Internet URL Research Articles

Phishing attack detection using gradient boosting

Phishing is a prevalent cyber attack that uses deceptive websites to trick individuals into revealing personal information. These sites mimic legitimate ones to steal data such as usernames, passwords, and financial details. Detecting phishing is crucial, and machine learning algorithms are effective tools for this task. Attackers favor phishing due to its effectiveness in tricking victims with authentic-looking yet malicious links, which can breach security measures. This method employs machine learning to innovate phishing website detection. However, attackers can manipulate features like HTML, DOM, and URLs using web scraping and scripting languages. A new approach using machine learning classifiers tackles these threats by analyzing internet URLs and domain names. A dataset sourced from globally recognized intelligence services and organizations facilitates streamlined feature extraction, reducing processing overhead by prioritizing URL and domain name traits. The Gradient Boosting Classifier is used on an 11,055-instance dataset with thirty-two features to classify phishing URLs, demonstrating superior accuracy compared to methods like Random Forest. Gradient boosting is highly effective across various machine learning tasks, leveraging aggregated weak learners such as decision trees for strong predictive accuracy. Its suitability for handling imbalanced datasets makes it particularly effective for phishing detection, which is crucial for distinguishing between legitimate and malicious URLs. This method enhances accuracy by extracting and comparing distinct characteristics of legitimate and phishing URLs. By focusing on URL and domain name attributes, a more effective approach to identifying phishing attempts in cybersecurity is proposed.

Characteristics of Understanding URLs and Domain Names Features: The Detection of Phishing Websites With Machine Learning Methods

Along with the means of communication, it has also prompted the birth of more harmful, and challenging websites in the device of information systems, and electronics. According to current estimates, you can deal with a huge budget to arrange detailed information on attackers. Furthermore, only those that are handled similarly to HTML, DOM, and URL based features in the literature are easily manipulated by attackers. To respond to these attacks, we propose a new method that detects phishing websites by categorizing the Internet URL, and domain names of websites with six different classifier algorithms according to eleven predetermined features. For this method, we created a previously unused list. The list was obtained by analyzing an index created with information obtained from internationally reputable intelligence services, and entire organizations. The proposed method simplifies the process of feature extraction, and reduces processing overhead while going beyond analyzing on HTML, DOM, and URL based features by considering URLs, and domain names. To illustrate the highest accuracy rate among six different classification results, we preferred to use the Random Forest algorithm. In this study, we use a dataset with 32,928 data in which 12,134 data without phishing websites, and 20,614 data with phishing websites to be labeled according to eleven predetermined features. Our experimental results show that phishing websites can be detected with as much as 98.90% accuracy with our proposed method. As a result, it has been demonstrated that RF descriptors with SVM representation can be utilized to accurately mark phishing web pages. In addition, characteristic updates can be followed with a continuously updated source.

Malicious Domain Detection Using Machine Learning On Domain Name Features, Host-Based Features and Web-Based Features

Abstract Internet has plenty of vulnerabilities which are exploited by cyber criminals to send spam, commit financial frauds, perform phishing, indulge in command & control, disseminate malware and other malicious activities. Many times these exploits are carried out through malicious domain names which are the vital part of an Internet resource URL. Few vulnerabilities in the Internet setup and its related administrative policies allows such malicious domain names to be registered with the DNS servers. Though blacklisting happens to be the simplest and quickest solution to identify such malicious domains, the technique cannot cope up with the speed at which the domain names are generated and registered, and hence we look forward for other effective means of identifying malicious domains. The researchers have been using features from DNS data and features from lexical analysis of domain names, but there exists a need to identify more related features and introduce machine-learning to meet challenges due to IP flux and domain flux. In this paper, we have introduced usage of web-based features of domain names in addition to using blacklists, DNS data and lexical features to identify malicious domains. Using the features extracted from the domain names, we build a classifier model using the logistic regression classification algorithm and use that classifier to identify benign and malicious domains. Our experiment is based on active DNS analysis and we look forward to take this work for passive DNS analysis.

