Internet Domain Names Research Articles

A Financial Analysis and Valuation of GoDaddy Inc

This paper introduces the famous Internet domain name registration company, GoDaddy Inc., by introducing the basic situation of the company and analyzing the company's strategy, comparing it with the relevant competing companies in the same industry, and analyzing the different liquidity capabilities between different companies. Solvency and profitability to draw relevant conclusions about the stage of the company, to increase the understanding of the company's fundamentals to grasp the general direction, and at the same time compare different investment indicators such as price-earnings ratio and growth ratio, current earnings per share and other indicators. Then compare it with the relevant competing companies in the Internet industry, you can understand the relevant operating conditions of the company, combined with the previous financial analysis and the current analysis of investment indicators can be decided whether the company is worth making an investment conclusion. By delving into the intricacies of GoDaddy's financial performance and market positioning, this analysis equips investors with the knowledge needed to make astute investment decisions in the dynamic Internet domain registration industry.

The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership: intellectual property and trade in the Asia-Pacific

ABSTRACT This article considers the evolution of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) – with a particular focus on intellectual property, trade, and sustainable development. This narrative concentrates on the position of Australia – while also discussing the interests of other participating nations. This article charts the aims and objectives of the intellectual property chapter of RCEP. It explores the copyright provisions of RCEP – considering the implications for access to knowledge, innovation, and competition. This article examines the treatment of trade mark law, Internet Domain Names, and geographical indications. It evaluates the regime for patent law and related rights such as data protection, trade secrets, and biologics – with a particular concern for access to medicines and the COVID-19 crisis. It also explores sui generis regimes of intellectual property – such as plant breeder's rights, access to genetic resources, and Indigenous intellectual property. The conclusion considers the future of RCEP – especially given competing mega agreements such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP); the Belt Road Initiative; and the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity.

Trademarks on the Blockchain: NFT Domains and Collisions

Blockchain technology supporting cryptocurrency transactions is one of the most critical innovations of this decade. Establishing a legal identity on blockchain, however, is fraught with uncertainty. In the 1990s, the internet faced a similar set of issues, which were resolved through the ICANN dispute resolution system. This Article asserts that blockchain technology urgently needs a similar cohesive approach to NFT domains. This Article will explore trademark issues with non-fungible tokens (NFTs), specifically NFT domains. It begins by exploring the fundamental structure of NFTs by demystifying the technology and showing how NFTs contrast with other currency regimes. Increased usage of NFTs has created novel intellectual property law issues. This Article then examines the history of unauthorized registration and use of domains identical or similar to trademarks, known as cybersquatting. Understanding the historical evolution of the internet domain name system is a crucial step in comprehending the risks associated with NFT domains disputes. Traditional internet domain names are ultimately managed and overseen by a centralized authority, ICANN, which is a private nonprofit organization that sets the policy for the global Domain Name System. Unlike internet domain names, where ICANN developed a Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy and collision occurrence management framework, NFT domains have the potential to create domain collisions, both between extensions on the blockchain and with conventional domain name extensions. As the blockchain ecosystem continues to grow, its unregulated nature may increase the number of disputes and stoke mistrust in the system. This Article will compare two principal naming standards, centralized and decentralized. Despite the challenges of coordination in the decentralized world of blockchain, I argue that in the absence of law regulations, an effective system of governance is possible through self-regulatory organizations. Given the specific characteristics of the blockchain environment, I propose to establish a specialized blockchain entity, a Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO), that would deal with the governance of NFT domains and disputes relating to their collisions and those arising from their intersection with trademarks.

