Interpersonal Exploitation Research Articles

From Exploitative Systems to Exploitative Relationships: A Black Feminist Intervention to Scholarship on Exploitation in College Athletics

This essay introduces interpersonal exploitation in Black women’s relationships in U.S. Division I college athletic environments. Interpersonal exploitation is a Black feminist-oriented analytical frame for exploring how relationships across various levels and systems contribute to the exploitation of Black women and other similarly situated populations in U.S. college athletics. Drawing from existing research, this essay describes how and why scholars, policymakers, and practitioners can use this analytical frame to explore how relationships, and systems that inform these relationships, sustain conditions in which athletes and professionals can be systematically exploited. Addressing exploitation is vital to restore college athletics’ integrity, emphasizing its educational role, and prioritizing well-being.

A Mixed Method Exploration of Gender, Self-Esteem, Narcissistic Traits, and Aggression in a Youth Justice Sample

The relationship between gender, self-esteem, narcissistic traits, and aggression was evaluated in a sample of justice-impacted youth (JIY). Forty-two audio-recorded interviews ( n = 21 boys; n = 21 girls) with equal representation of low, moderate, and high self-esteem scoring JIY were selected. Narcissistic features could be reliably coded retrospectively; common features included: arrogance, interpersonal exploitation, and lack of empathy or shame. No gender differences emerged in feature frequency or type. Correlational analyses revealed that narcissistic traits were significantly correlated with self-report measures of aggression; only girls evidenced this relationship. A potential gendered relationship between narcissistic features and aggression merits further investigation.

Narcissism as a global barrier to education for sustainable development

Narcissism, extreme self-interest, refers to a set of personality characteristics including arrogance, self-centeredness, need for admiration, sense of entitlement, grandiosity, lack of empathy, and interpersonal exploitation, which can range from normal to a diagnosable mental disorder, narcissistic personality disorder. Narcissism, deriving from the Greek myth of Narcissus who fell in love with his reflection in a pool of water which led to his demise, is part of our human nature and is associated with aggressive behaviour, conflict and war, counterproductive work behaviour, “bad” leadership, and weaker environmental ethics. Evidence suggests that individual and collective narcissism is increasing worldwide. Correspondingly, individualism is increasing while collectivism is declining. Furthermore, leadership attracts narcissists with its allure of power and prestige, who then affect their organisations’ performance, and those higher in narcissism tend to attain higher leadership levels. These trends are increasingly problematic as our world shifts toward greater interdependence. Add the challenges of narcissism with its corresponding threats to sustainable institutions to the challenges of sustainable development, “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987: 43), and this identifies an overlooked barrier to education for sustainable development. We developed a testable model to address this barrier. Since the determining factors for institutional sustainability are generated largely by activities of specific teams, departments, and task forces, our framework stresses interactions at the group level in education systems. This model presents seven sets of impacts of a narcissistic leader’s actions upon the outcomes for her or his group, generates fourteen propositions, and outlines research strategies.

The description of the use social media on the risk of narcissistic behavior on students at the riau islamic university

The most frequent activity to attract the attention of Instagram users is to do selfies for teenagers or adults. This is related to narcissistic behavior that is where someone loves themselves excessively, the more often they upload photos or videos, added with lots positive comments, it will increase the individual's desire. The objective of this research is to determine the description of Instagram social media users on the risk of narcissistic behavior in students. The study was conducted at Riau Islamic University Pekanbaru. This research used descriptive research design with simple random sampling technique, the sample in this study were 100 respondents. Analysis used univariate analysis. The results showed that 46 (46%) were at risk and that were not at risk as much as 54 (54%), felt themselves the greatest were 18 (31.1%), were filled with fantasies, found 27 (58.7%), had confidence that they were special obtained 24 (52.2%), excess need to be admired was 35 (76.1%), big name was obtained 32 (39.6%), interpersonal exploitation was obtained 24 (52.2%), lack of empathy was obtained 37 (80.4%), envy of others was 26 (56.5%), showed arrogant attitudes obtained 33 (71.7%). The results of the analysis are expected to the development of nursing science to be able to provide information such as counseling to students who are narcissistic.
 Keywords: Instagram, Narcissistic, Behavior

Bliss is ignorance: How the magnitude of expressed happiness influences perceived naiveté and interpersonal exploitation

Across six studies, we examine how the magnitude of expressed happiness influences social perception and interpersonal behavior. We find that happiness evokes different judgments when expressed at high levels than when expressed at moderate levels, and that these judgments influence opportunistic behavior. Specifically, people perceive very happy individuals to be more naïve than moderately happy individuals. These perceptions reflect the belief that very happy individuals shelter themselves from negative information about the world. As a result of these inferences, very happy people, relative to moderately happy people, are more likely to receive biased advice from advisors with a conflict of interest and are more likely to be chosen as negotiation partners when the opportunity for exploitation is salient. Our findings challenge existing assumptions in organizational behavior and psychology by identifying a significant disadvantage of expressing happiness, and underscore the importance of examining emotional expressions at different magnitudes. We call for future work to explore how the same emotion, experienced or expressed at different levels, influences judgment and behavior.