IGR Token-Raw Material and Ingredient Certification of Recipe Based Foods Using Smart Contracts

The use of smart contracts and blockchain tokens to implement a consumer trustworthy ingredient certification scheme for commingled foods, i.e., recipe based, food products is described. The proposed framework allows ingredients that carry any desired property (including social or environmental customer perceived value) to be certified by any certification authority, at the moment of harvest or extraction, using the IGR Ethereum token. The mechanism involves the transfer of tokens containing the internet url published at the authority’s web site from the farmer all along the supply chain to the final consumer at each transfer of custody of the ingredient using the Cricital Tracking Event/Key Data Elements (CTE/KDE) philosophy of the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT). This allows the end consumer to easily inspect and be assured of the origin of the ingredient by means of a mobile application. A successful code implementation of the framework was deployed, tested and is running as a beta version on the Ethereum live blockchain as the IGR token. The main contribution of the framework is the possibility to ensure the true origin of any instance or lot of ingredient within a recipe to the customer, without harming the food processor legitimate right to protect its recipes and suppliers.

Syntactic Ngrams as Keystructures Reflecting Typical Syntactic Patterns of Corpora in Finnish

This article studies syntactic ngrams, i.e. little subtrees of dependency syntax analyses, as keystructures reflecting syntactic characteristics of corpora. While traditional keywords correspond to statistically more or less frequent words of a corpus and are often informative on the corpus topic and style, unlexicalized syntactic ngrams applied in this study extend the level of description beyond individual words to sequences of syntactic elements. The article analyzes the utility of these sequences in corpus description and gives first results on the structural characteristics reflected by them in the studied texts, including Finnish literature, Internet forum discussions from the major Finnish social networking website and Internet discussions following the news and editorials of the major Finnish newspaper's website. The syntactic ngrams are produced with the freely available Finnish Dependency Parser and Ngram Builder and the keystructures analyzed with a linear classifier. The results suggest that syntactic ngrams illustrate both topical features, such as names and Internet urls discussed in the corpora, as well as structural characteristics, such as subject-verb combinations, negations and informal sentence structures, thus both generalizing the information given by traditional keywords from individual words to concepts and providing new knowledge about typical constructions not reached by lexemes.

Developing curriculum recommendations for environmental health in nursing.

In 2010, the American Nurses Association (ANA) added an environmental health standard to the ANA Scope and Standards of Practice requiring that nurses implement environmental health strategies in nursing practice. To prepare nurse educators to integrate environmental health at all educational levels, nursing faculty members from the Alliance of Nurses for Healthy Environments developed environmental health competencies and curricular recommendations that address this need. Internet URLs are included for environmental health curricula for each level of nursing education.

Trends in the production of scientific data analysis resources.

BackgroundAs the amount of scientific data grows, peer-reviewed Scientific Data Analysis Resources (SDARs) such as published software programs, databases and web servers have had a strong impact on the productivity of scientific research. SDARs are typically linked to using an Internet URL, which have been shown to decay in a time-dependent fashion. What is less clear is whether or not SDAR-producing group size or prior experience in SDAR production correlates with SDAR persistence or whether certain institutions or regions account for a disproportionate number of peer-reviewed resources.MethodsWe first quantified the current availability of over 26,000 unique URLs published in MEDLINE abstracts/titles over the past 20 years, then extracted authorship, institutional and ZIP code data. We estimated which URLs were SDARs by using keyword proximity analysis.ResultsWe identified 23,820 non-archival URLs produced between 1996 and 2013, out of which 11,977 were classified as SDARs. Production of SDARs as measured with the Gini coefficient is more widely distributed among institutions (.62) and ZIP codes (.65) than scientific research in general, which tends to be disproportionately clustered within elite institutions (.91) and ZIPs (.96). An estimated one percent of institutions produced 68% of published research whereas the top 1% only accounted for 16% of SDARs. Some labs produced many SDARs (maximum detected = 64), but 74% of SDAR-producing authors have only published one SDAR. Interestingly, decayed SDARs have significantly fewer average authors (4.33 +/- 3.06), than available SDARs (4.88 +/- 3.59) (p < 8.32 × 10-4). Approximately 3.4% of URLs, as published, contain errors in their entry/format, including DOIs and links to clinical trials registry numbers.ConclusionSDAR production is less dependent upon institutional location and resources, and SDAR online persistence does not seem to be a function of infrastructure or expertise. Yet, SDAR team size correlates positively with SDAR accessibility, suggesting a possible sociological factor involved. While a detectable URL entry error rate of 3.4% is relatively low, it raises the question of whether or not this is a general error rate that extends to additional published entities.