Phishing attack detection using gradient boosting

Phishing is a prevalent cyber attack that uses deceptive websites to trick individuals into revealing personal information. These sites mimic legitimate ones to steal data such as usernames, passwords, and financial details. Detecting phishing is crucial, and machine learning algorithms are effective tools for this task. Attackers favor phishing due to its effectiveness in tricking victims with authentic-looking yet malicious links, which can breach security measures. This method employs machine learning to innovate phishing website detection. However, attackers can manipulate features like HTML, DOM, and URLs using web scraping and scripting languages. A new approach using machine learning classifiers tackles these threats by analyzing internet URLs and domain names. A dataset sourced from globally recognized intelligence services and organizations facilitates streamlined feature extraction, reducing processing overhead by prioritizing URL and domain name traits. The Gradient Boosting Classifier is used on an 11,055-instance dataset with thirty-two features to classify phishing URLs, demonstrating superior accuracy compared to methods like Random Forest. Gradient boosting is highly effective across various machine learning tasks, leveraging aggregated weak learners such as decision trees for strong predictive accuracy. Its suitability for handling imbalanced datasets makes it particularly effective for phishing detection, which is crucial for distinguishing between legitimate and malicious URLs. This method enhances accuracy by extracting and comparing distinct characteristics of legitimate and phishing URLs. By focusing on URL and domain name attributes, a more effective approach to identifying phishing attempts in cybersecurity is proposed.

Национальное самовыражение в контексте цифровых медиа и социальных сетей

Primarily researchers considered digital technologies to designate globalization and cosmopolitanism; in practice they started to play a special role in transforming traditional forms of consciousness and sociality. However, the issue of new forms of national expression appearing both on the Internet and in social networks remains a very promising topic for the research. Many scholars are actively studying these forms, especially in the context of the renaissance of nationalism and right-wing populism we see nowadays. They note that digital technologies reproduce our deep-rooted sense of ethnicity, but rather in less visible ways. The main problem to be considered in this paper is the fact of national self-expression in new communications being not sufficiently enough elaborated in analytical generalizations. Thus the goal is set to analyze, identify and summarize those new forms and communication mechanisms that have emerged recently, including ethnic component, and within the framework of which people communicate. Three such mechanisms are brought into discussion, namely the architecture of Internet domains, algorithmic bias, and the formation of national digital ecosystems. The main characteristics of modern online communication are also considered in terms of national issues that may be related to recent shifts in global communication ecology, namely diversification, fragmentation and commodification. It can be stated that currently the modern global digital ecosystem offers three key mechanisms to memorialize national forms and, therefore, contribute to the reproduction of everyday forms of national expression in their digital versions. These include the architecture of the Internet domain name system, the bias of algorithms ingrained in digital platforms, and the formation of national digital ecosystems. The main features of everyday digital nationalism are discovered to be massification and diversification of national self-expression, fragmentation and polarization of interpersonal national communication, its commodification and commercialization.

Phishing Attack Detecting System Using DNS and IP Filtering

This study examines the different types of phishing attacks, which are a major threat to digital security. Phishing involves the use of fraudulent messages to deceive recipients, including email spoofing, spear phishing, phone phishing, clone phishing, pharming, HTTP phishing, man-in-the-middle attacks, and fast-flux phishing. Attackers can gather information about their targets from public sources such as social media networks, including work history, interests, and activities. The study developed a filtered website that detects fraudulent links based on the internet protocol (IP), register date, and domain name server (DNS) of each website. While further research is needed to improve the effectiveness of the site, this marks an important step towards enhancing digital security.

Internet prevare

Internet law represents one of the youngest branches of law, which emerged from the need to expand the existing and create a new regulatory framework that would regulate the internet and introduce the necessary legal security and protection for its users. Internet Law or Cyber Law is largely intertwined with the Law on Information and Communication Technology, as a legal field which encompasses the regulation of contractual relations established by means of information technology, the right to privacy and data protection, freedom of speech and intellectual property, internet security, copyright on computer program codes and databases, criminal offenses arising from actions on the internet, as well as the tax aspects of online goods and services exchange. In contrast to the broader scope of IT law, Internet law refers to a narrower segment of this legal field related to the internet, regulation of internet management at all levels, management of internet domain names and IP addresses, etc. Internet law (or Cyber law), in a broader sense, encompasses those parts of the legal system and legal domains that are related to the internet and provide protection to its users. To address the issue of domain name registrant liability and determining their identity, it is necessary first to explain the governance structure of the internet and the informational and legal nature of internet domains. Although the internet is often said to be free and belonging to everyone, this complex system does not operate entirely on its own, which means that it is not perfect to the extent that its structure is fully automated. Addressing the topic of internet fraud and educating colleagues and the general public are aimed at preventing fraud. The lack of awareness about how internet scams operate continually leads to new victims, and insufficient knowledge of legal provisions and potential penalties can create potential perpetrators of this crime. When complex topics are explained in simple terms, it represents a significant step in educating individuals, both in the legal and technological aspects from a legal perspective. Such academic work should not deter people from using the Internet, nor should it present an obstacle to progress and the digitization of difficult and time-consuming paperwork obligations. Instead, the objective is to timely educate individuals so that the utilization of the digital world can be integrated into all segments of society as quickly as possible. This will facilitate the functioning of daily life, including business operations, while still remaining within the bounds of legal regulations. Therefore, it is extremely important to educate people on how to avoid internet fraud.

