Neukantianismus (review)

BOOK REVIEWS 97 supposed by actual idealism is above all moral and involves what Gentile describes as an aspect of divinity or infinity,as well as a concrete, historical aspect. The following chapter treats of the philosophy of "actual" idealism and compares the views of Kant and Gentile on relations between moral conscience and freedom. According to Yalentini, Gentile's idealism is essentially an ethical view. This chapter concludes with noting that Gentile 's solution to the problem of historical knowledge differs profoundly from that of Hegel and Croce. For "reason" is not, for Gentile, a particular interpretation of historical process, but is rather the "reason" of consciousness in activity. In Chapter In, Valentini discusses Gentile's views on art and religion. The section on art concludes with a comparison between Gentile on feeling and Kant on the transcendental unity of apperception. Whereas art is supposed to be one abstract moment of spirit, religion is the other abstract moment. Valentini suggests that Gentile and Feuerbach hold similar religious views on the attributes of divinity, which are nothing other than the loftiest qualities which man feels to possess in his essence. The history of religion is then the history of the progressive humanization of God. Gentile's religion represents a sort of modem Catholicism in that it understands revelation as a fact of conscience, church as a historical institution, dogma as having a negative character and God as a member of the dialogue between God and man. Moreover, Gentile's Catholicism has a national character; it is the religion of the Italian people. Chapter Iv treats of the relations between individual and state. For, according to Gentile, an individual is inconceivableapart from the social relations which lie within him. Here Valentini distinguishes in detail the differences and similarities between the views of Hegel and Gentile on the relations between state and individual. The differences between the views of these two philosophers are due to the differences between their methods. The method of Hegel is empirical and historical, and examines the state (which remains historical) from an external point of view. According to an idealistic method, however, thought is not to be the spectator of a process, but in every instance, an actor, and philosophizing does not result from an analysis of historical reality, but from the negation of this reality in the name of an ideal, which philosophy is to draw from it (reality). The Appendix includes a critical evaluation of the theory of the dialectic. Here Valentini hopes to distinguish between the imaginary and the real or historical applications of the dialectic . He begins his evaluation by asking: Does the doctrine of the dialectic, like the philosophy of idealism, possess negative connotations, which cannot be separated from it? Valentini suggests that in order to answer this question, we must determine the extent to which the dialectical scheme is constitutive of every concept or truth in general. For this is the way in which Hegel intended that the dialectic be understood and evaluated. Some views in Hegel's philosophy of nature are then criticized according to empirical criteria. In conclusion, Valentini attempts to answer both "internal" and "external" criticisms of Marx's view of the dialectic, and shows that there are problems involved in its application, which still have to be resolved. Mv~ M. MILBURN 9 ~an Jos~ ~ate College Husserl und Kant: eine Untersuchung ~ber Husserls Verh~iltni~ zu Kant und zum Neubantianismus . By Iso Kern. (The Hague : Martinus Nijhoff, 1964.Pp. xxiii q- 448.) This is a very important book. In fact, it is indispensable for a study of Husserl and is, at the same time, almost as valuable for a study of Kant, for it deals with the kind of searching questions that must be asked when one deals with transcendental idealism in any one of its forms. But two reasons in particular, make this book significant. One is the fact that Iso Kern was able to make extensive use of hitherto unpublished materials (manuscripts, lecture notes, letters, etc.), available only in the Husserl Archives and here quoted for the first time--and 98 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY quoted in great numbers. The other is Kern's philosophical competence...