Secular Trends in Impact Factor of Breastfeeding Research Publications over a 20-Year Period

The aim of the current study was to determine whether secular changes have occurred in the breastfeeding literature, in terms of number and type of yearly published articles and impact factor of journals publishing these articles. In order to evaluate all Medline articles related to breastfeeding, we used the Internet URL www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez and searched for articles recorded from January 1, 1992 through December 31, 2011 using as a key word "breast milk," "breast feeding," or "human milk." We specifically studied randomized controlled trials (RCTs), clinical trials, case reports, meta-analyses, letters to the editor, reviews, systematic reviews, practice guidelines, and editorials. There was a linear increase over the years in all articles recorded, from approximately 1,100/year in 1992 to 2,100/year in 2011 (i.e., an approximately 1.9-fold increase [R(2)=0.995, p=0.001]). Concomitant with the yearly increase in the number of published RCTs per year, there was a linear increase in the number of journals publishing articles on breastfeeding per year (from approximately 20 in 1992 to >60 in 2011 [R(2)=0.811, p<0.001]) but an overall decrease in the average impact factor every year (R(2)=0.202, p=0.047). However, the ratio of high-quality articles selected (RCTs+meta-analyses+systematic reviews+CR)/low-quality articles (reviews+editorials+letters to the editor+case reports) increased significantly over time in favor of the former. There was a linear increase in the number of publications related to the field of breastfeeding and human milk, and the ratio of high-quality/low-quality articles improved over time, indicating a relative and absolute increase in the number of articles usually considered as being of high quality. There was a significant increase in the number of journals publishing breastfeeding-related articles, with a significant decrease of average impact factor of those journals.

Drug advertising, response shift in patients with hypertension, and medication error interception

concluded that dif- ferences in the Food and Drug Administra- tion (FDA) and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regulation of advertising affected the balance of risk and benefit informa- tion that appeared and the specificity of risk information available. Adequacy of information about a pharmaceutical prod- uct after switching from legend to over- the-counter (OTC) status is an important public health issue. Information abstract- ed from pre-and postswitch advertise- ments for loratadine (Claritin—Schering- Plough), cetirizine (Zyrtec—McNeil-PPC), and omeprazole (Prilosec—Procter & Gamble) was evaluated. Information was abstracted from 2,002 ads obtained from the Vanderbilt Television News Archive. Ads for the legend product were sig- nificantly longer than those for the OTC products. Compared with OTC advertise- ments, prescription ads had fewer asser- tions about the product's benefit and more about its risks, possibly because of their longer length. When equal length ads were examined, prescription ads had an equal number of assertions about the products' benefits and risks (1.5 vs. 1.8, P > 0.05) but OTC ads had significantly more as- sertions about benefits versus risk (6.6 vs. 1.2, P < 0.001). Moreover, toll-free numbers and Internet URLs were found more frequently in prescription (97% and 100%, respectively) than OTC (4% and 10%) ads. Implications. For instances in which the product must be prescribed by a health professional, the benefit-to-risk assertion ratio in ads was equal. In the case of OTC ads, where patients are left to their own devices to correctly interpret the mes- sage, the benefit-to-risk assertion ratio is heavily unbalanced toward the benefits. Pharmacists are among the most acces- sible and trusted of professionals. When it comes to self-care decisions based on pro- motional information for these products, pharmacists' counsel may be essential to offset an unbalanced presentation of ben- efit-to-risk information. Response shift in patients with hypertension Gandhi et al. 2 found that some hyperten- sive patients with CAD (coronary artery disease) experienced a response shift over a 1-year period in their physical functioning (n = 909). Recalibration re- sponse shift is based on changes in one's internal standards and not necessarily objective evidence. In the case of physi- cal functioning, the individual's standard of performance for important life tasks may be lowered for health reasons. Self- reported physical functioning was mea- sured using mailed surveys containing items from SF-36 at both baseline and 1 year later. Response shift was assessed using structural equation modeling sta- tistical techniques. Some patients recali- brated perceptions of their health, most likely because they changed their idea of how their health limited their physi- cal activity (e.g., walking, climbing stairs). Implications. After starting treat- ment, how many of you have asked a pa- tient, are you feeling? How do you explain it when the patient replies much better when they can't walk up a flight of stairs without gasping for breath? Are they lying? Identifying response shift is impor- tant to effectively monitoring health out- comes because patients may adjust their perceptions of the benefits of treatment or disease progression to maintain a sense of optimism or protect their self-image. Medication error interception