A mediating model of relational aggression, narcissistic orientations, guilt feelings, and perceived classroom norms

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relation between narcissistic orientations (grandiose sense of self-importance, interpersonal exploitation, and narcissistic rage) and relational aggression (self-satisfactory and punishment type) and the mediating effects of guilt feelings toward and perceived classroom norms against relational aggression. The sample consisted of 240 5th-grade and 6th-grade students (10- to 12-years-old) from two public elementary schools and 307 7th-, 8th-, and 9th-grade students (12- to 15-years-old) from two public middle schools in Japan. Results of structural equation modeling demonstrated that narcissistic rage was positively associated with relational aggression (punishment type). Moreover, interpersonal exploitation was related to more relational aggression (self-satisfactory and punishment type); however, guilt feelings toward and perceived classroom norms against relational aggression mediated this association. Age and gender did not largely affect these effects. Social and developmental processes involving relational aggression, narcissistic orientations, and guilt feelings and perceived classroom norms were discussed.

The Role of Defense Mechanisms in Borderline and Antisocial Personalities

We examined whether borderline personality disorder (BPD) and antisocial personality disorder (APD) could be differentiated based on defense mechanisms as measured by observer (Defense-Q; MacGregor, Olson, Presniak, & Davidson, 2008) and self-report (Defense Style Questionnaire; Andrews, Singh, & Bond, 1993) measures. We conducted 2 studies whereby nonclinical participants were divided into borderline and antisocial groups based on scores from the Personality Assessment Inventory (Morey, 1991). Multivariate analysis of variance results revealed significant overall group differences in defense use. Univariate analyses further showed group differences on several individual defenses (e.g., acting out, denial, and turning against self). Together, the findings suggest that in BPD, the defenses may emphasize interpersonal dependency and a tendency to direct aggression toward the self; whereas in APD, the defenses may emphasize egocentricity, interpersonal exploitation, and a tendency to direct aggression toward others. Overall, this study demonstrates important differences in defense use between borderline and antisocial personality groups across both observer and self-report measures.

Questioning `Black Humour': Racial Exploitation, Media and Health

This commentary explores the relevance of media racism to health psychology. While supporting Dr Estacio's call for health psychologists to get involved in promoting social justice via the media, we propose that health psychologists should not overstate the negative influence of the media on racism in society. Media content is complex and contradictory. It contains both racist and anti-racist representations. Challenging racism requires a conceptualization of links between the representational spaces provided by the media and the everyday geographic places within which inter-personal interactions and exploitation occur.

Contracts by Unfair Advantage: From Exploitation to Transactional Neglect

This article aims to effectuate a paradigm shift in the way we view cases involving pure advantage-taking in contract formation. By ‘pure advantage-taking’ it is meant that D in some sense took ‘unfair advantage of’ a special bargaining weakness or vulnerability that D found ‘ready-made’ in P: D neither caused P’s relevant weakness or vulnerability nor otherwise was legally responsible for relieving it.Certain undue influence and unconscionable dealing cases (for example) fit this scenario perfectly, yet senior Commonwealth courts consistently assert (or imply) that the doctrines of undue influence and unconscionable dealing are ordered, ostensibly exclusively, by a common law precept against interpersonal exploitation, and that judges are, when they invoke those doctrines, responding precisely to that particular concern. It is argued here, however, that the exploitation concept serves, or ought to be seen as serving, no necessary justificatory function in relation to state-assisted rescission or suppression of contracts objectively formed at common law. Instead, a principle of (what I shall call) ‘transactional neglect’ should be seen to eclipse and subsume the exploitation concept as the prevailing justification for interference with apparent contracts in pure ‘unfair advantage’ situations. The advocated shift is thus away from ‘exploitation’ towards ‘transactional neglect’—D’s corrective liability for failure to take reasonable precautions against the risk of foreseeable transactional harm to P, when P and D were, knowingly to D at the time, bargaining under conditions that make ‘exploitation’ possible.

Preliminary Validation of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory–Juvenile Offender

An examination of the relationship between self-esteem and delinquent behavior in juveniles suggests that pathological narcissism, characterized by a grandiose self-image and interpersonal exploitation, may be a factor in the etiology of juvenile delinquency. Psychoanalytic theory posits a relationship between narcissism and delinquent behavior in juveniles, however, there has been little research examining this relationship empirically. The present study represents an effort to measure the construct of narcissism in juvenile offenders via a revised version of the widely used Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI). The NPI was revised to suit the juveniles’ comprehension and reading levels and administered to 125 detained male juvenile offenders. Construct validity for the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-Juvenile Offender (NPI-JO) was provided by factor analytic cross-validation with a broad-spectrum scale (Behavior Assessment System for Children–Self-Report Profile) of adolescent behavior. Limitations and possible implications of the narcissism scale were noted.