Transnational capital and national legal regimes: Analysis of Internet domain name disputes in India

AbstractThis paper examines the outcomes of Internet domain name dispute arbitrations in India through a quantitative analysis of all domain name arbitrations (N = 1147) involving the Indian country code top‐level domain from 2006 to 2019. Specifically, we investigate whether the nationalities and corporate/individual identities of the complainants and respondents affect the outcome of the arbitrations. The most common type of dispute during this period is an international entity petitioning against another international entity (46%). In sum, the domain name arbitrations under INDRP are dominated by international and organizational complainants, but there is more variation among respondents' profiles in terms of nationality and identity. Our analysis suggests that the INDRP process, in the 14 years examined, tends to generate outcomes that favor corporations. Although the complainants almost always won, corporate respondents, compared to their individual counterparts, are more likely to retain the disputed domain names. Also, cases, where a respondent contested a complaint, had a higher probability of rulings in favor of respondents, compared to cases where the respondent filed no response.

Short-time prediction of DNS queries using deep learning and pre-trained word embedding

Word embeddings are used in natural language processing to group semantically similarwords. In this paper, we create word embeddings for Internet Domain Names (DNS)from corpora of anonymized DNS queries from an Internet Service Provider. We use eachembedding as a layer of a recurrent neural network (RNN) that works as a LanguageModel for the DNS queries generated by the users. We use these RNNs to predict thenext DNS query in two different cases. A first case tries to predict the next domain queryfrom the DNS server’s point of view so the corpus is close to the original log data. Asecond case tries to predict the next domain queried by a user from the user’s point ofview. Here the corpus has larger preprocessing.We show that this procedure has good accuracy for the DNS server-side problem, butlow accuracy for the user-side problem. Moreover, we show that training the same RNNwithout using the pre-trained embedding takes more time and is substantially less accu-rate. These results have practical applications for the service’s latency reduction, cacheoptimization in recursive DNS servers, automatic filtering of inappropriate domains, anddetecting anomalies.

Impact of free trade agreements on Internet domain name arbitration cases: A cross‐national comparison of the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

AbstractThis study examined whether the presence of a free trade agreement (FTA) between the United States and a foreign country significantly affected the outcomes of Internet domain name dispute arbitration cases, conducted within the framework of the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). Data were collected for 2797 arbitration cases filed during the 2001–2019 period from ten countries, five with US FTAs and five without. Logistic regression analysis, with controls for additional variables, found that complainants are less likely to win in FTA countries. The expectation from political economic theories predicting that FTA negotiations are used to obtain favorable legal environments for US businesses and individuals is not supported. This finding suggests that a more complicated and nuanced relationship exists between FTAs and UDRP decisions.

License and registration: how both property and contract legal frameworks fall short on interpreting domain name registration under the US Anticybersquatting Act

ABSTRACT What are a re-registrant's rights to an Internet domain name under the US Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act? Circuit courts of appeals have split on the question of whether to view Internet domain name re-registrations as intangible property (Ninth Circuit) or under a contract framework (Third and Eleventh Circuits). But it turns out that both of these views fall short. The property approach could encourage cybersquatting, contravening the ACPA’s statutory purpose, and the contract approach can be over-inclusive, potentially subjecting to liability a domain name registrant who is merely changing her address, her payment information, or even correcting a misspelling. Where the two approaches lead to divergent outcomes, a hybrid approach is not feasible. I suggest that recognizing the de facto licensing system already used in domain name registration (and re-registration) (1) resolves the circuit split, (2) more accurately describes the process of acquiring and maintaining one's rights in a domain name registration, and (3) enables consistent application of the ACPA.