Now You See It. Now You Don't: Fair Balance and Adequate Provision in Advertisements for Drugs Before and After the Switch From Prescription to Over-the-Counter

The objective of this study was to measure differences in fair balance (benefit and risk statements) and adequate provision (toll-free numbers, Internet URLs, print ad references, and medical professional references) in advertising content for drugs that have switched from prescription to over-the-counter (OTC). The Vanderbilt TV News Archive was used to select products to study, to measure the frequency and placement of ads for those products, and to view advertising content for those products. Unique advertisements (n = 108) for loratadine (Claritin), citirizine (Zyrtec), and omeprazole (Prilosec) were analyzed for the presence of adequate provision statements and for the frequency of benefit, risk, and other statements. OTC ads were shorter than prescription ads by 10.6 seconds but contained the same total number of statements. Most prescription ads (n RX = 31) contained toll-free numbers (97%), Internet URLs (94%), medical professional references (100%) and print ad references (68%). Few OTC ads (n OTC = 77) contained adequate provision statements: 4% contained toll-free numbers and 10% contained Internet URLs. Prescription ads had similar numbers of benefits (1.5) and risks (1.8) per 30 seconds of ad time, and OTC ads had more benefits (6.6) than risks (1.2) per 30 seconds of ad time. Prescription drug ads contained risk statements that listed specific side effects and explicit harms from taking the product, but OTC ads contained nonspecific risk information and statements that implied risk rather than directly identifying risk. Differences in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regulation of advertising affected the balance of risk and benefit information that appeared and the specificity of risk information available.

Surfing for mouth guards: assessing quality of online information

The Internet is an easily accessible and commonly used source of health-related information, but evaluations of the quality of this information within the dental trauma field are still lacking. The aims of this study are (i) to present the most current scientific knowledge regarding mouth guards used in sport activities, (ii) to suggest a scoring system to evaluate the quality of information pertaining to mouth guard protection related to World Wide Web sites and (iii) to employ this scoring system when seeking reliable mouth guard-related websites. First, an Internet search using the keywords 'athletic injuries/prevention and control' and 'mouth protector' or 'mouth guards' in English was performed on PubMed, Cochrane, SvedMed+ and Web of Science to identify scientific knowledge about mouth guards. Second, an Internet search using the keywords 'consumer health information Internet', 'Internet information public health' and 'web usage-seeking behaviour' was performed on PubMed and Web of Science to obtain scientific articles seeking to evaluate the quality of health information on the Web. Based on the articles found in the second search, two scoring systems were selected. Then, an Internet search using the keywords 'mouth protector', 'mouth guards' and 'gum shields' in English was performed on the search engines Google, MSN and Yahoo. The websites selected were evaluated for reliability and accuracy. Of the 223 websites retrieved, 39 were designated valid and evaluated. Nine sites scored 22 or higher. The mean total score of the 39 websites was 14.2. Fourteen websites scored higher than the mean total score, and 25 websites scored less. The highest total score, presented by a Public Institution Web site (Health Canada), was 31 from a maximum possible score of 34, and the lowest score was 0. This study shows that there is a high amount of information about mouth guards on the Internet but that the quality of this information varies. It should be the responsibility of health care professionals to suggest and provide reliable Internet URL addresses to patients. In addition, an appropriate search terminology and search strategy should be made available to persons who want to search beyond the recommended sites.