Volunteer bias in sexuality research using college student participants

Volunteer bias in sexuality research employing college student samples has been documented in previous research. In the current study, such potential volunteer bias was further investigated, as was respondents' self‐reported level of emotional discomfort during participation. College student men (n = 310) and women (n = 399) completed an anonymous questionnaire and were asked to indicate their willingness to volunteer for a similar questionnaire study, a study involving similar questions but administered in a face‐to‐face interview, and a study in which sexually explicit videos would be viewed. Nearly all of the men and women indicated willingness to participate in a similar questionnaire study, but more men than women were willing to participate in the other two studies. Of these two proposed studies, men were more interested in participating in the video study whereas women were more interested in participating in the interview study. Compared to nonvolunteers, volunteers for either study were generally more sexually experienced, held less traditional sexual attitudes, scored higher on measures of sexual esteem and sexual sensation seeking, and indicated greater tendencies toward interpersonal exploitation and self‐monitoring of expressive behavior. A minority indicated some discomfort while completing the current questionnaire. However, discomfort was unrelated to gender or willingness to participate in future studies.

Los servicios de información y referencia en el contexto de la biblioteca universitaria actual

Main considerations for the organization of information and documentation services of a Universitary Library are presented. The article is focused on the aspects related lo user's needs and expectations, interpersonal communication skills and Internet exploitation. The work approach used by the librarians of the Information and Reference Service of the Library of the Barcelona Industrial Engineering School is analyzed in the context of service quality.

Psychological, Interpersonal, and Behavioral Correlates of Chronic Self-Destructiveness: An Exploratory Study

In this study, we selected individuals high and low on a measure of chronic self-destructiveness--the tendency to perform behaviors that later reduce positive consequences and increase the probability of experiencing negative ones--and attempted to differentiate high and low scorers based on a set of hypothesized antecedent and concurrent psychological, interpersonal, and behavioral correlates. Men and women were equally represented in high- and low-scoring groups. High scorers reported experiencing more interpersonal exploitation, greater depression, lower self-esteem, more externalizing attitudes, and less control in relationships than low scorers. High-scoring individuals also engaged in more frequent acts of acute self-destructiveness, including attempted suicide. A significant age covariate effect emerged: high-scoring men and women were younger than low-scoring individuals. These findings underscore the importance of studying chronic self-destructiveness within a developmental framework and suggest that issues of safety and self-care may be particularly germane to educational and clinical interventions aimed at young adults.

Anger provoking experiences: A multidimensional scaling analysis

The nature of anger provoking experiences was investigated through the use of a multidimensional scaling (MDS) procedure. Content analysis of college students' responses to the question, “What makes you feel angry?” revealed 48 categories of anger eliciting experiences. MDS analysis indicated that these categories were characterized by three dimensions involving: (1) individual disappointments, inadequacies and failures related to unattained values, aims and goals; (2) frustrating events associated with the public, social aspects of the self; and (3) incidents associated with interpersonal exploitation. Additionally, the present investigation revealed that the relationship between a recent history of stress and angry life experiences was moderated by three types of variables: socially desirable and undesirable instrumental and expressive personality attributes; gender-role behaviors and preferences; and extraversion- introversion and neuroticism.

Validity of the Superiority and Goal Instability scales as measures of defects in the self.

A series of four canonical correlation analyses was conducted to compare the Superiority and Goal Instability scales both with personality pattern and clinical syndrome scales from the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) and with therapist ratings of personality traits and symptom patterns using 91 clients from a cross-section of outpatient and inpatient mental health agencies. The Superiority scale was related to a pattern of social gregariousness, interpersonal exploitation, and impulsivity and Goal Instability was related to a pattern of social withdrawal, depression, and lack of ambitions and goals. These results clarify the meaning of the two self-scales as well as providing preliminary data on self-pathology and character types.

Utilizing Dimensions of the Rotter Interpersonal Trust Scale in Investigations of Trust: Validation of Suggested Methods

Several authors have suggested that the Rotter Interpersonal Trust Scale may be employed in studies examining trust with more success if the factors or dimensions of the instrument are used rather than the general scale. The present investigation concerned the relationship between the dimension “Interpersonal Exploitation” and group cohesiveness, and the dimension “Reliable-role Performance” and group cohesiveness. Group composition according to these dimensions resulted in different levels of group cohesiveness, with groups heterogeneously comprised on the basis of subjects' scores on the dimensions significantly more cohesive than homogeneously comprised groups. A dimensional approach to the examination of interpersonal trust may be viable in other settings where the variables of interest are theoretically related to the dimensions of the Rotter Interpersonal Trust Scale.

Dimensionality of the Rotter Interpersonal Trust Scale

The Rotter Interpersonal Trust Scale was interspersed in a larger questionnaire completed by 187 paid undergraduates. Its dimensionality was investigated through cluster analysis and orthogonal and oblique rotations following a principal axis factor solution. Four dimensions, designated “Political Cynicism,” “Interpersonal Exploitation,” “Societal Hypocrisy,” and “Reliable Role-performance” were identifiable across techniques. This finding of multi-dimensionality underscores the incongruence between Rotter's definition and his measure of interpersonal trust. Studies supporting the multidimensional interpretation are discussed. Scoring these four dimensions in addition to the total scale is recommended. A short form of the scale consisting of the three marker items for each dimension is proposed. This short form is efficient, and it retains the dimensionality of the total scale.