PDoT

Security and privacy of the Internet Domain Name System (DNS) have been longstanding concerns. Recently, there is a trend to protect DNS traffic using Transport Layer Security (TLS). However, at least two major issues remain: (1) How do clients authenticate DNS-over-TLS endpoints in a scalable and extensible manner? and (2) How can clients trust endpoints to behave as expected? In this article, we propose a novel Private DNS-over-TLS (PDoT) architecture. PDoT includes a DNS Recursive Resolver (RecRes) that operates within a Trusted Execution Environment. Using Remote Attestation , DNS clients can authenticate and receive strong assurance of trustworthiness of PDoT RecRes. We provide an open source proof-of-concept implementation of PDoT and experimentally demonstrate that its latency and throughput match that of the popular Unbound DNS-over-TLS resolver.

A Submission to the Joint Standing Committee on Treaties on the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)

This submission provides a critical analysis of the proposed Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) – focusing in particular upon intellectual property and innovation policy.Recommendation 1 RCEP has a broad membership – even with the departure of India from the negotiations. Nonetheless, there remain outstanding tensions between participating nations – most notably, Australia and China. The re-emergence of United States into trade diplomacy will also complicate the geopolitics of the Asia-Pacific.Recommendation 2 The closed, secretive negotiations behind RCEP highlight the need for a reform of the treaty-making process in Australia, as well as the need for a greater supervisory role of the Australian Parliament.Recommendation 3 In terms of intellectual property principles and objectives, RCEP promotes foreign investment and trade, and intellectual property protection and enforcement. The agreement needs a stronger emphasis on public policy objectives – such as access to knowledge; the protection of public health; technology transfer; and sustainable development.Recommendation 4 RCEP establishes TRIPS-norms in respect of economic rights under copyright law.Recommendation 5 The agreement does not though enhance copyright flexibilities and defences – particularly in terms of boosting access to knowledge, education, innovation, and sustainable development.Recommendation 6 RCEP provides for a wide range of remedies for intellectual property enforcement – which include civil remedies, criminal offences and procedures, border measures, technological protection measures, and electronic rights management information. Such measures could be characterised as TRIPS+ obligations.Recommendation 7 The electronic commerce chapter of RCEP is outmoded and anachronistic. Its laissez-faire model for dealing with digital trade and electronic commerce is at odds with domestic pressures in Australia and elsewhere for stronger regulation of digital platforms.Recommendation 8 RCEP provides for protection in respect of trade mark law, unfair competition, designs protection, Internet Domain names, and country names.Recommendation 9 As well as providing safeguards against trade and investment action by tobacco companies and tobacco-friendly states, RCEP should do more to address the tobacco epidemic in the Asia-Pacific.Recommendation 10 RCEP has a limited array text on geographical indications, taking a rather neutral position in the larger geopolitical debate on the topic between the European Union and the United States.Recommendation 11 RCEP has provisions on plant breeders’ rights and agricultural intellectual property. There is a debate over the impact of such measures upon farmers’ rights in the Asia-Pacific.Recommendation 12 RCEP does not adequately respond to the issues in respect of patent law and access to essential medicines during the COVID-19 crisis. Likewise, RCEP is not well prepared for future epidemics, pandemics, and public health emergencies.Recommendation 13 RCEP provides limited protection of confidential information and trade secrets – even though there has been much litigation in this field in the Asia-Pacific.Recommendation 14 RCEP is defective because it fails to consider the inter-relationship between trade, labor rights, and human rights.Recommendation 15 RCEP fails to provide substantive protection of the environment, biodiversity, or climate in the Asia-Pacific.Recommendation 16 RCEP does little to reform intellectual property in line with the sustainable development goals.Recommendation 17 RCEP does not adequately consider Indigenous rights – including those in the Asia-Pacific.Recommendation 18 RCEP does not contain an investor-state dispute settlement mechanism. However, the Investment Chapter does have a number of items, which are problematic.