DubDubDub: Improvisation using the sounds of the World Wide Web

DubDubDub was an educational project conducted by staff at Egerton High School, Manchester Metropolitan University and UCan.tv. It introduced a new type of musical instrument to the classroom, the DubDubDub player, which developed pupils' musical performance and improvisation skills by using the sonic environment of the Internet. Users of DubDubDub remixed the sonic content of the Internet, arranged sounds and prioritised them in real time to form new musical works. The name DubDubDub references the three w's of internet URLs: &lt;ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www"&gt;http://www&lt;/ext-link&gt;. The musical improvisations generated by DubDubDub can be combined with other instruments, as illustrated during DubDubDub's first performance at the Discourse, Power and Resistance conference (hosted by the University of Plymouth and Manchester Metropolitan University on 21 April 2006). This paper reflects on the development of DubDubDub and this first performance, providing an insight into how technologies can facilitate new models of musical performance and improvisation that may be beneficial for educational application.

MutationView/KMcancerDB: A database for cancer gene mutations

It is known that cancers are caused by accumulated mutations in various genes and consequent functional alterations of proteins that are important for maintenance of normal cellular functions. The changes in nucleotide sequences and expression patterns of cancer-related genes are being extensively studied to better understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and to develop methods for DNA/protein [corrected] diagnosis and drug discovery. At present, a number of computer databases for molecular information on cancer-related genes are available publicly through the internet. These databases deal with familial cancer and sporadic cancer at the levels of germline mutation or somatic mutation, genomic or chromosomal abnormalities, and changes in the expression levels of relevant genes. Previously, we constructed a human gene mutation database named MutationView (http://mutview.dmb.med.keio.ac.jp/) and have accumulated mutation data for approximately 300 genes that are involved mainly in monogenic diseases. Forty-two genes are cancer-related and therefore a separate cancer database named KMcancerDB was constructed. MutationView/KMcancerDB utilizes a graphic display function for both queries and search results much more often than other existing databases, making the system quite user friendly. MutationView/KMcancerDB provides a highly sophisticated search function for all genes through a single internet URL. In the present paper, we briefly review various useful databases for cancer-related genes, and describe MutationView/KMcancerDB in more detail.

DubDubDub: Improvisation using the sounds of the World Wide Web

DubDubDub was an educational project conducted by staff at Egerton High School, Manchester Metropolitan University and UCan.tv. It introduced a new type of musical instrument to the classroom, the DubDubDub player, which developed pupils’ musical performance and improvisation skills by using the sonic environment of the Internet. Users of DubDubDub remixed the sonic content of the Internet, arranged sounds and prioritised them in real time to form new musical works. The name DubDubDub references the three ‘w’s of internet URLs: http://www. The musical improvisations generated by DubDubDub can be combined with other instruments, as illustrated during DubDubDub’s first performance at the Discourse, Power and Resistance conference (hosted by the University of Plymouth and Manchester Metropolitan University on 21 April 2006). This paper reflects on the development of DubDubDub and this first performance, providing an insight into how technologies can facilitate new models of musical performance and improvisation that may be beneficial for educational application.

Modelling and Implementation of Internet-Based Virtual Machine Tools

A key factor for realising an Internet-based virtual manufacturing system (VMS) and virtual enterprise (VE) is how to represent the manufacturing elements and process mechanics precisely and effectively. This paper presents methods to represent the motion paths and operation of CNC machine tools on the Web. The method is composed of: 1. Geometrical modelling of the machine tools. 2. Kinematic modelling of the movements of machine tools. 3. Representation of the developed model in the internet infrastructure. 4. Development of a prototype Web-based virtual machine tools (WVMT). WVMT is available on the internet URL http://wvmt. post-ech.ac.kr, by which the client can interactively operate CNC machine tools, and verify the part program via graphic simulation.

The Mathematical Atlas: A Gateway to Modern Mathematics

The Mathematical Atlas: A Gateway to Modern Mathematics

MFA Collections Database

MFA Collections Database

Free Management Library

Free Management Library

BritainUSA

BritainUSA

FamilySearch Internet Genealogy Service

FamilySearch Internet Genealogy Service