The Internet Commons: Encroached and Disputed Domain Names

Abstract This article analyses the impact of China and, even more importantly, Chinese individuals on the governance of domain names, which form the fundamental structure of the Internet commons. Many commons exist in physical space, but increasingly, commons in digital space will be overexploited, and that is why the Internet and its interconnections, made of an unlimited number of domain names, need to be carefully regulated. Internet domain names are true economic assets which raise important legal issues in China and in the rest of the world. This article reviews the key developments in case law over the last decade with a focus on China. Interestingly, at least 35% of domain name disputes involve a Chinese responding party. The article shows that, despite being a major provider of users, China was never involved in the regulation and design of the Internet. In fact, China has rather emerged as a rule-shaker, given the large involvement of Chinese cybersquatters in the domain names case law. Fundamentally, this article shows that there is a tension between Internet control in China and global interconnection, which has had direct consequences for China’s engagement with ICANN and other institutions in charge of DNS globally.

Learning semantic information from Internet Domain Names using word embeddings

Word embeddings is a well-known set of techniques widely used in Natural Language Processing (NLP). These techniques are able to learn words’ semantic based on the distributional hypothesis which states that words that are used and occur in the same contexts tend to purport similar meanings.This paper explores the usage of word embeddings in a new scenario to create a Vector Space Model (VSM) for Internet Domain Names (DNS). Our goal is to find semantically similar domains only using information of DNS queries without any knowledge about the content of those domains.The results presented here have practical applications in many engineering activities including websites recommendations, identification of fraudulent or risky sites, parental-control systems and anomaly detection in network traffic analysis (among others).We use the distributional hypothesis to learn the semantic of domain names from users’ web navigation patterns, validating empirically that domain names that occur in the same web sessions tend to have similar semantic.We also test different word embeddings techniques: word2vec, app2vec (considering time intervals between DNS queries), and fastText (which includes sub-word information).Due to the characteristics of domain names, we found fastText as the best option for building a VSM for DNS, being 10.5% superior than word2vec with Skip-Gram which was the next best technique considering the Mean Average Precision at k (MAP@k) metric, which compares the most similar domains in our VSM with the most similar domains provided by a third party source, namely, similar sites service offered by Alexa Internet, Inc.

TwinPeaks: An approach for certificateless public key distribution for the internet and internet of things

The current public key infrastructure (PKI) has thorny issues like the overhead of certificate revocations and the consequence of fraudulent certificates. To address such issues, we propose TwinPeaks, which is an infrastructure to distribute public keys of named entities on the Internet and the Internet of Things (IoT). TwinPeaks leverages certificateless public key cryptography (CL-PKC), where a key generation center (KGC) cannot know the private key of its member, and hence its compromise will not result in member key leakage. By extending CL-PKC, the public key of an entity becomes dependent on any combination of its networking parameters; thus TwinPeaks can thwart spoofing attacks systematically. With TwinPeaks, the public key of every named entity is distributed online while addressing the PKI’s vulnerabilities.TwinPeaks has public key servers, which constitute the domain name system (DNS)-like hierarchical tree structure. For each parent-child link in the tree, the parent node serves as a key generation center (KGC), and its child nodes set up their own public/secret key pairs by interacting with the KGC as proposed in CL-PKC. In this way, every named entity (e.g., a domain name) has its own public/secret key pair. Thus, a public key of an entity will be provided to a user by its key server as the DNS response is returned to the user by its DNS server.TwinPeaks removes certificates and hence has no revocation overhead. Instead, each named entity should keep/update its networking parameters and public key up-to-date in its DNS server and key server, respectively. By making its public key depend on both its Internet protocol (IP) address and domain name, the compromise of a single entity (e.g., a DNS or key server) cannot lead to successful impersonation. TwinPeaks achieves scalable distribution of public keys since public keys can be cached long term. We also show that TwinPeaks can be applied to the IoT environments by extending the naming scheme.

Aspects of legal protection of Jordanian Domain Names (.jo)

تهدف هذه الدراسة الى تحليل مدى الحماية القانونية الممنوحة لأسماء نطاقات الانترنت الوطنية (jo.) في التشريعات الأردنية، في ظل عدم وجود إطار تشريعي متخصص يتناول مفهوم هذه النطاقات وشروط تسجيلها الموضوعية والشكلية. وتتناول هذه الدراسة إشكاليتين، أولهما: خلو قانون المعاملات الإلكترونية الأردني من أي تنظيم قانوني لهذه النطاقات، وثانيهما: أن سياسة تسجيل أسماء النطاقات الوطنية (jo.) ترتكز على الجوانب التقنية والفنية ولا تخوض في ماهية النطاقات وحقوق مسجليها. وتتوصل هذه الدراسة الى ضرورة إصدار تعليمات متخصصة تتناول مفهوم النطاقات وشروطها، بالاستناد الى قانون توظيف موارد تكنولوجيا المعلومات في المؤسسات الحكومية، كما وتوصي بضرورة إحالة المنازعات المتعلقة بالنطاقات الى القواعد الموحدة لتسوية منازعات أسماء نطاقات الانترنت (UDRP). الكلمات الدالة :- أسماء النطاقات، العلامات التجارية، الأسماء التجارية، المؤشر الجغرافي، حقوق المؤلف، المنافسة غير المشروعة

Impact of Free Trade Agreements on Internet Domain Name Arbitration Cases: A Cross-National Comparison of the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

This study examined whether the presence of a Free Trade Agreement between the United States and a foreign country significantly affected the outcomes of Internet domain name dispute arbitration cases, conducted within the framework of the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy. Data were collected for approximately 2800 arbitration cases filed during the 2001-2019 period from ten countries, five with U.S. FTAs and five without. Therefore, this study sought to examine whether FTAs impact domain name arbitration cases. Logistic regression, with controls for additional variables, found that complainants are less likely to win in FTA countries. Separate analysis of high- and low-income countries found that the complainants’ win percentage is significantly reduced in the high-income countries while there was no impact in in low-income countries.

Site Finder and Internet Governance

On September 15, 2003, VeriSign, Inc., the company that operates the databases that allow Internet users to reach any Internet resource ending in .com or .net, introduced a new service it called Site Finder. Less than three weeks later, after widespread protest from the technical community, at least three lawsuits, and a stern demand from ICANN (the Internet Corporation of Assigned Names and Numbers, which has undertaken responsibility for managing the Internet domain name space), VeriSign agreed to shut Site Finder down. In between those dates, the Internet community saw a passionate debate over the roles of ICANN, VeriSign, and the Internet's technical aristocracy in managing the domain name space. In this paper, I unpack the Site Finder story. Site Finder was highly undesirable from a technical standpoint; it contravened key elements of Internet architecture. ICANN had power to force VeriSign to withdraw it, though, only if VeriSign was violating the terms of its registry contracts. The arguments that Site Finder violated VeriSign's contractual obligations are plausible, but they don't derive their force from Site Finder's architectural or stability consequences. The registry contracts gave ICANN no hook to invoke those concerns; if VeriSign was in breach, it was by happenstance. Part of the lesson of Site Finder is that there needs to be an effective institutional mechanism for protecting the domain name space infrastructure from unilateral, profit-driven change that bypasses the protections and consensus mechanisms of the traditional Internet standards process. Notwithstanding ICANN's flaws, it may be better suited than any other existing institution to protect against that threat. Yet ICANN regulation is itself highly problematic, and so any plan to expand its authority must be approached with care.

The Implementation of Legal Certainty Principle in Trademark Law With Regards to the Right of Famous People to Sue Cybersquatter in Indonesia

The right to sue for famous people whose names or brands are used as internet domain names by cybersquatter has not been regulated in the Law on Trademark in Indonesia. This situation raises questions concerning the certainty of Trademark Law for famous people in claiming for civil compensation against cybersquatters. In this research, This study applies a normative juridical method focusing on the applicable legal provisions, The specification of this research is analytical descriptive, namely, by providing facts about the use of famous trademark names as internet domain names, as well as the right for the famous person to file a claim based on the provisions of the ITE and Trademark Law that can be used as a legal basis for compensation claims against cybersquatters. Results show that the Trademark Law has not yet implemented the principle of legal certainty in protecting famous people who are victims of cybersquatting in Indonesia, particularly in regards to their right to sue for civil compensation, because it did not yet have norms or rules governing the right to claim for civil compensation for famous people whose trademarks (names) are used as domain names by cybersquatters. The concept of regulating trademark in Indonesia needs to include norms or rules regarding the right to sue for civil compensation for famous people who are victims of cybersquatting in Indonesia.